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Shock

Shock (from the English shock - shock, shock) is a pathological process that develops in response to extreme stimuli and is accompanied by a progressive violation of the vital functions of the nervous system, blood circulation, respiration, metabolism and some other functions. In fact, this is a failure of the compensatory reactions of the body in response to damage.

Shock
ICD-10R 57.
ICD-9785
Diseasesdb12013
Medlineplus000039
eMedicinemed / 531 med / 285 emerg / 533
Mesh

Content

  • 1 History
  • 2 Pathogenesis of shock
  • 3 Diagnosis
    • 3.1 Survey [2]
      • 3.1.1 medical history
      • 3.1.2 Clinical examination in pediatrics
      • 3.1.3 Laboratory research
    • 3.2 Control and assessment of shock severity
      • 3.2.1 Small control program
      • 3.2.2 Specialized control program
    • 3.3 Hemodynamic disorders
  • 4 Classification of shock
    • 4.1 Clinical classification
  • 5 Treatment for shock
    • 5.1 Pediatrics [5]
      • 5.1.1 First Hour Therapy
        • 5.1.1.1 in the first minutes
        • 5.1.1.2 In the first 5-15 minutes. Primary resuscitation
        • 5.1.1.3 In the first 15-60 minutes if the shock condition persists
      • 5.1.2 Therapy after the first hour
  • 6 Hypovolemic shock
    • 6.1 Reasons
    • 6.2 Stages
    • 6.3 Vicious circles
      • 6.3.1 Vicious circle contributing to myocardial damage
      • 6.3.2 Vicious cycle contributing to vasomotor failure
  • 7 Shock organs
    • 7.1 "Shock lung"
      • 7.1.1 History
      • 7.1.2 Etiology and pathogenesis
      • 7.1.3 Clinical presentation
    • 7.2 "Shock kidney"
      • 7.2.1 Pathological anatomy
      • 7.2.2 Clinical picture
  • 8 Notes
  • 9 Literature

History

Π€Π°ΠΉΠ»:Shock video.webm Play media file
Subtitled video

The state of shock was first described by Hippocrates . The term β€œshock” was first used in 1737 by Le Dranom . At the end of the 19th century, possible mechanisms for the development of shock pathogenesis began to be proposed, among which the following concepts became the most popular:

  • paralysis of nerves innervating blood vessels;
  • depletion of the vasomotor center ;
  • neurokinetic disorders;
  • toxemia ;
  • endocrine gland dysfunction;
  • decrease in the volume of circulating blood (BCC);
  • capillary stasis with impaired vascular permeability.

Pathogenesis of shock

From a modern point of view, shock develops in accordance with the theory of stress G. Selye . According to this theory, excessive exposure to the body causes specific and nonspecific reactions in it. The former depend on the nature of the effect on the body. The second - only on the strength of the impact. Nonspecific reactions under the influence of an ultrastrong stimulus are called the general adaptation syndrome. The general adaptation syndrome always proceeds the same way, in three stages:

  1. stage compensated (reversible): perfusion to vital organs, such as the brain, heart, is supported by compensatory physiological processes;
  2. decompensated stage (partially reversible, characterized by a general decrease in body resistance and even death of the body): impaired perfusion to vital organs;
  3. terminal stage (irreversible, when no therapeutic effects can prevent death).

Thus, shock, according to Selye, is a manifestation of a nonspecific reaction of the body to excessive exposure.

N.I. Pirogov in the middle of the XIX century defined the concepts of erectile (agitation) and torpid (lethargy, stupor) phases in the pathogenesis of shock.

Shock occurs when there is a violation of the oxygen supply to organs. With a decrease in cardiac output, perfusion to organs decreases. An adult's body compensates for this condition mainly by a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, an increase in cardiac contractility, and an increase in heart rate . The child’s body compensates for this condition primarily by increasing the heart rate and vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels). Vasoconstriction in children causes hypotension to become a late sign of shock. [one]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of β€œshock” is made if the patient has the following signs of shock:

  • decrease in blood pressure and tachycardia (with torpid phase);
  • anxiety (erectile phase according to Pirogov) or dimming of consciousness (torpid phase according to Pirogov);
  • respiratory failure;
  • decreased urine output;
  • cold, wet skin with pale cyanotic or marble color;
  • slowing down the filling of capillaries.

Survey [2]

Medical history

Vomiting with or without diarrhea, reduced oral ingestion, decreased diuresis , especially in children, indicates the danger of hypovolemic shock. Injuries can lead to hemorrhagic shock. Fever, lethargy, or irritability in some cases of rash may indicate septic shock. In children with asplenia, sickle cell disease , with a permanent catheter, with a reduced immune response, there is an increased risk of sepsis. Children who are at risk for cardiogenic shock are characterized by auscultatory murmur, malnutrition, sweating, cyanosis , tachypnea , dyspnea at a later age, palpitations .

Pediatric Clinical Examination

Bradycardia is a late threatening symptom in a state of shock - the result of hypoxemia . Hypotension is also a late symptom. Keep in mind that normal levels of heart rate and blood pressure depend on age. The lower threshold for permissible systolic pressure for a child from birth to 1 month. 60 mmHg Art., and at the age of 1 month. up to 1 year 70 mm RT. Art. For children from 1 year, the lower pressure limit is calculated by the formula 70+ (2 * (age in years)) mmHg. Art. For children over 10 years of age, the lower pressure level is 90 mm Hg. Art. Pressure below the indicated values ​​indicate hypotension followed by decompensated shock.

Critical Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Agebradycardiatachycardiahypotension
from birth to 28 days<100 bpm in minutes> 180 beats in minutes<60 mmHg Art.
newborn 1 - 12 months.<90 bpm in minutes> 160 beats in minutes<70 mmHg Art.
child 1 - 10 years old<60 beats in minutes> 140 beats in minutes<70 + (2 * age in years) mmHg. Art.
child> 10 years old<60 beats in minutes> 120 bpm in minutes<90 mmHg Art.

A weak, filiform pulse or its absence, a peripheral pulse may indicate a shock condition. However, in septic shock, the pulse may be variable. Skin color can also be considered a sign of shock, but skin color may be normal in the early stages of shock. Reduced tissue perfusion manifests itself in cold and moist skin. Initially, this is observed on the limbs.

The filling of the capillaries is determined by soft pressing until the tips of the fingers and nails of the upper extremities are whitened on the capillary bed. After clicking, the color should return within 2 seconds, if the color returns within 3 seconds. and more time, this may indicate a shock. With septic shock, shortened capillary filling time may be observed. The filling of capillaries should be tested on a limb that is extremely elevated above the level of the heart so that arterial perfusion is not checked for venous. It should also be borne in mind that in cold conditions the filling of capillaries objectively slows down.

With hypovolemic shock associated with dehydration, signs of dehydration can be detected, such as dry mucous membranes, lack of tears, decreased eyeball tone, lowered fontanel in infants, Children with acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can be characterized by dyspnea with tension, tachypnea , orthopnea, and wheezing , hepatomegaly , gallop rhythm, heart murmur. Cervical vein swelling and peripheral edema are less common in children than in adults.

Ductal cardiogenic shock may be suspected in newborns in the first weeks of life if cyanosis is unresponsive to oxygen therapy. Suspicion of cardiac tamponade can occur with muffled or reduced heart sounds, a paradoxical pulse (decreased with a systolic blood pressure> 10 mm Hg during inhalation), and swollen cervical veins. Suspicion of intense pneumothorax can occur in patients with a deviated trachea (away from the injured part). reduced breathing noises, hyperresonance to percussion on the injured side, swelling of the cervical veins.

20% of children in a state of septic shock have a form characteristic of the phase of β€œwarm” shock in adults (increased minute cardiac output, hypotension, decreased vascular systemic resistance, spasmodic pulse, rapid filling of capillaries). 60% of children have the shock form characteristic of the phase of the β€œcold” shock of adults (low cardiac output, increased vascular systemic resistance, normal or low blood pressure, cold, damp skin, stained pulse, slow filling of capillaries). The remaining 20% ​​of children in septic shock are characterized by a simultaneously reduced cardiac output and reduced vascular systemic resistance. Patechia and purpura indicate meningococcemia as the cause of septic shock. Rashes similar to tanning can be a manifestation of toxic shock due to streptococci and staphylococci.

Laboratory research

In hypovolemic shock, a biochemical blood test is performed to determine dehydration to establish an imbalance in electrolytes and acidosis . The establishment of hematocrit and the determination of the blood group and its compatibility with donated blood is important to carry out in cases of suspected non-traumatic blood loss. In septic shock, a general analysis of blood and blood culture should be performed, as well as an analysis of cultures of other potential infection media (urine, cerebrospinal fluid , wounds). A blood coagulation test including disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and an electrolyte analysis including calcium and magnesium levels often show an abnormality in sepsis. Hypoglycemia is often detected in different types of shock, therefore, an operative determination of glucose level should be carried out. A blood test for gases and acidity allows you to determine oxygenation and the degree of acidosis, and this is important for diagnosing an increase in the level of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin . The initial level of lactate, especially in the case of septic shock and trauma, is associated with a general prognosis and monitoring it allows you to monitor the condition. Procalcitonin can also be considered as a biomarker for septic shock. Troponins may be useful in assessing the severity of a disease and monitoring patients for cardiogenic shock. D-dimer is used for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

Monitoring and assessing the severity of shock

The objectives of control, as well as assessing the severity and course of shock are:

  • identify the mechanisms that cause the development of shock;
  • establish the severity of the shock;
  • monitor the effectiveness of the treatment of shock.

Small control program

 
Of great importance is the control of blood pressure and the study of hemodynamics.

The small control program includes five key parameters that can be examined in any medical department, regardless of its profile, as well as in medical transport. It:

  1. blood pressure
  2. central venous pressure during catheterization of the central vein ;
  3. breathing rate;
  4. hourly diuresis ;
  5. assessment of blood flow in the skin (skin color, body temperature, filling capillaries with blood).

Specialized Control Program

 
A specialized program for controlling the course of shock is carried out in intensive care units.

A specialized control program is necessary for slow or complicated shock. It is carried out in a specialized department (for example, in the intensive care unit and intensive care unit) and includes the following studies:

  • hemodynamic studies with special techniques (blood volume, blood viscosity, blood pressure, minute volume of ejection, peripheral resistance, central venous pressure, control of heart function);
  • study of microcirculation and metabolic balance;
  • blood coagulation studies;
  • study of respiratory function;
  • urinary function test;
  • study of acid-base condition and biochemical parameters of blood.

Hemodynamic disorders

The following is a comparative description of hemodynamic disturbances in various types of shock.

Type of shockMinute Heart Volumecentral venous pressurearterial pressureperipheral resistance
Hypovolemic
↓
↓
↓
↑
Cardiogenic
↓
↑
↓
↑
Infectious Toxic
↑
↑
↓
↓
Anaphylactic [3]
↓
↓
↓
↓

Shock Classification

There are various ways to classify shock, but the classification of shock by type of circulatory disorders is most applicable these days.

Types of shock [1]
Type of shockPhysiological mechanismCommon causes
hypovolemicreduced end-diastolic pressure
  • hypohydration
  • traumatic blood loss
  • non-traumatic blood loss
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • peritonitis
  • burns
distributiverelative hypovolemia due to vasodilation
  • sepsis
  • anaphylaxis
  • neurogenic
  • due to toxins
cardiogenicreduced heart contractility
  • acute heart failure due to congenital damage
  • myocarditis
  • tachydisrhythmia (tachycardia)
obstructiveinsufficient cardiac output in the pulmonary circulation
  • pulmonary embolism
  • cardiac tamponade
  • intense pneumothorax
  • ductal heart damage
dissociativeabnormal hemoglobin - insufficient oxygen supply
  • carbon monoxide poisoning
  • methemoglobinemia

Distributive shock can be considered as relative hypovolemia . Vasodilation leads to an inadequate volume of circulating blood relative to vasodilation, an increased volume. The immediate cause of vasodilation is the release of vasoactive mediators. Damage to the spine (neurogenic shock) can lead to a loss of vascular tone regulated by the sympathetic nerve and subsequent vasodilation. Also, intoxication with iron, barbiturates , tricyclic antidepressants can lead to vasodilation and distributive shock.

Septic shock is a combination of elements of distributive, hypovolemic and cardiogenic shocks. [one]

According to the type of circulatory disorders , the following types of shock are distinguished:

  • hypovolemic ;
  • cardiogenic ;
  • septic ;
  • anaphylactic .

A number of sources [4] gives a classification of shock in accordance with the main pathogenetic mechanisms. This classification according to pathogenesis subdivides shock into:

  • hypovolemic ;
  • cardiogenic ;
  • traumatic ;
  • infectious toxic ;
  • septic ;
  • anaphylactic ;
  • neurogenic ;
  • combined (combine elements of various shocks).

Clinical classification

The clinical classification of shock, depending on severity, distinguishes the following degrees:

Shock of the I degree (compensated)

The condition of the victim is compensated. Consciousness is preserved, clear, patient contact, slightly inhibited. Systolic blood pressure (BP) exceeds 90 mmHg, heart rate is increased, 90-100 beats per minute. The forecast is favorable.

Shock of the II degree (subcompensated)

The victim is inhibited, the skin is pale, heart sounds are muffled, the pulse rate is up to 140 beats per minute, poor filling, maximum blood pressure is reduced to 90-80 mm RT. Art. Breathing shallow, quickened, consciousness preserved. The victim answers the questions correctly, speaks slowly, in a low voice. The forecast is serious. To save life, anti-shock measures are required.

Shock III degree (decompensated)

The patient is dynamic , inhibited, does not respond to pain, answers monosyllables and extremely slowly or does not answer at all, he says in a dull, barely audible whisper. Consciousness confused or absent altogether. The skin is pale, covered with cold sweat, pronounced acrocyanosis. Heart sounds are deaf. The pulse is filiform - 130-180 beats per minute, determined only on large arteries (carotid, femoral). Breathing shallow, frequent. Systolic blood pressure below 70 mmHg, central venous pressure (CVP) is zero or negative. Anuria (lack of urine) is observed. The forecast is very serious.

Shock IV degree (irreversible)

ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ клиничСски ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… состояний . Π’ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ сСрдца Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· сознания, ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ² сСрого Ρ†Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ рисунок с застойными пятнами Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ сниТСния кровСнаполнСния ΠΈ застоя ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ… сосудах), Π³ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡŽΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅, Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ 50 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Ρ‚. ст., Π·Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π΅ опрСдСляСтся вовсС. ΠŸΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ Π΅Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡ‰ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… артСриях, анурия . Π”Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ повСрхностноС, Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ (Π²ΡΡ…Π»ΠΈΠΏΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅, судороТноС), Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Π·Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ‹, рСфлСксов ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ‚. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всСгда нСблагоприятный.

ΠžΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ шока ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ индСксу ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠ° ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ систоличСского АД. ΠΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ индСкс β€” 0,54; 1,0 β€” ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ состояниС; 1,5 β€” тяТСлый шок.

Π›Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ шока

 
ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ шокС рСкомСндуСтся ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ уровня сСрдца ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹

Π›Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ шока складываСтся ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²:

  1. оксигСнотСрапия (ингаляция кислорода);
  2. Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠ° Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ (ОЦК), с ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ шокС;
  3. тСрапия Π²Π΅Π³Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ эффСкт ;
  4. тСрапия Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ;
  5. устранСниС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ шока.

Π”ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ стСроидныС Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ , Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ стрСптокиназу для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π° , Π΄ΠΈΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ для восстановлСния Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ АД, ΠΈΡΠΊΡƒΡΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Π»Ρ‘Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… .

ΠŸΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ [5]

ВСрапия ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ часа

Π—Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π°ΠΌΠΈ лСчСния Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ часа ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ восстановлСниС ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ сСрдСчного Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌΠ°, наполнСния капилляров ≀ 2 сСкунд, нормализация кровяного давлСния, устранСниС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ пСрифСричСским ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠΌ, обСспСчСниС оксигСнации ΠΈ дыхания, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Ρ‹Ρ… конСчностСй, выдСлСния ΠΌΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ большС 1 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³/ Π² час, нормализация психичСского состояния, обСспСчСниС сСрдСчного индСкса 3,3 - 6,0 Π»/ΠΌΠΈΠ½/ΠΌ2, сатуpация кислорода Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ…Π½ΡŽΡŽ Π²Π΅Π½Ρƒ ΡΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ 70 %.

Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹

ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ критичСских состояниях Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ‘Π½ΠΊΠ° β€” ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΈ обСспСчСниС проходимости Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ функционирования дыхания . ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ нСдостаточности Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ для искусствСнной вСнтиляции Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ осущСствлСниСм ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ…Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠ±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Как ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, это Π½Π΅ трСбуСтся Π½Π° стадии компСнсирования. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ становится снабТСниС кислородом ΠΈ кардиорСспираторный ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ (Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· маску ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€). Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ мСтаболичСскииС Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ дыхания, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ…Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠ±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ. Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡˆΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², находящихся ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠ±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ сСдативным эффСктом, рСкомСндуСтся ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ с мСньшим гСмодинамичСским эффСктом , Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹ , Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ» . НСсмотря Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ этомидат гСмодинамичСски Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½, ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ рСкомСндуСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ сСптичСском шокС, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ влияниС Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° . ΠžΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ оксигСнации. Π‘Π½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ кислородом Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ значСния ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ оксимСтрии. Π’Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΡŽ проводят ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ… значСниях Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° (<8-10 Π³Ρ€/Π΄Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€).

Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ 5 -15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ дСйствия

Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ являСтся обСспСчСниС сосудистого доступа . РСкомСндуСтся Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с пСрифСричСского ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ доступа. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ нСвозмоТности Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ доступа Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 90 сСкунд ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° внутрикостная инфузия ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ доступС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΡƒ вскрытия Π²Π΅Π½ . Внутрикостная инфузия обСспСчиваСт Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ускорСнный сосудистый доступ Π² сравнСнии с ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Π½. Π£ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ возраста ΠΎΡ‚ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 2 нСдСль ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ катСтСризация ΠΏΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‹. ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹, находящиСся Π² состоянии шока, часто Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ нСсколько Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ сосудистого доступа.

УмСньшСнноС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ-диастоличСскоС Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ гиповолСмия β€” распространённая ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° пСдиатричСского шока. Волько ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ шокС Π½Π΅ достигаСтся ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ эффСкта ΠΎΡ‚ увСличСния ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ-дистоличСского давлСния Π·Π° счёт Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (внутрикостного) болюса. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΌ случаС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ (внутрикостный) болюс - 20 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ вСса, изотоничСского кристаллоидного раствора, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ физиологичСского раствора ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° Π ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Ρ€Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Π»ΠΈΡ‚ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ 5 Π΄ΠΎ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, посрСдством большого ΡˆΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ†Π°). ΠšΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ раствор (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π°Π»ΡŒΠ±ΡƒΠΌΠΈΠ½ ) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ эффСкт. Если ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ с травматичСской ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ гСмодинамичСски Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ послС Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… болюсов кристаллоидного раствора, трСбуСтся Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ эритроцитарной массы ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠΎΠΌ 10 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ вСса. ПослС ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ болюса ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π° ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ психичСских Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, пСрифСричСский ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ. ΠŸΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ болюс раствора ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ достиТСния ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ раствора 80 ΠΌΠ» (ΠΈ большС) Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ вСса для восстановлСния внутрисосудистого ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠ°. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ раствора ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ вазоактивная инфузия. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ особСнно Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ для ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ сСптичСского шока. РСкомСндуСтся ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ вазоконстрикторныС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ нСвосприимчивости шока ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ растворов.

Для Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ элСктролитов (особСнно ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΡ†ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡŽΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡŽ для достиТСния уровня ≀ 180 ΠΌΠ³/Π΄Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° тСрапия Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ для пониТСния мСтаболичСских потрСбностСй.

Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠ΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ зависит ΠΎΡ‚ этиологии. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ сСптичСском шокС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ спСктра дСйствия Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ часа. ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ с токсичСским шоком Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ - ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ . ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ анафилактичСском шокС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π°Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ H2-гистаминовых Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² , Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄, Π°Π»ΡŒΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ» Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Π»ΡΡ†ΠΈΡŽ. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄Π° облСгчаСтся ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ, напряТённым пнСвмотораксом посрСдством пунктирования ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ торакостомии, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° облСгчаСтся посрСдством эмболии Π»Ρ‘Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠžΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ лСчится 100%-ΠΌ кислородом, гипСрбаричСской кислородной Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ с ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 100%-Π³ΠΎ кислорода, поэтому ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ синью . БуправСнтрикулярная тахикардия лСчится Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ , Ссли ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ гСмодинамичСски ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ синхронизированной кардиовСрсиСй, Ссли Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹. Π”ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ зависимый обструктивный шок лСчится ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ простагландином Π• .

Π’ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ 15-60 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚, Ссли шоковоС состояниС сохраняСтся

Допаминовая тСрапия трСбуСтся для Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… сохраняСтся состояниС Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ послС Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ растворами.

ΠŸΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ с ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ шоком для увСличСния ΡΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ способности сСрдца ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π”Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π² случаС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² шока (гиповолСмичСского, дистрибутивного, сСптичСского) Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… стадиях ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΡΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ сСрдСчныС дисфункции. Π’ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… случаях Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ послС осущСствлСния ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ссли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ шока ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ гипотСнзия, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. НСобходимо ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ давлСния для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ адСкватности ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ сСптичСском шокС ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ для пониТСния ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ систСмного сосудистого сопротивлСния.

АдрСналин ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ - это ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. РСкомСндуСтся Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· пСрифСричСский ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ Π±Π΅Π· промСдлСния. ΠœΠ°Π»Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (2-5 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (5-10 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-адрСномимСтичСский эффСкт, ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ увСличивая сСрдСчный Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ. ВысокиС Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (10-20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-адрСномимСтичСский эффСкт, приводящий ΠΊ пСрифСричСской вазоконстрикции ΠΈ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ силу ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ смСртности ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго взрослых Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π² качСствС ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π°Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½. Π­ΠΏΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ„Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ (Π°Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ прСимущСствСнно Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-адрСномимСтичСский эффСкт ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ… (0,05–0,1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-адрСномимСтичСский эффСкт ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ высоких Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ… (Π΄ΠΎ 1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ). АдрСналин рСкомСндуСтся для состояний устойчивого ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сСптичСского шока. НорэпинСфрин (0,01–1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ прСимущСствСнно Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-адрСномимСтичСский вазокнстриктивный эффСкт поэтому ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ сСптичСском шокС с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ систСмным сосудистым сопротивлСниСм, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ состояниях дистрибутивного шока (анафилаксия, Π½Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ шок, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ состояния токсичСского шока). Π”ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ (1–20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ, ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ 10-20 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ шокС ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ‚ Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π°-адрСномимСтичСский эффСкт увСличивая ΡΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ сСрдца, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ пСрифСричСской Π²Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½. Π”ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ нСэффСктивны для ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² возрастС Π΄ΠΎ 12 мСсяцСв.

Π£ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ патологиями Π²ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ проявляСтся шок ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ·. К Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ патологиям относятся гипоплазия Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ сСрдца , коарктация Π°ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ , атрСзия трёхстворчатого ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π° . Для обСспСчСния открытости Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° инфузия простагландина E1 (0,1 ΠΌΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ³ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ появлСния эффСкта) Ссли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ шока прСдполагаСтся Π΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ патология. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ простагландином E1 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ апноэ поэтому Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ проходимости Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ.

Если Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° тСрапия Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Для ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с сСптичСским шоком ΠΈ диссСминированным внутрисосудистым свёртываниСм ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. Эритроцитная масса 10 см3/ΠΊΠ³ потрСбуСтся для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° 10 Π³/Π΄Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ для Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с гипоксСмиСй ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ для Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ уровня 7-9 Π³/Π΄Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ для ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². БвСТСзамороТСнная ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ для исправлСния Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ , ΠΈ частичным тромбопластиновым Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ. Но Π΅Ρ‘ использованиС Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ с ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠšΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ.

ВСрапия ΠΏΠΎ истСчСнии ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ часа

In case of septic shock resistant to catecholamine, with suspected adrenal insufficiency, large doses of hydrocortisone 2 mg / kg or 50 mg / m2 body area are used. Also, with catecholamine- resistant cold septic shock with normal blood pressure and oxygen saturation in the superior vena cava less than 70%, a vasodilator (nitroprusside) type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (milrinone) is required. In cold septic shock with low blood pressure and oxygen saturation in the superior vena cava less than 70%, continued epinephrine titration is recommended. With warm septic shock, continued titration of norepinephrine, possibly with additional vasopressin (0.0003–0.0008 U / kg / min) or terlipressin, is recommended. Also, with catecholamine- resistant shock (especially septic or cardiogenic), an auxiliary ventricular system or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be used. Recombinant activated protein C (drotrekogin alfa) is recommended for septic shock only in adult patients.

Hypovolemic shock

This type of shock occurs as a result of a rapid decrease in the volume of circulating blood, which leads to a drop in the filling pressure of the circulatory system and to a decrease in venous return of blood to the heart. As a result, a violation of the blood supply to organs and tissues and their ischemia develops.

Reasons

The volume of circulating blood can quickly decrease due to the following reasons:

  • blood loss;
  • plasma loss (for example, with a burn, peritonitis );
  • fluid loss (for example, with diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, during or after the hemodialysis procedure, diabetes and diabetes insipidus).

Non-traumatic hemorrhage leading to hypovolemic shock can be caused by gastrointestinal bleeding epistaxis , the formation of a fistula of the vessel.

Stage

Depending on the severity of hypovolemic shock, three stages are distinguished in its course, which successively replace each other. it

  • The first stage is non-progressive (compensated). Perfusion of vital organs is maintained by compensatory mechanisms; as a rule, no pronounced hypotension is observed due to an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance. There are no vicious circles at this stage.
  • The second stage is progressive. Compensatory mechanisms are not able to provide sufficient perfusion, all pathogenetic mechanisms of shock development are started and progress.
  • The third stage is the stage of irreversible changes. At this stage, no modern anti-shock agents can lead the patient out of this condition. At this stage, medical intervention can return blood pressure and cardiac output to normal for a short period of time, but this does not stop the destructive processes in the body. Among the causes of the irreversibility of shock at this stage, there is a violation of homeostasis, which is accompanied by severe damage to all organs, of particular importance is heart damage.

Vicious circles

With hypovolemic shock, many vicious circles form. Among them, the vicious circle that contributes to myocardial damage and the vicious circle that contributes to the failure of the vasomotor center is of the greatest importance.

Myocardial vicious cycle

A decrease in the volume of circulating blood leads to a decrease in the minute volume of the heart and a drop in blood pressure. A drop in blood pressure leads to a decrease in blood circulation in the coronary arteries of the heart, which leads to a decrease in myocardial contractility. A decrease in myocardial contractility leads to an even greater decrease in the minute volume of the heart, as well as to a further drop in blood pressure. The vicious circle closes.

Vicious circle contributing to vasomotor insufficiency

Hypovolemia is due to a decrease in the minute volume of ejection (that is, a decrease in the volume of blood expelled from the heart in one minute) and a decrease in blood pressure. This leads to a decrease in blood flow in the brain, as well as to disruption of the vasomotor (vasomotor) center. The latter is located in the medulla oblongata. One of the consequences of a violation in the vasomotor center is considered to be a decrease in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system. As a result, the mechanisms of centralization of blood circulation are disrupted, blood pressure drops, and this, in turn, triggers a violation of cerebral circulation, which is accompanied by even greater inhibition of the vasomotor center.

Shock organs

Recently, the term β€œshock organ” (β€œshock lung” and β€œshock kidney”) has often been used. At the same time, it is understood that the impact of a shock stimulus disrupts the function of these organs, and further violations of the patient’s body condition are closely associated with changes in β€œshock organs” [6] .

"Shock lung"

History

This term was first coined by Ashbaugh ( 1967 ) in describing progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, back in 1944, Burford and Burbank described a similar clinical anatomical syndrome , calling it β€œwet (wet) lung . ” After some time, it was found that the β€œshock lung” picture occurs not only in shock, but also in traumatic brain injury , thoracic , abdominal injuries , blood loss , prolonged hypotension , aspiration of acidic gastric contents, massive transfusion therapy , acute renal failure , increasing decompensation of the heart, pulmonary embolism . At present, no relationship has been found between the duration of shock and the severity of pulmonary pathology.

Etiology and pathogenesis

 
The histological picture of "shock lung". There is diffuse pulmonary edema, neutrophilic and T-cell infiltration , diffuse alveolar wall damage, hyaline dystrophy .

Most often, the cause of the development of "shock lung" is hypovolemic shock. The ischemia of many tissues, as well as the massive release of catecholamines, lead to the entry into the blood of collagen , fat and other substances that cause massive thrombosis . Because of this, microcirculation is disturbed. A large number of blood clots settle on the surface of the vessels of the lungs, which is associated with the peculiarities of the structure of the latter (long convoluted capillaries, double blood supply, bypass surgery). Under the influence of inflammatory mediators ( vasoactive peptides , serotonin , histamine , kinins , prostaglandins ), vascular permeability in the lungs increases, bronchospasm develops, the release of mediators leads to vasoconstriction and damage.

Clinical picture

The β€œshock lung” syndrome develops gradually, reaching its climax usually in 24-48 hours, the outcome is often a massive (often bilateral) lesion of the lung tissue. The process is clinically divided into three stages.

  1. The first stage (initial). Hypoxia dominates, the x-ray picture of the lung is usually not changed (with rare exceptions, when an x-ray examination shows an increase in pulmonary pattern). Cyanosis (bluish tint of the skin) is absent. The partial pressure of oxygen is sharply reduced. Auscultation reveals scattered dry rales.
  2. Second stage. In the second stage, tachycardia increases, tachypnea (respiratory rate) occurs, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases even more, mental disorders increase, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases slightly. Auscultation reveals dry, and sometimes small-bubble rales. Cyanosis is not expressed. Radiologically determined decrease in the transparency of the lung tissue, bilateral infiltrates, unclear shadows appear.
  3. Third stage. In the third stage, without special support, the body is not viable. Cyanosis develops. X-ray revealed an increase in the number and size of focal shadows with their transition into confluent formations and total darkening of the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced to critical numbers.

Shock Kid

 
Pathological preparation of the kidney of a patient who has died from acute renal failure.

The concept of β€œshock kidney” reflects an acute impairment of renal function. The leading role in pathogenesis is played by the fact that in shock there is compensatory shunting of arterial blood flow into the direct veins of the pyramids with a sharp decrease in the volume of hemodynamics in the region of the cortical layer of the kidneys. This is confirmed by the results of modern pathophysiological studies [7] .

Pathological Anatomy

The kidneys are slightly enlarged, swollen, their cortical layer is anemic, pale gray, the cerebral zone and the pyramids, on the contrary, are dark red. Microscopically, in the first hours, anemia of the vessels of the cortical layer and sharp hyperemia of the cerebrospinal zone and straight veins of the pyramids are determined. Microthromboses of capillaries of glomeruli and adducting capillaries are rare.

In the future, increasing dystrophic changes in nephrothelium are observed , covering first the proximal and then the distal parts of the nephron .

Clinical picture

The picture of a β€œshock” kidney is characterized by a clinic of progressive acute renal failure . In its development, acute renal failure in shock goes through four stages:

The first stage proceeds while the cause is causing the acute renal failure. Clinical marked decrease in urine output .

The second stage (oligoanuric). The most important clinical signs of the oligoanuric stage of acute renal failure include:

  • oligoanuria (with the development of edema);
  • azotemia (ammonia breath, itching);
  • an increase in kidney size, lower back pain, a positive symptom of Pasternatsky (the appearance of red blood cells in the urine after tapping in the area of ​​the projection of the kidneys);
  • weakness, headache, muscle twitching;
  • tachycardia, expansion of the borders of the heart, pericarditis ;
  • dyspnea, congestive wheezing in the lungs up to interstitial pulmonary edema;
  • dry mouth, anorexia , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , cracks in the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, abdominal pain, intestinal paresis ;

The third stage (restoration of diuresis). Diuresis can normalize gradually or rapidly. The clinical picture of this stage is associated with the occurring dehydration and dyselectrolytemia. The following symptoms develop:

  • weight loss, asthenia, lethargy, lethargy, infection may join;
  • normalization of nitrogen-excretory function.

The fourth stage (recovery). Indices of homeostasis , as well as kidney function are returning to normal.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.378
  2. ↑ Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.379
  3. ↑ Lopatin A.S. Medicinal anaphylactic shock. M .: "Medicine". 1983. P.55
  4. ↑ Poryadin G.V. Lectures on pathophysiology (general part). M., 1993.S. 152.
  5. ↑ Berkowitz's Pediatrics: A Primary Care Approach, 5th Edition Copyright Β© 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics p.380
  6. ↑ Permyakov N.K. Pathology of resuscitation and intensive care. - M .: Medicine, 1985, S. 22
  7. ↑ Permyakov N.K. Pathology of resuscitation and intensive care. - M .: Medicine, 1985, S. 30

Literature

  • Rosenbach P. Ya. , -. Shock // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
  • Ado A.D. Pathological physiology. - M., "Triad-X", 2000. S. 54-60
  • Klimiashvili A.D. Chadayev A.P. Bleeding. Blood transfusion. Blood substitutes. Shock and resuscitation. - M., β€œRussian State Medical University”, 2006. P. 38-60
  • Meerson F.Z., Pshennikova M.G. Adaptation to stressful situations and physical activity. - M., "Triad-X", 2000. S. 54-60
  • Poryadin G.V. Stress and pathology. - M., β€œMinprint”, 2002. S. 3-22
  • Struchkov V.I. General Surgery. - M., "Medicine", 1978. S. 144-157
  • Sergeev S. T .. Surgery of shock processes. - M., "Triad-X", 2001. S. 234β€”338
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock&oldid=101876778


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