Al-Afdal ibn Badrul-Jamali Shahanshah ( Arabic الأفضل شاهنشاه بن بدر الجمالي , lat. Lavendalius / Elafdalio ;1066 , Acre - December 11, 1121 ) - Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate.
| al-Afdal Shahanshah | |
|---|---|
| الأفضل شاهنشاه | |
| Birth name | al-Afdal ibn Badrul Jamali |
| Aliases | Jalalul-Islam (“the glory of Islam”), Nasiruddin (“protector of the faith”) |
| Date of Birth | 1066 |
| Place of Birth | Acre |
| Date of death | December 11, 1121 |
| Citizenship | Fatimid Caliphate |
| Occupation | Fatimid Caliphate Vizier |
| Religion | Islam |
| Father | Badrul Jamali |
Al-Afdal Shahanshah was born in Acre in the family of the Armenian Mamluk , who converted to Islam [1] . Badrul Jamali was a vizier in Cairo from 1074 until his death in 1094. After his death, the position of the vizier passed to al-Afdahl. After the death of the caliph Maad al-Mustansir Billah, al-Afdal appointed the new caliph not the eldest son of the caliph Nizar , but the younger al-Mustali . Nizar supporters rebelled, but were defeated in 1095 and fled east, where they formed the Nizarite community.
At this time, the Seljuk Turks moved to Palestine. In 1097, al-Afdal recaptured the city of Tire from the Seljuks, and Jerusalem in 1098. Al-Afdahl temporarily regained control of most of Palestine.
Al-Afdal tried to enter into an alliance with the crusaders for a joint war against the Seljuk Turks. The Fatimid proposal was rejected and Jerusalem under control was captured by the crusaders in 1099.
A year later, al-Afdal tried to attack the nascent Kingdom of Jerusalem . In 1105, he tried to enter into an alliance with Damascus against the Crusaders, but was defeated at the battle of Ramla . Gradually the Fatimid Caliphate lost control of its coastal fortresses; in 1109, the city of Tripoli was lost, which became an important center for the crusaders. In 1110, the governor of Ascalon , Shamsul-Khalifa, rebelled against al-Afdal and tried to surrender the city of Jerusalem. The Crusaders captured Tire, Acre and remained in Jerusalem until the arrival of Salahudin al-Ayyubi.
Al-Afdal was killed during the festival of Eid ul-Adha ( Kurban Bayram ) in 1121 [2] .
Notes
- ↑ War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries By Yaacov Lev, pg. 122
- ↑ Avner Falk. Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades. - London: Karnac Books, 2010 .-- S. 104 .-- 225 p.
Literature
- Sajjadi, Sadeq; Negahban, Farzin. Al-Afḍal Kutayfāt // Encyclopaedia Islamica / Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. - Brill Online, 2014.
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Cambridge University Press , 1951.
- Kenneth Setton, ed. A History of the Crusades, vol. I. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958 ( available online ).
- William of Tire. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea . Edited and translated by EA Babcock and AC Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
- The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi . Har Gibb , London, 1932.