Red orange scabbard [1] [2] ( Latin Aonidiella aurantii ) is a species of half-winged insects - a coccid of the genus Aonidiella from the scabbard family ( Diaspididae ) [3] . A dangerous pest of citrus crops, causes the fall of fruits and leaves, the drying of whole plants [2] [4] .
| Red orange shield | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aonidiella aurantii | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin name | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Aonidiella aurantii ( Maskell , 1879) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Content
Distribution
Tropical and subtropical species settled around the world: Australia , Oceania, Africa, Nearctic ( Mexico , USA ), Neotropics ( Argentina , Brazil , Galapagos Islands ), Chile ), Palearctic, Oriental region. It was brought with fodder plants to many countries of the world, including Europe: Georgia ( Abkhazia , Adjara [5] ), Spain , Italy , Cyprus, France [3] [1] .
Description
Small scale insects (diameter about 2 mm), the body shape of females is round or oval (in males the shield is oval), flat; the main color is red-brown or red-yellow [1] [3] [6] . Adult males are small yellowish dipterous insects that live for about 6 hours and die after mating [7] . They find unfertilized females by the smell of pheromones that they emit [8] . Give from 4 ( Israel ) to 8 generations per year (in the tropics). Viviparous species, in California, females bear an average of up to 70 larvae [2] .
They feed on the juices of various plants from several dozen families. Polyphage, found on leaves, shoots, fruits, on branches and trunks. It harms such important crops as orange ( Citrus sinensis ), lemon ( Citrus limon ), orange ( Citrus aurantium ), Japanese persimmon , figs , apple , plum , olives , grapes , palm trees , bananas , mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ). Among forage plants, for example, such as Rutaceae ( Aegle marmelos ; Choisya ; Citrus decumana ; Citrus grandis ; Citrus maxima ; Citrus nobilis ; Citrus nobilis ; Citrus pomela ; Citrus ; Murraya exotica ); Salicaceae ( Salix babylonica ; Salix discolor ; Salix ; Scolopia oldhami ), Arecaceae ( Areca alicaceae ; Areca triandra ; Chamaedorea ; Cocos nucifera ; Cocos plumosa ; Cocos ) and many others [1] [3] [6] . Other important crops that are affected by the red orange shield are such as papaya ( Carica papaya ) in Taiwan [9] , guava ( Psidium guajava ) in India [10] and olives in California and the Mediterranean and Morocco [11] .
Natural enemies differ in different parts of its range. Parasitoids include species such as Aphelinus africanus , Aphytis , Comperiella bifasciata , Encarsia , Habrolepis rouxi, and Signiphora fax [12] . Among predators are Aleurodothrips fasciapennis , Chilocorus , Cybocephalus micans , Cryptolaemus montrouzieri , Hemisarcoptes malus, and Rhyzobius lophanthae [12] . In California ( USA ), several species of predators eat red orange scale insects, including ladybirds Rhyzobius lophanthae , Chilocorus orbus and Chiliocorus cacti . Among parasitic riders, the species Aphytis melinus , Aphytis lingnanensis, and Comperiella bifasciata can control their abundance. Among the ants , predation of the Argentinean invasive ant Linepithema humile was noted [13] .
The species was first described in 1879 by New Zealand politician and entomologist William Miles Maskell ( William Miles Maskell; 1839–1898 ) as Aspidiotus aurantii and named after a feed plant ( orange or Citrus aurantium ) [14] based on material from New Zealand on lemons and oranges imported by their Sydney ( Australia ) [3] . The taxon Aonidiella aurantii is included in the genus Acutaspis together with the taxa A. araucariae , A. comperei , A. eugeniae , A. orientalis , A. taxus , A. tectaria , A. tinerfensis , A. tsugae , A. pini , A. rex , A. yehudithae [3] [15] [16] .
See also
- Acutaspis litorana
- Amonostherium arabicum
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Borchsenius N.S. Worms and Scutellaria (Coccoidea). - Moscow - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - S. 221. - 250 p. - (Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences . No. 32). - 2000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Danzig E. M. Coccoidea suborder - Worms or coccids // Insects and mites - pests of crops. T. 1. Insects with incomplete transformation. - L .: Nauka, 1972.- S. 206-207. - 323 p. - 4500 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ben-Dov, Y. Aonidiella aurantii . Scale insect web catalog . scalenet.info (26th of June, 2014). - Taxonomy. Date of treatment July 11, 2014. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Miller, DR, Davidson, JA 3.1.1 A List of the Armored Scale Insect Pests. Armored Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. - Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 1990 .-- P. 1-688. - (World Crop Pests, Vol. 4B).
- ↑ Borchsenius, NS 1934. Survey of the coccids fauna of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus. Quarantine Station, Abkhazia, 37 pp.
- ↑ 1 2 Tereznikova E. M. Shchitovki. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1986. - 1-132 p. - (Fauna of Ukraine. T. 20. Koktsidy. Issue 20). - 830 copies.
- ↑ California red scale . HYPPZ. Date of treatment February 26, 2014.
- ↑ Roelofs, WL, Gieselmann, MJ, Carde, AM, Tashiro, H., Moreno, DS, Henrick, CA and RJ Anderson, 1978. “Identification of the California red scale sex pheromone.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 4: 211-224.
- ↑ Chua, TH and BJ Wood, 1990. 3.9.2 “Other tropical fruit trees and shrubs”. In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control . Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 543–552.
- ↑ Hayes, WB, 1970. Fruit growing in India . Third edition. Kitabistan, Allahabad. 512 pp.
- ↑ Argyriou, LC, 1990. “Olive.” In: D. Rosen (ed.), Armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control . Vol. 4B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 579-583.
- ↑ 1 2 Parry-Jones, E., 1936. “Bionomics and ecology of red scale in Southern Rhodesia.” Publication Mazoe Citrus Experimental Station 5: 11-52.
- ↑ California Red Scale and Yellow Scale . UC Pest Management Guidelines . Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California (June 2013). Date of treatment February 26, 2014.
- ↑ Maskell, WM 1879. On some Coccidae in New Zealand. - Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 11: 187-228.
- ↑ Claps, Lucia E .; Wolff, Vera RS; González, Roberto H. Catalog of native species of Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Spanish) = Catálogo de las especies de Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) nativas de Argentina, Brasil y Chile //: Insecta Mundi Magazine. - Gainesville, Florida: Center for Systematic Entomology, 2001. - Vol. 13 (3/4). - P. 239-256.
- ↑ Ben-Dov, Y. Taxonomy of Aonidiella yehudithae sp. nov. Lindingaspis misrae (Laing) comb. nov. with a key to species of Aonidiella Berlese & Leonardi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) // Zootaxa : Journal. - Auckland , New Zealand : Magnolia Press, 2006 .-- Vol. 1190. - P. 51-57. - ISSN 1175-5326 .
Literature
- Borchsenius N.S. Worms and Scutellaria (Coccoidea). - Moscow - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - 250 p. - (Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences . No. 32). - 2000 copies.
- Tereznikova E. M. Shchitovki. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1986. - 132 p. - (Fauna of Ukraine. T. 20. Koktsidy. Issue 20). - 830 copies.
- Ben-Dov, Yair; German, V. A Systematic Catalog of the Diaspididae (Armored Scale Insects) of the World, Subfamilies Aspidiotinae, Comstockiellinae and Odonaspidinae. - Andover, Hants, UK: Intercept, 2003 .-- P. 1-1112.
Links
- Ben-Dov, Y. Aonidiella aurantii (English) . Scale insect web catalog . scalenet.info (26th of June, 2014). - Taxonomy. Date of treatment July 11, 2014. (unavailable link)
- Aonidiella (English) . eol.org. - Taxonomy. Date of treatment July 11, 2014.