| Place of formation of consonants |
| Labial (labial) |
| labio-labial (bilabial) |
| labio-velar |
| labio-coronal |
| labial (labiodent) |
| dental-labial (dentolabial) |
| Double-tooth (bidental) |
| Anterior lingual (coronal) |
| lingual-labial (linguolabial) |
| interdental (interdental) |
| dental (dental) |
| dental alveolar (dentoalveolar) |
| alveolar |
| apical |
| laminar |
| postalveolar |
| palatine alveolar |
| retroflex |
| Lateral (lateral) |
| Dorsal |
| postalveolar |
| alveo-palatal |
| palatal |
| labio-palatal |
| velar |
| uvular |
| uvulo-epiglottal |
| Root |
| pharyngeal |
| epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| epiglottal |
| Glottal |
| See also full Consonant List |
| Project: Linguistics |
Dorsal consonants are pronounced using the main part of the language. They contrast with the coronal , produced by the anterior soft part of the tongue, and the root , extracted by the root of the tongue.
Classification
The middle part of the tongue can move over a large area of the upper part of the oral cavity, from the hard palate (see palatal consonants ) and the soft palate behind it ( velar consonants ) to the tongue at the end of the oral cavity ( uvular consonants ). Such a separation is not always accurate, and intermediate steps such as prepalatal , prelative, and post-relative consonants are sometimes mentioned.
Since the tip of the tongue can bend back and also touch the hard palate, as it happens for retro-reflex consonants , the consonants produced by the convergence of the middle part of the tongue with the hard palate are sometimes called dorso-palatal for clarification.
In the languages of the world
The letters k, g, x in the Russian language correspond to the phonemes / k / ( deaf velar explosive ), / g / ( voiced velar explosive ) and / x / ( deaf velar spirant ); the letter th - / j / ( palatal approximant ).
In English, w usually corresponds to / w / ( voiced labio-velar approximant ).
In German , as well as in Scottish English, the combination of ch corresponds to / ç / ( deaf palatal spirant ).
Literature
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages . Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 .