Shock (from the English shock - shock, shock) is a pathological process that develops in response to extreme stimuli and is accompanied by a progressive violation of the vital functions of the nervous system, blood circulation, respiration, metabolism and some other functions. In fact, this is a failure of the compensatory reactions of the body in response to damage.
| Shock | |
|---|---|
| ICD-10 | R 57. |
| ICD-9 | 785 |
| Diseasesdb | 12013 |
| Medlineplus | 000039 |
| eMedicine | med / 531 med / 285 emerg / 533 |
| Mesh | |
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Pathogenesis of shock
- 3 Diagnosis
- 3.1 Survey [2]
- 3.1.1 medical history
- 3.1.2 Clinical examination in pediatrics
- 3.1.3 Laboratory research
- 3.2 Control and assessment of shock severity
- 3.2.1 Small control program
- 3.2.2 Specialized control program
- 3.3 Hemodynamic disorders
- 3.1 Survey [2]
- 4 Classification of shock
- 4.1 Clinical classification
- 5 Treatment for shock
- 5.1 Pediatrics [5]
- 5.1.1 First Hour Therapy
- 5.1.1.1 in the first minutes
- 5.1.1.2 In the first 5-15 minutes. Primary resuscitation
- 5.1.1.3 In the first 15-60 minutes if the shock condition persists
- 5.1.2 Therapy after the first hour
- 5.1.1 First Hour Therapy
- 5.1 Pediatrics [5]
- 6 Hypovolemic shock
- 6.1 Reasons
- 6.2 Stages
- 6.3 Vicious circles
- 6.3.1 Vicious circle contributing to myocardial damage
- 6.3.2 Vicious cycle contributing to vasomotor failure
- 7 Shock organs
- 7.1 "Shock lung"
- 7.1.1 History
- 7.1.2 Etiology and pathogenesis
- 7.1.3 Clinical presentation
- 7.2 "Shock kidney"
- 7.2.1 Pathological anatomy
- 7.2.2 Clinical picture
- 7.1 "Shock lung"
- 8 Notes
- 9 Literature
History
The state of shock was first described by Hippocrates . The term βshockβ was first used in 1737 by Le Dranom . At the end of the 19th century, possible mechanisms for the development of shock pathogenesis began to be proposed, among which the following concepts became the most popular:
- paralysis of nerves innervating blood vessels;
- depletion of the vasomotor center ;
- neurokinetic disorders;
- toxemia ;
- endocrine gland dysfunction;
- decrease in the volume of circulating blood (BCC);
- capillary stasis with impaired vascular permeability.
Pathogenesis of shock
From a modern point of view, shock develops in accordance with the theory of stress G. Selye . According to this theory, excessive exposure to the body causes specific and nonspecific reactions in it. The former depend on the nature of the effect on the body. The second - only on the strength of the impact. Nonspecific reactions under the influence of an ultrastrong stimulus are called the general adaptation syndrome. The general adaptation syndrome always proceeds the same way, in three stages:
- stage compensated (reversible): perfusion to vital organs, such as the brain, heart, is supported by compensatory physiological processes;
- decompensated stage (partially reversible, characterized by a general decrease in body resistance and even death of the body): impaired perfusion to vital organs;
- terminal stage (irreversible, when no therapeutic effects can prevent death).
Thus, shock, according to Selye, is a manifestation of a nonspecific reaction of the body to excessive exposure.
N.I. Pirogov in the middle of the XIX century defined the concepts of erectile (agitation) and torpid (lethargy, stupor) phases in the pathogenesis of shock.
Shock occurs when there is a violation of the oxygen supply to organs. With a decrease in cardiac output, perfusion to organs decreases. An adult's body compensates for this condition mainly by a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, an increase in cardiac contractility, and an increase in heart rate . The childβs body compensates for this condition primarily by increasing the heart rate and vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels). Vasoconstriction in children causes hypotension to become a late sign of shock. [one]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of βshockβ is made if the patient has the following signs of shock:
- decrease in blood pressure and tachycardia (with torpid phase);
- anxiety (erectile phase according to Pirogov) or dimming of consciousness (torpid phase according to Pirogov);
- respiratory failure;
- decreased urine output;
- cold, wet skin with pale cyanotic or marble color;
- slowing down the filling of capillaries.
Survey [2]
Medical history
Vomiting with or without diarrhea, reduced oral ingestion, decreased diuresis , especially in children, indicates the danger of hypovolemic shock. Injuries can lead to hemorrhagic shock. Fever, lethargy, or irritability in some cases of rash may indicate septic shock. In children with asplenia, sickle cell disease , with a permanent catheter, with a reduced immune response, there is an increased risk of sepsis. Children who are at risk for cardiogenic shock are characterized by auscultatory murmur, malnutrition, sweating, cyanosis , tachypnea , dyspnea at a later age, palpitations .
Pediatric Clinical Examination
Bradycardia is a late threatening symptom in a state of shock - the result of hypoxemia . Hypotension is also a late symptom. Keep in mind that normal levels of heart rate and blood pressure depend on age. The lower threshold for permissible systolic pressure for a child from birth to 1 month. 60 mmHg Art., and at the age of 1 month. up to 1 year 70 mm RT. Art. For children from 1 year, the lower pressure limit is calculated by the formula 70+ (2 * (age in years)) mmHg. Art. For children over 10 years of age, the lower pressure level is 90 mm Hg. Art. Pressure below the indicated values ββindicate hypotension followed by decompensated shock.
| Age | bradycardia | tachycardia | hypotension |
|---|---|---|---|
| from birth to 28 days | <100 bpm in minutes | > 180 beats in minutes | <60 mmHg Art. |
| newborn 1 - 12 months. | <90 bpm in minutes | > 160 beats in minutes | <70 mmHg Art. |
| child 1 - 10 years old | <60 beats in minutes | > 140 beats in minutes | <70 + (2 * age in years) mmHg. Art. |
| child> 10 years old | <60 beats in minutes | > 120 bpm in minutes | <90 mmHg Art. |
A weak, filiform pulse or its absence, a peripheral pulse may indicate a shock condition. However, in septic shock, the pulse may be variable. Skin color can also be considered a sign of shock, but skin color may be normal in the early stages of shock. Reduced tissue perfusion manifests itself in cold and moist skin. Initially, this is observed on the limbs.
The filling of the capillaries is determined by soft pressing until the tips of the fingers and nails of the upper extremities are whitened on the capillary bed. After clicking, the color should return within 2 seconds, if the color returns within 3 seconds. and more time, this may indicate a shock. With septic shock, shortened capillary filling time may be observed. The filling of capillaries should be tested on a limb that is extremely elevated above the level of the heart so that arterial perfusion is not checked for venous. It should also be borne in mind that in cold conditions the filling of capillaries objectively slows down.
With hypovolemic shock associated with dehydration, signs of dehydration can be detected, such as dry mucous membranes, lack of tears, decreased eyeball tone, lowered fontanel in infants, Children with acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can be characterized by dyspnea with tension, tachypnea , orthopnea, and wheezing , hepatomegaly , gallop rhythm, heart murmur. Cervical vein swelling and peripheral edema are less common in children than in adults.
Ductal cardiogenic shock may be suspected in newborns in the first weeks of life if cyanosis is unresponsive to oxygen therapy. Suspicion of cardiac tamponade can occur with muffled or reduced heart sounds, a paradoxical pulse (decreased with a systolic blood pressure> 10 mm Hg during inhalation), and swollen cervical veins. Suspicion of intense pneumothorax can occur in patients with a deviated trachea (away from the injured part). reduced breathing noises, hyperresonance to percussion on the injured side, swelling of the cervical veins.
20% of children in a state of septic shock have a form characteristic of the phase of βwarmβ shock in adults (increased minute cardiac output, hypotension, decreased vascular systemic resistance, spasmodic pulse, rapid filling of capillaries). 60% of children have the shock form characteristic of the phase of the βcoldβ shock of adults (low cardiac output, increased vascular systemic resistance, normal or low blood pressure, cold, damp skin, stained pulse, slow filling of capillaries). The remaining 20% ββof children in septic shock are characterized by a simultaneously reduced cardiac output and reduced vascular systemic resistance. Patechia and purpura indicate meningococcemia as the cause of septic shock. Rashes similar to tanning can be a manifestation of toxic shock due to streptococci and staphylococci.
Laboratory research
In hypovolemic shock, a biochemical blood test is performed to determine dehydration to establish an imbalance in electrolytes and acidosis . The establishment of hematocrit and the determination of the blood group and its compatibility with donated blood is important to carry out in cases of suspected non-traumatic blood loss. In septic shock, a general analysis of blood and blood culture should be performed, as well as an analysis of cultures of other potential infection media (urine, cerebrospinal fluid , wounds). A blood coagulation test including disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and an electrolyte analysis including calcium and magnesium levels often show an abnormality in sepsis. Hypoglycemia is often detected in different types of shock, therefore, an operative determination of glucose level should be carried out. A blood test for gases and acidity allows you to determine oxygenation and the degree of acidosis, and this is important for diagnosing an increase in the level of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin . The initial level of lactate, especially in the case of septic shock and trauma, is associated with a general prognosis and monitoring it allows you to monitor the condition. Procalcitonin can also be considered as a biomarker for septic shock. Troponins may be useful in assessing the severity of a disease and monitoring patients for cardiogenic shock. D-dimer is used for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism
Monitoring and assessing the severity of shock
The objectives of control, as well as assessing the severity and course of shock are:
- identify the mechanisms that cause the development of shock;
- establish the severity of the shock;
- monitor the effectiveness of the treatment of shock.
Small control program
The small control program includes five key parameters that can be examined in any medical department, regardless of its profile, as well as in medical transport. It:
- blood pressure
- central venous pressure during catheterization of the central vein ;
- breathing rate;
- hourly diuresis ;
- assessment of blood flow in the skin (skin color, body temperature, filling capillaries with blood).
Specialized Control Program
A specialized control program is necessary for slow or complicated shock. It is carried out in a specialized department (for example, in the intensive care unit and intensive care unit) and includes the following studies:
- hemodynamic studies with special techniques (blood volume, blood viscosity, blood pressure, minute volume of ejection, peripheral resistance, central venous pressure, control of heart function);
- study of microcirculation and metabolic balance;
- blood coagulation studies;
- study of respiratory function;
- urinary function test;
- study of acid-base condition and biochemical parameters of blood.
Hemodynamic disorders
The following is a comparative description of hemodynamic disturbances in various types of shock.
| Type of shock | Minute Heart Volume | central venous pressure | arterial pressure | peripheral resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypovolemic | ||||
| Cardiogenic | ||||
| Infectious Toxic | ||||
| Anaphylactic [3] |
Shock Classification
There are various ways to classify shock, but the classification of shock by type of circulatory disorders is most applicable these days.
| Type of shock | Physiological mechanism | Common causes |
|---|---|---|
| hypovolemic | reduced end-diastolic pressure |
|
| distributive | relative hypovolemia due to vasodilation |
|
| cardiogenic | reduced heart contractility |
|
| obstructive | insufficient cardiac output in the pulmonary circulation |
|
| dissociative | abnormal hemoglobin - insufficient oxygen supply |
|
Distributive shock can be considered as relative hypovolemia . Vasodilation leads to an inadequate volume of circulating blood relative to vasodilation, an increased volume. The immediate cause of vasodilation is the release of vasoactive mediators. Damage to the spine (neurogenic shock) can lead to a loss of vascular tone regulated by the sympathetic nerve and subsequent vasodilation. Also, intoxication with iron, barbiturates , tricyclic antidepressants can lead to vasodilation and distributive shock.
Septic shock is a combination of elements of distributive, hypovolemic and cardiogenic shocks. [one]
According to the type of circulatory disorders , the following types of shock are distinguished:
- hypovolemic ;
- cardiogenic ;
- septic ;
- anaphylactic .
A number of sources [4] gives a classification of shock in accordance with the main pathogenetic mechanisms. This classification according to pathogenesis subdivides shock into:
- hypovolemic ;
- cardiogenic ;
- traumatic ;
- infectious toxic ;
- septic ;
- anaphylactic ;
- neurogenic ;
- combined (combine elements of various shocks).
Clinical classification
The clinical classification of shock, depending on severity, distinguishes the following degrees:
- Shock of the I degree (compensated)
The condition of the victim is compensated. Consciousness is preserved, clear, patient contact, slightly inhibited. Systolic blood pressure (BP) exceeds 90 mmHg, heart rate is increased, 90-100 beats per minute. The forecast is favorable.
- Shock of the II degree (subcompensated)
The victim is inhibited, the skin is pale, heart sounds are muffled, the pulse rate is up to 140 beats per minute, poor filling, maximum blood pressure is reduced to 90-80 mm RT. Art. Breathing shallow, quickened, consciousness preserved. The victim answers the questions correctly, speaks slowly, in a low voice. The forecast is serious. To save life, anti-shock measures are required.
- Shock III degree (decompensated)
The patient is dynamic , inhibited, does not respond to pain, answers monosyllables and extremely slowly or does not answer at all, he says in a dull, barely audible whisper. Consciousness confused or absent altogether. The skin is pale, covered with cold sweat, pronounced acrocyanosis. Heart sounds are deaf. The pulse is filiform - 130-180 beats per minute, determined only on large arteries (carotid, femoral). Breathing shallow, frequent. Systolic blood pressure below 70 mmHg, central venous pressure (CVP) is zero or negative. Anuria (lack of urine) is observed. The forecast is very serious.
- Shock IV degree (irreversible)
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ . Π’ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ (ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ), Π³ΡΠ±Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ 50 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΡ. ΡΡ., Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΡΡ Π΅Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ , Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ . ΠΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ (Π²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅, ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅), Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ. ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ β 0,54; 1,0 β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅; 1,5 β ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°);
- Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (ΠΠ¦Π), Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅;
- ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ;
- ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ;
- ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ , Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π° , Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ, ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ .
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ [5]
Π’Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ² β€ 2 ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³/ Π² ΡΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° 3,3 - 6,0 Π»/ΠΌΠΈΠ½/ΠΌ2, ΡΠ°ΡΡpΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ 70 %.
Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ). Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ°ΡΡ , Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ» . ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½, ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° . ΠΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° (<8-10 Π³Ρ/Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ).
Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ 5 -15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° . Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 90 ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π½ . ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π½. Π£ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 2 Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°.
Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°. Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ - 20 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 5 Π΄ΠΎ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°). ΠΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π°Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ ) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ 10 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° 80 ΠΌΠ» (ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅) Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ°. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ»Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ β€ 180 ΠΌΠ³/Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ - ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ . ΠΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ H2-Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² , Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄, Π°Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ» ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡ 100%-ΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 100%-Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ . Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π .
Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ 15-60 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° (Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (2-5 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (5-10 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (10-20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½. ΠΠΏΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ (Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ (0,05β0,1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ (Π΄ΠΎ 1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ). ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ (0,01β1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° (Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°). ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ (1β20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ 10-20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 12 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π².
Π£ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ·. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° , ΠΊΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΎΡΡΡ , Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° . ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° E1 (0,1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°) Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ E1 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 10 ΡΠΌ3/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° 10 Π³/Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ 7-9 Π³/Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ , ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎ Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ.
Π’Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
In case of septic shock resistant to catecholamine, with suspected adrenal insufficiency, large doses of hydrocortisone 2 mg / kg or 50 mg / m2 body area are used. Also, with catecholamine- resistant cold septic shock with normal blood pressure and oxygen saturation in the superior vena cava less than 70%, a vasodilator (nitroprusside) type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (milrinone) is required. In cold septic shock with low blood pressure and oxygen saturation in the superior vena cava less than 70%, continued epinephrine titration is recommended. With warm septic shock, continued titration of norepinephrine, possibly with additional vasopressin (0.0003β0.0008 U / kg / min) or terlipressin, is recommended. Also, with catecholamine- resistant shock (especially septic or cardiogenic), an auxiliary ventricular system or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be used. Recombinant activated protein C (drotrekogin alfa) is recommended for septic shock only in adult patients.
Hypovolemic shock
This type of shock occurs as a result of a rapid decrease in the volume of circulating blood, which leads to a drop in the filling pressure of the circulatory system and to a decrease in venous return of blood to the heart. As a result, a violation of the blood supply to organs and tissues and their ischemia develops.
Reasons
The volume of circulating blood can quickly decrease due to the following reasons:
- blood loss;
- plasma loss (for example, with a burn, peritonitis );
- fluid loss (for example, with diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, during or after the hemodialysis procedure, diabetes and diabetes insipidus).
Non-traumatic hemorrhage leading to hypovolemic shock can be caused by gastrointestinal bleeding epistaxis , the formation of a fistula of the vessel.
Stage
Depending on the severity of hypovolemic shock, three stages are distinguished in its course, which successively replace each other. it
- The first stage is non-progressive (compensated). Perfusion of vital organs is maintained by compensatory mechanisms; as a rule, no pronounced hypotension is observed due to an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance. There are no vicious circles at this stage.
- The second stage is progressive. Compensatory mechanisms are not able to provide sufficient perfusion, all pathogenetic mechanisms of shock development are started and progress.
- The third stage is the stage of irreversible changes. At this stage, no modern anti-shock agents can lead the patient out of this condition. At this stage, medical intervention can return blood pressure and cardiac output to normal for a short period of time, but this does not stop the destructive processes in the body. Among the causes of the irreversibility of shock at this stage, there is a violation of homeostasis, which is accompanied by severe damage to all organs, of particular importance is heart damage.
Vicious circles
With hypovolemic shock, many vicious circles form. Among them, the vicious circle that contributes to myocardial damage and the vicious circle that contributes to the failure of the vasomotor center is of the greatest importance.
Myocardial vicious cycle
A decrease in the volume of circulating blood leads to a decrease in the minute volume of the heart and a drop in blood pressure. A drop in blood pressure leads to a decrease in blood circulation in the coronary arteries of the heart, which leads to a decrease in myocardial contractility. A decrease in myocardial contractility leads to an even greater decrease in the minute volume of the heart, as well as to a further drop in blood pressure. The vicious circle closes.
Vicious circle contributing to vasomotor insufficiency
Hypovolemia is due to a decrease in the minute volume of ejection (that is, a decrease in the volume of blood expelled from the heart in one minute) and a decrease in blood pressure. This leads to a decrease in blood flow in the brain, as well as to disruption of the vasomotor (vasomotor) center. The latter is located in the medulla oblongata. One of the consequences of a violation in the vasomotor center is considered to be a decrease in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system. As a result, the mechanisms of centralization of blood circulation are disrupted, blood pressure drops, and this, in turn, triggers a violation of cerebral circulation, which is accompanied by even greater inhibition of the vasomotor center.
Shock organs
Recently, the term βshock organβ (βshock lungβ and βshock kidneyβ) has often been used. At the same time, it is understood that the impact of a shock stimulus disrupts the function of these organs, and further violations of the patientβs body condition are closely associated with changes in βshock organsβ [6] .
"Shock lung"
History
This term was first coined by Ashbaugh ( 1967 ) in describing progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, back in 1944, Burford and Burbank described a similar clinical anatomical syndrome , calling it βwet (wet) lung . β After some time, it was found that the βshock lungβ picture occurs not only in shock, but also in traumatic brain injury , thoracic , abdominal injuries , blood loss , prolonged hypotension , aspiration of acidic gastric contents, massive transfusion therapy , acute renal failure , increasing decompensation of the heart, pulmonary embolism . At present, no relationship has been found between the duration of shock and the severity of pulmonary pathology.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Most often, the cause of the development of "shock lung" is hypovolemic shock. The ischemia of many tissues, as well as the massive release of catecholamines, lead to the entry into the blood of collagen , fat and other substances that cause massive thrombosis . Because of this, microcirculation is disturbed. A large number of blood clots settle on the surface of the vessels of the lungs, which is associated with the peculiarities of the structure of the latter (long convoluted capillaries, double blood supply, bypass surgery). Under the influence of inflammatory mediators ( vasoactive peptides , serotonin , histamine , kinins , prostaglandins ), vascular permeability in the lungs increases, bronchospasm develops, the release of mediators leads to vasoconstriction and damage.
Clinical picture
The βshock lungβ syndrome develops gradually, reaching its climax usually in 24-48 hours, the outcome is often a massive (often bilateral) lesion of the lung tissue. The process is clinically divided into three stages.
- The first stage (initial). Hypoxia dominates, the x-ray picture of the lung is usually not changed (with rare exceptions, when an x-ray examination shows an increase in pulmonary pattern). Cyanosis (bluish tint of the skin) is absent. The partial pressure of oxygen is sharply reduced. Auscultation reveals scattered dry rales.
- Second stage. In the second stage, tachycardia increases, tachypnea (respiratory rate) occurs, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases even more, mental disorders increase, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases slightly. Auscultation reveals dry, and sometimes small-bubble rales. Cyanosis is not expressed. Radiologically determined decrease in the transparency of the lung tissue, bilateral infiltrates, unclear shadows appear.
- Third stage. In the third stage, without special support, the body is not viable. Cyanosis develops. X-ray revealed an increase in the number and size of focal shadows with their transition into confluent formations and total darkening of the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced to critical numbers.
Shock Kid
The concept of βshock kidneyβ reflects an acute impairment of renal function. The leading role in pathogenesis is played by the fact that in shock there is compensatory shunting of arterial blood flow into the direct veins of the pyramids with a sharp decrease in the volume of hemodynamics in the region of the cortical layer of the kidneys. This is confirmed by the results of modern pathophysiological studies [7] .
Pathological Anatomy
The kidneys are slightly enlarged, swollen, their cortical layer is anemic, pale gray, the cerebral zone and the pyramids, on the contrary, are dark red. Microscopically, in the first hours, anemia of the vessels of the cortical layer and sharp hyperemia of the cerebrospinal zone and straight veins of the pyramids are determined. Microthromboses of capillaries of glomeruli and adducting capillaries are rare.
In the future, increasing dystrophic changes in nephrothelium are observed , covering first the proximal and then the distal parts of the nephron .
Clinical picture
The picture of a βshockβ kidney is characterized by a clinic of progressive acute renal failure . In its development, acute renal failure in shock goes through four stages:
The first stage proceeds while the cause is causing the acute renal failure. Clinical marked decrease in urine output .
The second stage (oligoanuric). The most important clinical signs of the oligoanuric stage of acute renal failure include:
- oligoanuria (with the development of edema);
- azotemia (ammonia breath, itching);
- an increase in kidney size, lower back pain, a positive symptom of Pasternatsky (the appearance of red blood cells in the urine after tapping in the area of ββthe projection of the kidneys);
- weakness, headache, muscle twitching;
- tachycardia, expansion of the borders of the heart, pericarditis ;
- dyspnea, congestive wheezing in the lungs up to interstitial pulmonary edema;
- dry mouth, anorexia , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , cracks in the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, abdominal pain, intestinal paresis ;
The third stage (restoration of diuresis). Diuresis can normalize gradually or rapidly. The clinical picture of this stage is associated with the occurring dehydration and dyselectrolytemia. The following symptoms develop:
- weight loss, asthenia, lethargy, lethargy, infection may join;
- normalization of nitrogen-excretory function.
The fourth stage (recovery). Indices of homeostasis , as well as kidney function are returning to normal.
Notes
- β 1 2 3 Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.378
- β Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.379
- β Lopatin A.S. Medicinal anaphylactic shock. M .: "Medicine". 1983. P.55
- β Poryadin G.V. Lectures on pathophysiology (general part). M., 1993.S. 152.
- β Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.380
- β Permyakov N.K. Pathology of resuscitation and intensive care. - M .: Medicine, 1985, S. 22
- β Permyakov N.K. Pathology of resuscitation and intensive care. - M .: Medicine, 1985, S. 30
Literature
- Rosenbach P. Ya. , -. Shock // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Ado A.D. Pathological physiology. - M., "Triad-X", 2000. S. 54-60
- Klimiashvili A.D. Chadayev A.P. Bleeding. Blood transfusion. Blood substitutes. Shock and resuscitation. - M., βRussian State Medical Universityβ, 2006. P. 38-60
- Meerson F.Z., Pshennikova M.G. Adaptation to stressful situations and physical activity. - M., "Triad-X", 2000. S. 54-60
- Poryadin G.V. Stress and pathology. - M., βMinprintβ, 2002. S. 3-22
- Struchkov V.I. General Surgery. - M., "Medicine", 1978. S. 144-157
- Sergeev S. T .. Surgery of shock processes. - M., "Triad-X", 2001. S. 234β338