Motherwort ( Latin: Leonúrus ) is a genus of perennial or biennial herbaceous plants of the family Lamiaceae , or Labiatae . Eurasian genus, several species naturalized in North America . Some species are valuable medicinal plants .
| Motherwort | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 Motherwort five-lobed | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Leonurus L. , 1753 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type view | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Leonurus cardiaca L. [2] - Motherwort | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution
The range of the genus is the Middle East , Europe , Central Asia , Siberia . Places of growth - riverbanks, meadows, glades; vacant lots, rubbish places near residential buildings, railway embankments, cliffs, old quarries. Prefers clay-sandy, nitrogenous soils.
The Motherwort ( Leonurus cardiaca ) is widespread in Europe , but it is not native to this part of the world - this Asian species has naturalized here over the past millennium: since the healing properties of the plant have been known since ancient times, it was specially grown next to housing; in the Middle Ages motherwort plantings were common for every monastery and university .
Names
Names in other languages: English. motherwort , bulg. devil's mouth , v. puddles. prawa křižowka , German Herzgespann, echtes Herzgespann , Netherlands. hartgespan , polish. serdecznik pospolity , Slovak srdcovník obyčajný , Ukrainian P'yatilopatev’s kropiv dog , Fin. nukula , fr. agripaume , czech. srdečník obecný , sweden. hjärtstilla .
The scientific generic name in Latin means “lion's tail” and is due to the fact that the bunch of apical leaves is vaguely reminiscent of the brush of a lion's tail.
Other Russian names for the plant are heart grass, heart root, and dog nettle.
Biological Description
The height of adult plants is from 30 to 200 cm.
The root is rod.
For all types of motherwort, a tetrahedral erect stem , sometimes branched, is characteristic.
Petiole leaves . The lower leaves are palmate-lobed or palmately dissected, the upper ones are sometimes whole. The lower leaves are the largest, up to 15 cm in length, closer to the top the leaves gradually decrease.
The flowers are small. Inflorescences are spike-like , intermittent, located at the ends of stems and branches in the axils of the leaves. Calyx - naked or hairy, one-third or halfway into the middle, incised into five teeth. Four stamens . Flowering - throughout the summer.
Fruit - coenobium : a fractional fruit consisting of four uniformly developed nut - shaped single - seed parts (erems) [3] . Erem - 2-3 mm long, enclosed in the remaining cup. The fruits spread, clinging with sharp teeth to the calyx for human clothing and animal hair.
Application
Medicinal use
Two types of motherwort - Motherwort and Motherwort shaggy (five-lobed) - are valuable medicinal plants and are widely used both in traditional and scientific medicine as a sedative , similar to drugs from valerian , as well as an effective tool for the treatment and prevention of cardiac vascular diseases. Motherwort is also used to treat epilepsy , bazedovoy disease , thrombosis , gastrointestinal diseases. Motherwort has a stimulating effect on the smooth muscles of the uterus. Taking motherwort preparations during pregnancy can provoke a premature birth or miscarriage [4] .
Economic value
The plant is a valuable honey plant. Motherwort honey is light golden in color, with a light aroma and a specific taste [5] .
Classification
Taxonomic position
The genus Motherwort, as well as more than fifty genera, belongs to the subfamily Lamiaceae ( Lamioideae ) of the family Lamiaceae ( Lamiaceae ):
| Department of Flowering , or Angiosperms | ||||||||||||||||||||
| the order is Lamia | another 58 orders of flowering plants (according to the classification system APG III , 2009), of which the hardest-colored, the gentian and the apricot are closest to the clear-flowered | |||||||||||||||||||
| family Lamiaceae | 22 more families ( APG III ), including Acanthus , Bignoniaceae , Verbena , Gesneriaceae , Zarazikhovy , Olive , Norian , Pedaliev , Plantain | |||||||||||||||||||
| subfamily | eight more subfamilies, including Kotovnikovye (genera Basilik , Lavender , Melissa , Mint , Rosemary , Chernogolovka , Sage , etc.), Zhivuchkovye ( Zhivuchka , etc.), Pogostemonovye ( Pogostemon , etc.) | |||||||||||||||||||
| genus Motherwort | more than 50 births, including Belokudrennik , Zaitsegub , Censer , Pikulnik , Chistets , Shandra , Yasnotka | |||||||||||||||||||
| about 25 species, including motherwort five-lobed and motherwort | ||||||||||||||||||||
Views
According to the database of The Plant List (2013), the genus includes 24 species [6] :
- Leonurus cardiaca L. typus [2] - Motherwort . Middle East , Western and Eastern Europe , everywhere.
- Leonurus chaituroides CYWu & HWLi
- Leonurus deminutus VIKrecz. - Motherwort reduced
- Leonurus glaucescens Bunge - Gray motherwort . The pubescent calyx. The European part of Russia is rare.
- Leonurus incanus VIKrecz. & Kuprian. - Motherwort gray
- Leonurus japonicus houtt. - Japanese motherwort . China One of the fifty main herbs of Chinese traditional medicine.
- Leonurus kuprijanoviae Krestovsk.
- Leonurus macranthus Maxim. - Motherwort large-flowered
- Leonurus mongolicus VIKrecz. & Kuprian. - Motherwort Mongolian
- Leonurus nuristanicus Murata
- Leonurus panzerioides Popov - Pancreatic motherwort
- Leonurus persicus boiss. - Persian motherwort
- Leonurus pseudomacranthus Kitag. - Motherwort pseudo - large-flowered
- Leonurus pseudopanzerioides Krestovsk.
- Leonurus pubescens Benth.
- Leonurus quinquelobatus gilib. - Motherwort is five-lobed , or Motherwort shaggy . Europe , the Caucasus , Siberia , West Asia .
- Leonurus royleanus benth .
- Leonurus sibiricus L. - Siberian Motherwort
- Leonurus tataricus L. - Motherwort Tatar
- Leonurus tibeticus Krestovsk. - Motherwort Tibetan
- Leonurus turkestanicus VIKrecz. & Kuprian. - Motherwort Turkestan
- Leonurus urticifolius CYWu & HWLi - Nettlewort
- Leonurus villosissimus CYWu & HWLi
- Leonurus wutaishanicus CYWu & HWLi
Another seven names of species of this genus have an unresolved name status in The Plant List , that is, there are doubts whether these described species are considered independent or their names should be reduced to the synonymy of other species [6] .
From left to right: Five-lobed motherwort ( Leonurus quinquelobatus ), Heartwort ( Leonurus cardiaca ), Siberian motherwort ( Leonurus sibiricus ), Japanese motherwort ( Leonurus japonicus ) | ||||||||||
- Species previously included in the genus Pustyrnik
Leonurus marrubiastrum L. - Shandra motherwort, according to modern views, belongs to the genus Shchetinohvost , under the name Chaiturus marrubiastrum - Shandrynohvost shandrovy .
Two more species, previously included in the genus Pustyrnik, currently make up the genus Panzerina ( Panzerina ).
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ 1 2 Information on the genus Leonurus (English) in the Index Nominum Genericorum database of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) .
- ↑ Gladkova, Menitsky, 1978 .
- ↑ Zagurskaya Yu. V. SYSTEMATICS, MORPHOLOGY AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF LEONURUS QUINQUELOBATUS GILIB PLANT // Successes in modern natural science. - 2014. - No. 12-2 . - S. 56-59 .
- ↑ Vatolin D. About honey and not only about it // Science and Life. - 2008. - No. 11 . - S. 125 .
- ↑ 1 2 Leonurus // The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. (English) (Retrieved February 3, 2015)
Literature
- Motherwort. - AT: Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [ arch. February 1, 2015 ]: at 30 t / h. ed. A.M. Prokhorov // 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - T. 21: Proof - Remensi. - 640 s.
- Motherwort // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Vermeilen N. Motherwort ordinary // Useful herbs. Illustrated Encyclopedia / Per. with eng. B. N. Golovkina. - M .: Labyrinth Press, 2002 .-- S. 168. - 320 p. - ISBN 5-9287-0244-2 .
- Gubanov I.A. et al . The determinant of higher plants of the middle band of the European part of the USSR: A manual for teachers / I. A. Gubanov, V. S. Novikov, V. N. Tikhomirov. - M.: Education, 1981. - S. 206, 211.
- Gladkova V.N., Menitsky Yu. L. Motherwort - Leonurus L. // Flora of the European part of the USSR / Otv. ed. An. A. Fedorov . - L .: Science, 1978.- T. III. Volume Editor Yu. L. Menitsky. - S. 164-166. - 259 p. - 4350 copies.
- Tsvelev N. N. Family Labiaceae (Lamiaceae, or Labiatae) // Plant Life. In 6 t./ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana . - M .: Education, 1981. - T. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants. - S. 404-412. - 300,000 copies.
- Illustrated identifier of plants of the Leningrad region / Ed. A. L. Budantseva and G. P. Yakovleva . - M .: Partnership of scientific publications of KMK, 2006. - S. 493, 500-501. - ISBN 5-87317-260-9 .