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Industrial metal

Industrial-metal (from industrial - and - metal ) is an adjacent musical genre that was formed in the late 80s in the USA and Western Europe at the junction of the mutual influence of various currents of post-industrial (specifically - the genres of industrial dance , electro-industrial and power - electronica ) on the one hand, heavy and thrash metal on the other hand and hardcore punk on the third; the most significant performers who influenced the formation of the genre are the groups Ministry [3] , Godflesh [4] and KMFDM [3]. Specific features of this direction include the use of “ metal ” riffs , “ industrial ” synthesizers and sequencers , heavily distorted guitars and vocals with distortion effect [5] (however, in some cases, pure sound is found).

Industrial metal
Directionpost industrial
alternative metal [Ts 1]
The originsindustrial dance
heavy and thrash metal
electronic rock
noise rock
hardcore punk
Place and time of occurrencelate 1980s , USA and western Europe
Heydayearly and mid 1990s
Related
nu metal [Ts 2] , electronic cor
Derivatives
Neue Deutsche Härte , cyber metal
see also
industrial rock

The surge in popularity of the genre that came in the 1990s led to some criticism from other post-industrial musicians. . Later, it spread to Europe, spawning various national scenes. Industrial metal musicians have a craving for shocking , expressed in the setting of scandalous video clips and challenging stage shows. So, Rammstein often flirt with extreme sexuality , Marilyn Manson used the image of a Satanist , Rob Zombie devoted his work to the theme of horror and death .

Silk-film.png External video files
Industrial Metal Examples
Silk-film.pngRammstein - Du Hast
Silk-film.pngKMFDM - Kunst
Silk-film.pngMarilyn Manson - This Is The New Shit


History

Beginning

 
Sasha Konetsko at the KMFDM concert in 2005

Although electric guitars have been used by groups of the post-industrial scene since the very formation of the latter [3] , the most archetypal teams of the “classical” industrial, like Throbbing Gristle , showed sharply anti-cancer stance in their work [6] . The first experiments related to the mixing of genres were performed by the post-punk groups Killing Joke [7] and Big Black [7] , which later had a strong influence on the main industrial metal groups [8] [9] .

At the end of the 1980s, a tendency began to incorporate guitar sound among “industrial” bands on the one hand and “electronic” elements in the sound of “metal” bands [3] . The first significant albums of the genre were the debut self-titled mini-album Godflesh [4] and the album Ministry The Land of Rape and Honey . Godflesh, created by former Napalm Death guitarist Justin Broadrick [10] , experienced a wide range of influences, including artists such as Whitehouse [11] , Swans [12] , Brian Eno [10] and Black Sabbath [13] , which together formed a sound described as " The Cure of the Time of Pornography , hooked on a quaalude " [14] . Despite the singular success of the album [15] , Godflesh became significant figures in their genre, being recognized by various metal musicians such as Metallica [16] , Korn [17] , Danzig [18] and many others.

Ministry, which began in a new wave of genres, by the end of the 1980s changed its development vector towards “industrial” sound. The first discoveries of the team in rock sound occurred during the recording of the album The Land of Rape and Honey in the London studio Southern Studio [19] . Frontman Al Jorgensen said the following about this:

The impression I received on that record, rediscovering the guitar, was the same as it was when I received my Fairlight . The possibilities were infinitely greater than before. This is really fun. I started as a guitarist, but then did not take the guitar for five years. Then, when I heard the first feedback from the “ Marshall ” stack , it seemed to me that some new parameter was in the guitar - especially in combination with what can be obtained from the synthesizer [20] .

Original text
Rediscovering the guitar on this record was almost like the first day I got my Fairlight. The possibilities just seemed endless on something that had seemed so limiting before. That's really funny. I started out as a guitarist, but I hadn't really touched a guitar in five years. Then I heard that first feedback come out of the Marshall stack and all of a sudden it was like there was a whole new parameter within guitar playing itself - especially in combination with sounds that you get out of a keyboard.
 
Al Jorgensen with Revolting Cocks

Jorgensen showed a clear interest in thrash metal. After the release of The Land of Rape and Honey, he took to his group Mike Skachu from the Texas team Rigor Mortis [21] . Jorgensen also stated in an interview that Sepultura is his favorite band [22] and expressed a desire to produce an album with Metallica [23] . However, Jorgensen did not completely lose interest in the dance "electronics", creating with Richard 23 of Front 242 the third-party project Revolting Cocks , more focused on EBM [24] .

The German group KMFDM also belonged to the "transitional" industrial metal bands. The leader of the group, Sasha Konetsko , who was not a fan of metal, nevertheless "was madly carried away with cutting metal faces ", experimenting with the E-Mu Emax sampler at the end of 1986. In an interview with Guitar World, he says:

... It was just interesting to use it as a kind of reinforcement of white noise in our music. All of a sudden, heavy metal freed itself from all these tempo changes and boring postures that have always been. What I always hated the most in heavy metal is when good riffs were used only once and were never repeated anywhere else. Therefore, the main thing for us was to take the best riff, make a loop out of it, and play it again and again [3] .

Original text
It was just interesting to use it as a kind of white noise reinforcement for our music. All of a sudden heavy metal was free from all those tempo changes and boring attitudes it always had. What I always hated most about heavy metal was that the best riffs came only once and were never repeated. So the fascination, actually, was to sample a great riff, loop it, and play it over and over again.

The Swiss trio The Young Gods resorted to a “metalic” sound on their second album, L'Eau Rogue , released in 1989. Shortly before the release, vocalist Franz Treichler said:

We just wanted to listen to the guitars. Envoyé alone was not enough for us. All we want to hear now is pure power. The sound of metal, which does not revive the biker style, which is not speed metal , and in general any other style, is just JAM! [25]

Original text
We just wanted to hear guitars. We missed the attack of 'Envoyé'. That's what we want to hear right now, pure power. A metal sound that isn't revivalist, isn't biker style, speed metal style, any style, just WHAP!

Supergroup Pigface, created by ex-drummer PiL Martin Atkins , played music in an “industrial” style, interacting with many figures of noise-rock and post-industrial scenes [26] . The genre finally broke into the mainstream with the success of Trent Reznor and his project Nine Inch Nails after the release of Broken and The Downward Spiral albums, backed up by a 1994 performance at the Woodstock festival . At the same time, the rivethead subculture [27] and the Coldwave subgenre developed by the Chemlab , 16 Volt and Acumen Nation groups [28] are developing. Also, some electro-industrial groups have adapted the features of industrial metal in their music, including Skinny Puppy ( Rabies album, co-produced by Jorgensen), [29] and Front Line Assembly [30] .

The British band Pitchshifter , created in 1989 by the Clayden brothers, also started in the industrial metal genre [31] ; later her musicians resorted to the elements of drum and bass [32] . Band frontman John Clayden mentions the following:

At first we were inspired by bands like Head of David and The Swans, and then we moved from punk to a weird, spiteful, full noise, sort of pre-industrial. All this was called industrial, but I do not know if this is so. [33]

Original text
[...] In the early days we were inspired by bands like Head of David and The Swans and the like ... coming out of punk into the weird, angry, total noise, kind of pre-industrial music. It gets called industrial but I don't know if it really is.

He also says that he does not like the prefix "industrial" regarding the creativity of his group.

I don’t know ... For me it's just digital rock , or rather digital punk . The lyrics and ethics are “punk”, the bass is purely punk. However, it will still be categorized as industrial and metal, although I don't think so because industrial is not drum and bass with punk guitar lines. I do not think that this is precisely industrial music. Einstürzende Neubauten and Nine Inch Nails are much more industrial than what we play, but I believe that people are used to calling it what they’re used to and don’t think about the “new genre” [33] .

Original text
I dunno ... it's just digital rock. It's just digital punk to me. The lyrics and the ethics are punk, all the bass lines are totally punk. But still, it will continually get put into industrial and metal categories, although I don't think it is either because my perception of industrial is not drum 'n bass breaks with punk guitar lines. I don't think that is what industrial music is. Einstürzende Neubauten, stuff like Nine Inch Nails is more industrial than what we do, but I guess people don't want to start a new genre, they want to slide you into something.

Industrial thrash and death metal

The growing popularity of the genre has led some successful metal bands, including Megadeth , Sepultura, and Anthrax , to think of requesting remixes of their songs from "industrial" musicians [34] . Some musicians coming out of the death metal scene, such as Fear Factory , Nailbomb and Meathook Seed , also began experimenting with industrial. Fear Factory, originally from Los Angeles, was originally influenced by Earache Records label groups ( Godflesh , Napalm Death and Bolt Thrower ) [35] . Nailbomb, a joint project of Max Cavalera and Alex Newport , also practiced a combination of elements of “industrial” sound with extreme metal [36] . A lesser-known example of industrial death metal was Meathook Seed , assembled from members of Napalm Death and Florida death metal band Obituary . The latter’s guitarist Trevor Perez , a former industrial fan, suggested using drum machines to record The End Complete [37] [38] , which the other members refused, after which Perez decided to go to Meathook Seed [37] .

Industrial Black Metal

In the early years of the 21st century , groups of black metal scenes began to incorporate elements of industrial music. Mysticum , founded in 1991 [39] , was the first of these groups [40] . DHG (Dødheimsgard), Thorns from Norway and Blut Aus Nord, a French black metal band, were recognized for their inclusion of industrial elements [41] . In addition, The Kovenant , Mortiis and Ulver left the Norwegian black metal scene, but later decided to experiment with industrial [42] [43] .

Commercial Growth

 
Nine Inch Nails at Toronto Performance 2009

Industrial metal flourished in the early 1990s, especially in North America, where up to 35 million copies of this genre were eventually sold. It first gained commercial power in 1992 , when Broken Nine Inch Nails and Psalm 69 Ministry became platinum in the States, and the latter took three years to achieve this status. In 1993, both groups were nominated, among others, for the 1992 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance , in which Nine Inch Nails received the prize [44] ; the next year NIN releases The Downward Spiral , which debuted at the 2nd line of the Billboard 200 charts [45] and ultimately received four platinum certification [46] ; according to Allmusic , The Downward Spiral is “one of the harshest multi-platinum albums ever released” [47] . Following the success of Nine Inch Nails, Reznor's protégé Marilyn Manson and his band [48] came to prominence, whose concert performances and their associated defiant behavior were commented on more often than their music [49] .

Industrial metal performers reached the zenith of commercial success by the end of the 1990s, when, according to RIAA, sales of the most successful performers amounted to 17.5 million units [46] [50] . The recordings of industrial metal bands debuted in the usual way for their time on the first lines of the Billboard 200 chart : Obsolete Fear Factory (No. 1 on the chart), Robell Zombie's Hellbilly Deluxe (No. 5) [51] , Antichrist Superstar by Marilyn Manson (No. 3) [52] and The Fragile by Nine Inch Nails (No. 1) [53] . Among the albums that hit the Top Heatseekers chart : Short Bus Filter (No. 3 on the chart), [54] , Wither Blister Burn & Peel Stabbing Westward (No. 1) [55] , Sehnsucht Rammstein (No. 2) [56] , Sandyass from Orgy (No. 1) [57] and Wisconsin Death Trip Static-X (No. 1) [58] . In 1997, Trent Reznor, who became one of the most influential figures in the genre, was included among the most influential Americans in 1997 according to Time magazine [59] . The popularity of the genre at that time was such that even well - established glam metal bands like Guns N 'Roses and Mötley Crüe began to use elements of industrial metal in their sound. Hip-hop scenes also began to look for opportunities to collaborate with industrial metal musicians to stage remixes of their compositions.

“In general, popular heavy rock music has shifted toward greater“ industrialism, ”which has deprived the industrial hardcore movement of any hope of establishing a new own identity. The style is dead (or at least dying); the elements of style continue their lives in new conditions. ”

David E. Locker, Professor of Sociology, University of Missouri , 1998. [60]

At the same time, the sudden popularity of industrial metal was met with negative reactions from early industrial innovators. Peter Christofferson in conversation (with Coil colleague John Balance ) with The Wire journalist David Keenan said that he no longer felt a kinship with the industrial scene: “this is not me, this is not what I was talking about” [ 61] . The influential dark ambient musician Lustmord [62] stated that “the Ministry is simply not interested in [him] and [he] does not have time for rock'n'roll stuff that they [Ministry] do.” Skinny Puppy frontman Nivek Ogre spoke of Nine Inch Nails' music as " Cock Rock " [63] , but later changed his mind and even played with Reznor on the same stage [64] .

Industrial metal has experienced a critical decline in popularity at the turn of the millennium [65] . In a April 2000 review of the Chicago Sun Times , journalist Jim Derogatis spoke of Nine Inch Nails as a "generic brand of industrial thrash" and accused the Ministry of repeating what was "deprecated by 1992 year ”( English was old by 1992 ) [66] . Although NIN's The Fragile has reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart [67] and double platinum [46] , Derogatis still speaks of him as a “marriage” [66] . Around the same time, veterans of the genre (Ministry [68] , Godflesh [69] and White Zombie [70] ) began to terminate their contracts with majors in favor of creating their own labels. Sales remained high throughout 2000-2005; at least 10 million copies of the records were sold during this period [46] [50] . Many groups began to use elements from hip-hop and other genres of electronic music in their sound. As a result, some musicians like the Powerman 5000 can often be categorized as industrial metal or nu metal [71] [Ts 3] .

Video clip

Many well-known industrial metal performers accompanied their releases with a defiant visual part, including the corresponding video clips. These include works by Andres Serrano for Godflesh [73] , illustrations by Aidan Hughes for KMFDM [74] , the work of Nine Inch Nails with Mark Romanek (clips for “ Closer ” and “ The Perfect Drug ”), the work of Rob Zombie for White Zombie ( for which in 1995 he and his group received the MTV Video Music Awards in the nomination “ Best Hard Rock Video ”) [75] and Marilyn Manson’s collaboration with Richard Kern [76] and Floria Sigismondi [77] . Later, NIN collaborated with Bill Viola for concert performances [78] , and Trent Reznor produced the soundtrack for the films Natural Born Killers and Highway to Nowhere and served as a music consultant for the film Anger [79] [80] [81] . During his solo career, Rob Zombie directed and released three films [75] ; Marilyn Manson planned to stage the film Phantasmagoria based on the biography of Lewis Carroll [82] . In many other films you can find songs of industrial metal musicians ( Raven (1994), Johnny Mnemonics (1995), Spawn (1997), The Matrix (1999), Artificial Mind (2001) and others) [83] [84] [85] [86] .

Criticism

The emphasis on provocative themes made by industrial metal musicians in his work, together with popularity, brought them criticism from a conservative part of the public in Western countries, which was especially noticeable in the States . For example, Senator Robert Dole (the then head of the Republican faction in the Senate ) sharply criticized Time Warner after a meeting between the head of Warner Music Group label Michael Fyuks with William Bennett and Cynthia Tucker , in which the latter two demanded from Fyuks read the text of the song NIN Big Man with a Gun ”from The Downward Spiral [87] . A year later, Bennett and Tucker, along with Joseph Lieberman, launched a similar campaign against MCA Records for the latest release of Marilyn Manson's albums [88] , after which many of the band's concerts were canceled by decision of the authorities [85] . In addition, poet and short-story writer Dennis Cooper cited a video clip for the Ministry song “ Just One Fix, ” which included materials featuring William S. Burroughs as an early example of heroin chic [89] . It is known that the first time after the shooting at Columbine School, it was stated that the shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were fans of Marilyn Manson [90] (in reality, they preferred KMFDM and Rammstein [91] ). After the incident, Manson himself, a former music journalist, published a column in the Rolling Stone magazine entitled Columbine: Who is to Blame? ( Columbine: Whose Fault Is It? ), Which responded to statements regarding his (Manson) involvement in execution. It said the following:

I think the [National] Rifle Association is too powerful to oppose it, and so many choose Doom , Basketball Diaries , or your humble servant. Such scandals do not help me sell albums or tickets, and I would not want it to be otherwise. I’m a scandalous artist, because I dare to have my own opinion and try to create music and videos that challenge people's ideas in this smeared and devastated world. In my work, I analyze the America in which we live, and I have always tried to show people that the devil, whom we blame for his atrocities, is actually just one of us [92] .

Original text
[...] I think that the National Rifle Association is far too powerful to take on, so most people choose Doom, The Basketball Diaries or yours truly. This kind of controversy does not help me sell records or tickets, and I wouldn't want it to. I'm a controversial artist, one who dares to have an opinion and bothers to create music and videos that challenge people's ideas in a world that is watered-down and hollow. In my work I examine the America we live in, and I've always tried to show people that the devil we blame our atrocities on is really just each one of us. [...]

Sasha Konetsko said that he and his colleagues were “deeply shocked” by what had happened, having issued a statement the next day after the news of the shooting on behalf of his group, which reads:

First of all, we (KMFDM) would like to express our sympathy to the families of the victims in Littleton. We, like many in the country, are deeply shocked by what happened there yesterday. KMFDM are not a political party, but a form of art. From the very beginning, our music was a protest against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. Although some (including former) members of the group are Germans, as was noted in the media, none of us accepts the beliefs of Nazi ideology [93] [94] .

Original text
First and foremost, KMFDM would like to express their deep and heartfelt sympathy for the parents, families and friends of the murdered and injured children in Littleton. We are sick and appalled, as is the rest of the nation, by what took place in Colorado yesterday.
KMFDM are an art form - not a political party. From the beginning, our music has been a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. While some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever.

In Rammstein, which was repeatedly criticized for using provocative images, including those referring to the symbols of National Socialism and the Third Reich (an example is the video clip for the cover version of “Stripped” , mounted on the basis of the documentary film “ Olympia ” by Leni Riefenstahl ), it is stated that they have no “textual component or political beliefs that could be the reason for such behavior” ( English have no lyrical content or political beliefs that could have possibly influenced such behavior ). German singer Alec Empire in an interview with MTV stated the following:

Rammstein are successful no matter what. Although they are unlikely to be a “fascist” group, I think that in Germany there is a lot of misunderstanding about this, and therefore, that they (Rammstein) sell their recordings can be dangerous [95] .

Original text
[Rammstein is] successful for all the wrong reasons. I think they're not a fascist band at all, but I think in Germany there's a lot of misunderstanding and that's why they sell records and I think that's dangerous.

Rammstein, in turn, issued a press release via the London Records label stating that they “ are not Nazis, Neo-Nazis or anyone else” ( We are not Nazis, Neo-Nazis, or any other kind of Nazi . ), but they are opposed to “racism, fanaticism and any discrimination” ( English against racism, bigotry or any other type of discrimination ) [96] .

Most Important Releases

The list of key releases in the history of the genre is presented by the Metal Descent portal [97]

Release List
Executor
Title
Year of issue
Label
AllMusic Rating
Ministry
Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs
1992
Sire records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Godflesh
Streetcleaner
1989
Earache records
Album on the AllMusic website      
KMFDM
Angst
1993
Wax Trax! Records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Nihil
1995
Album on the AllMusic website      
White zombie
Astro-Creep: 2000 - Songs of Love, Destruction and Other Synthetic Delusions of the Electric Head
1995
Geffen records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Marilyn manson
Antichrist superstar
1996
Nothing records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Nine Inch Nails
Broken
1992
Album on the AllMusic website      
The downward spiral
1994
Album on the AllMusic website      
Static-X
Machine
2001
Warner bros Records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Revolting cocks
Beers, Steers, and Queers
1990
Wax Trax! Records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Nailbomb
Point blank
1994
Roadrunner records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Fear factory
Demanufacture
1995
Album on the AllMusic website      
Pitchshifter
www.pitchshifter.com
1998
Geffen records
Album on the AllMusic website      
Blut aus nord
The Work Which Transforms God
2003
Please Me Records
Album on the AllMusic website      

See also

  • Industrial Metal Groups

Notes

Quotes

  1. ↑ “Musicians of the first wave of alternative metal mixed heavy metal with prog rock ( Jane's Addiction , Primus ), garage punk ( Soundgarden , Corrosion of Conformity ), noise rock ( The Jesus Lizard , Helmet ), funk ( Faith No More , Living Color ), rap (Faith No More, Biohazard ), industrial ( Ministry , Nine Inch Nails ) , “ psychedelic ” (Soundgarden, Monster Magnet ) and even ethnic music (late Sepultura ) ... ” [1]
    Original text
    The first wave of alternative metal bands fused heavy metal with prog-rock (Jane's Addiction, Primus), garage punk (Soundgarden, Corrosion of Conformity), noise-rock (the Jesus Lizard, Helmet), funk (Faith No More, Living Color ), rap (Faith No More, Biohazard), industrial ( Ministry , Nine Inch Nails ) , psychedelia (Soundgarden, Monster Magnet), and even world music (later Sepultura) ...
  2. ↑ “By the second half of the 1990s, most new alternative metal bands played some combination of simplified thrash , rap, industrial, hardcore punk and grunge . This new sound relied more on a tough texture ... <...> Korn , Marilyn Manson and Limp Bizkit were the biggest stars of this new phenomenon, sometimes referred to as aggro metal, but better known as nu metal ... " [2 ]
    Original text
    By the latter half of the '90s, most new alt-metal bands were playing some combination of simplified thrash, rap, industrial, hardcore punk, and grunge. This new sound was more about grinding textures ... <...> Korn, Marilyn Manson, and Limp Bizkit were the biggest stars of this new movement - sometimes dubbed aggro-metal, nu-metal ...
  3. ↑ “Powerman 5000 can be called a lot of things: the Boston team takes a good chop from industrial metal and interferes with pieces of hip-hop and a pinch of funk, putting a lot of energy into it” [72] .
    Original text
    Powerman 5000 can be called a lot of things: The Boston-bred band takes the ferocious chops of industrial metal and mixes it with a bit of hip-hop, a touch of funk and an awful lot of energy.

Sources

  1. ↑ Alternative Metal (neopr.) . Allmusic . Date of treatment June 1, 2014.
  2. ↑ Alternative Metal (neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment June 1, 2014.
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Di Perna A, 1995 , p. 69.
  4. ↑ 1 2 Walters, Martin. Godflesh - Godflesh (Neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment May 29, 2014.
  5. ↑ Industrial Metal (neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment May 29, 2014.
  6. ↑ Paytress, 1995 , pp. 92, 94.
  7. ↑ 1 2 Chantler, 2002 , p. 54.
  8. ↑ Bennett, 2007 .
  9. ↑ Chick, Stevie. Till deaf us do part (unspecified) . The Guardian (July 18, 2008). Date of treatment July 28, 2008.
  10. ↑ 1 2 Bartkewicz, Anthony. Justin Broadrick (Neopr.) . Decibel Magazine (March 2007). Date of treatment June 19, 2008. Archived February 23, 2008.
  11. ↑ Kaye, 1992 , p. sixteen.
  12. ↑ Ruffin, Josh. Justin Broadrick: Existing through risk (neopr.) . Metro Spirit (October 23, 2007). Date of treatment September 19, 2008. Archived February 10, 2009.
  13. ↑ Pettigrew A, 1991 , p. 22.
  14. ↑ Thompson, 1994 , p. 44.
  15. ↑ Mudrian, 2004 , p. 186.
  16. ↑ Alexander, 1995 , p. 52.
  17. ↑ Yates, 2001 , p. nineteen.
  18. ↑ Bennett, J. Glenn Danzig (neopr.) . Decibel (January 2007). Date of treatment September 21, 2008. Archived February 23, 2008.
  19. ↑ Gill, 1996 , p. 88.
  20. ↑ The Ministry of Noise, 1989 , p. 49.
  21. ↑ Mike Scaccia (neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment May 29, 2014.
  22. ↑ Barcinski, 1992 , p. 27.
  23. ↑ Gitter, 1990 , p. 77.
  24. ↑ Jeffries, David. Revolting Cocks - Biography (Neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment May 14, 2029.
  25. ↑ Reynolds, 1988 , p. 28.
  26. ↑ Greg Prato & Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Pigface bio (neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment May 30, 2014.
  27. ↑ Re-Constriction (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Cargoland !. Date of treatment September 11, 2007. Archived September 30, 2007.
  28. ↑ Ilker Yücel. Interview with Jared Louche ( Neopr .) . ReGen Magazine (January 20, 2008). Date of treatment December 28, 2008. Archived on May 9, 2008.
  29. ↑ DiGravina, Tim. Rabies - Overview (neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment February 21, 2009.
  30. ↑ Semczuk, Karine. Front Line Assembly - Bill Leeb - An Interview (unopened) (link not available) . Last Sigh Magazine (October 31, 1998). Date of treatment February 23, 2009. Archived July 10, 2001.
  31. ↑ Pitchshifter: Biography Archived December 3, 2013 by Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Swihart, Stanton. Pitchshifter - Biography (Neopr.) . allmusic. Date of treatment May 30, 2014.
  33. ↑ 1 2 Young, Craig earpollution profiles - pitchshifter [page 1 - issue zero] (unspecified) . Earpollution. Date of treatment November 24, 2010.
  34. ↑ Arnopp A, 1993 , p. 41.
  35. ↑ Huey, Steve. Fear Factory - Biography (Neopr.) . Allmusic. Date of treatment June 18, 2008.
  36. ↑ Jeff Maki. Revisited Nailbomb (Neopr.) . Live-Metal.net (2007). Date of treatment July 22, 2008.
  37. ↑ 1 2 Arnopp B, 1993 , p. 44.
  38. ↑ It's Official: CANNIBAL CORPSE Are The Top-Selling Death Metal Band Of The SoundScan Era (Neopr.) . BLABBERMOUTH.NET (November 17, 2003). Date of treatment June 1, 2008. Archived December 2, 2003.
  39. ↑ Marty Rytkonen. Mysticum interview (неопр.) . Worm gear no. 8. Date of treatment January 11, 2009.
  40. ↑ Roel F. Interview with Treachery (неопр.) . Lords of Metal issue 87 (December 2008). Date of treatment December 3, 2008.
  41. ↑ Chris Dick. Aus the Nord blut (Eng.) . Decibel (December 2006). Date of treatment December 27, 2013.
  42. ↑ Stefanos Zachariadis. Blood Inside review (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Metal Invader (3 мая 2005). Дата обращения 9 января 2009. Архивировано 27 сентября 2007 года.
  43. ↑ Mark Hensch. Some Kind of Heroin review (неопр.) . Thrashpit . Дата обращения 9 января 2009.
  44. ↑ Past Winners Search (англ.) . Грэмми . Date of treatment December 27, 2013.
  45. ↑ Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales (неопр.) . Billboard Music Charts. Дата обращения 5 января 2008.
  46. ↑ 1 2 3 4 GOLD AND PLATINUM – Searchable Database (неопр.) . RIAA. Дата обращения 12 декабря 2007.
  47. ↑ Huey, Steve. Nine Inch Nails (англ.) . Allmusic . Date of treatment December 27, 2013.
  48. ↑ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Antichrist Superstar review (неопр.) . AllMusic . Дата обращения 1 марта 2009.
  49. ↑ Jason Ankeny. Marilyn Manson — Biography (неопр.) . Allmusic. Дата обращения 1 марта 2009.
  50. ↑ 1 2 Сюда относятся записи Fear Factory , Filter , Marilyn Manson, Ministry, Nine Inch Nails, Orgy , Rammstein , Stabbing Westward , Static-X , White Zombie и Роба Зомби .
  51. ↑ Top Music Charts – Hot 100 – Billboard 200 – Music Genre Sales (неопр.) . Billboard Music Charts. Дата обращения 2 января 2008.
  52. ↑ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Antichrist Superstar — Awards (неопр.) . Allmusic. Дата обращения 1 марта 2009.
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Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Индастриал-метал&oldid=101046648


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