Veins - tendons of animals used as a material in various crafts. Vein bundles of raw collagen fibers are soft and milky white. After drying, they become very hard, translucent, light yellow. The cores are used either in the form of thin fibers, or they are not divided into fibers, but left as a single bundle or cut into plates. The veins have a certain strength and resistance to abrasion and decay, but are still afraid of moisture.
Content
Thread Technology
To obtain vein threads, peeled and dried (sometimes smoked) bundles of the dorsal or leg tendons of a deer or other large animal, as well as marine mammals and tendons from the legs of birds, are used. They are divided into individual fibers, which are used in this form or twisted to obtain the desired thickness. Finished individual vein fibers are uneven in thickness and often flat. The latter allows you to divide too thick threads into thinner ones. When leveling, they were usually passed through the teeth, while softening with saliva. Sometimes combing is also used. Thicker threads get twisted fibers. Traditionally, this was done on the bare thigh, holding the free end of the thread with the other hand. In this case, both twisting of each of the two veins and twisting them together into a string occurs [1] .
Usage
The first way
They often sew veins in a wet state with the help of needles or use a dried tip, inserting it into a hole pre-pierced with an awl . Eskimos sometimes use wax or soap . Quickly drying, the thread retains its shape, which prevents the seam from opening when it is damaged. Veined threads are used for sewing leather and fabric products, as well as in various embroideries.
Until our time, sewing with vein threads came only from the time of the early Bronze Age . So was found a burial leather bag of early Karasuk culture . The used strands in it were 0.3 mm thick or less. Details of a complex seam were viewed only through a binocular magnifier. He had thickened stitches, like a velvet seam . [2] Buryats for sewing shoes twisted veins with horsehair, which increased resistance to decay.
Vein fibers are used not only for sewing, but also for cords and ropes of any thickness. It was important to use them as bowstrings for bows , self-shooting traps and crossbows . In the north-east of Siberia, as well as in Alaska - by the Southern Eskimos and the coastal Ataba tribe of the Tanayn (Kenai) - reinforced (reinforced) bows (for hunting sea animals and not only) were used, having reinforcement of one or two bundles of vein cords, wound to the back of the bow, which increases the tension [3] [4] . Tendon cords, usually untwisted, were also used to stitch boards. In this case, a bundle of cores was taken, in which one end was left undivided into fibers, which helped to pull the cord into the holes. The peoples of Siberia used tendon ropes for reindeer halves and leashes, as well as for loops on the horns of a reindeer.
From ancient times, strings of musical instruments were more often made from veins. Now the use of such strings has sharply decreased, although until recently they were used very widely, for almost all strings. The same applies to their use in tennis racquet nets.
Second way
With another method of using the cores, they are left in solid mass, forming the desired shapes and drying. In this way, for example, a reinforcing coating was made on some bows. In this case, vein strips or stick on their outer surface, as did the Indians Utah , Crow , Blackfoot , Sioux , Cree , Cheyenne and Hidats [5] ; or even vein the entire onion (in California). On the Great Plains , arrowheads were formed from the bison vein, which did not break when they hit a bone [6] .
Modern Application
Now only traditional masters of the peoples of the North, Siberia, etc., use sewing threads along with, for example, kapron threads for sewing. In modern musical instruments, the use of simple vein strings has been drastically reduced. They are used on bowed instruments when performing authentic music. On violins , violas , cello and double basses, to obtain a soft timbre, now, in addition to simple gut tones, very expensive gut strings with an additional winding from a wire of various metals are also used. Sometimes between them there is also an intermediate silk or synthetic cross braid.
Currently, “bones” for dogs are made from a thick vein by pressing.
Synthetic "vein" threads are produced that imitate real ones. They are also flat and are divided into thinner ones. They are used, for example, by reenactors - Indianists instead of real ones, including for bead sewing.
Veins (particularly beef) are used as food in some Asian cuisines. One Chinese popular dish is Suan Bao Niu Jin , made from veins with pickled garlic. In Vietnam, phở noodles are made from veins.
Notes
- ↑ Zhitenev D. Ski shoes // Taiga - my home. The site .
- ↑ Semenov S. A. Development of technology in the Stone Age. - L .: Publishing House "Science", Leningrad Branch, 1963. - S. 167, 168. - 362 p.
- ↑ Siebert E.V. Collections of the first half of the 19th century along the northern atapaski // Culture and Life of the Peoples of America. Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. - L .: Publishing House "Science", Leningrad Branch, 1967. - T. XXIV. - S. 60, 61.
- ↑ Dzeniskevich G.I. Hunting and fishing at tainain (Alaska) in the 19th century // From the cultural heritage of the peoples of America and Africa. Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. - L .: Publishing House "Science", Leningrad Branch, 1975. - T. XXXI. - S. 55-57.
- ↑ Mails Thomas E. The Mysnic Warriors of the Plains. - Tulsa, Oklahoma: Council Oak Books, 1991 .-- S. 409-411.
- ↑ Mails Thomas E. The Mysnic Warriors of the Plains. - Tulsa, Oklahoma: Council Oak Books, 1991 .-- S. 430.
Literature
- Popov A.A. Weaving and weaving among the peoples of Siberia in the 19th and first quarter of the 20th century // Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. - M. - L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - T. XVI. - S. 72-75, 80-83.