The Russians-Ustinians ( indigirchiki ) - a sub - ethnic group of Russians, the old-time population of the Russian Ustye village (from which they got their name) also live in the village of Chokurdakh, Allaikhovsky ulus of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (in the lower reaches of the Indigirka River ). They are one of the most ancient groups of the Russian people in Siberia , allegedly settled at the mouth of the Indigirka River at the very beginning of the 17th century .
Ruskoustiyintsy | |
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Modern self | Russian , Russian Apostles, Indigirchiki |
Abundance and area | |
Total: about 400 people (estimate) [1] , | |
Russia
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Tongue | Russian North Russian adverb |
Religion | orthodoxy , shamanism |
Enters into | Russian people |
Origin | Russians , Yukagirs , Yakuts |
Content
Russian old-timers of Yakutia
Russian old-timers of Yakutia , preserved to the present, are divided into two territorial groups that have a common origin, but have been developing for a long time separately from each other in a different foreign ethnic environment, under different environmental conditions and with different degrees of isolation from the main Russian population of Siberia . These include residents of the circumpolar regions (the Russians- Austians and the citizens of the Khodchyans ( Kolyma inhabitants)) and the inhabitants of the taiga areas (the Yakut people or Lena peasants ).
The Rustowians are part of a group of Russian old-timers living in two regions in the north-east of Yakutia in the Arctic region. The group close to them is the walkers ( Kolyma residents ) in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River (the village of Pokhodsk and the village Chersky ). Their total number is about a thousand people. According to anthropological features, they are mestizos , according to the method of housekeeping, they are close to the Yukagirs and northern Yakuts , according to the beliefs are Orthodox Christians who preserve some pagan traditions, according to language and ethnic self-consciousness the Russians [4] . The Rustowians, like the citizens , belong to the type of Russian subethnic groups, which are characterized by their small size, island living in the areas of resettlement of northern peoples. Owing to their common origin and close cultural ties, the common historical fate of the citizens and Russians and Austere have a cultural unity [5] .
Origin and History
The Rustowians are a sub-ethnic group of Russians of mixed origin, the formation of which took place when new lands were settled, when the Russians were not isolated from the indigenous population, but came into close contact with him, including through inter-ethnic marriages, resulting in the mutual transfer of many cultural traits, mixing anthropological types. In this case, we can talk about the assimilation by Russians of the local population or about the cross-breeding with it. At the same time, the Russian ethnic self-consciousness , the Orthodox faith and the Russian language are consistently preserved [1] .
The first appearance of the Russians in these lands dates back to the 17th century . In 1633, the Cossacks Ivan Rebrov and Ilya Perfiryev, going down the Lena River , passed by sea to Yana , in 1636 Rebrov opened the mouth of the Indigirka , and in 1638 he founded the Russian Mouth with the Cossack detachment [6] . The first settlers were Cossacks. Due to lack of salary, they were forced to engage in fishing, and hunting, and craft. So service people were drawn into the economic development of the region. This was also facilitated by the fact that the Cossacks of the Yakut regiment had a fundamental difference in the socio-economic situation from the Russian Cossacks as a whole. They were ruled by the civil administration on general peasant grounds, since “the tsarist government of Russia did not view these Cossacks as an army, but as a Cossack population because of their extreme smallness” [7] . Also among the first were supposedly peasants- pomors who left for Siberia with their wives and children, and settled in the lower reaches of the Indigirka in the existing Russian winter quarters and gave rise to the Russian old-timers. It is possible that the inhabitants of Zashiversk in the middle reaches of the Indigirka River , who left the city by the end of the 19th century , moved to the Russian Mouth . The gathering of the yasak displeased local peoples, which led to armed clashes with the Russians at first. They lasted, probably, until the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII centuries. Overcoming the confrontation begins at the turn of the century, when the latitudinal links due to the Mangazeya sea course weaken and disappear, and new economic and trade links are created in Siberia [8] . Subpolar regions are becoming increasingly difficult to reach and the influence of the Moscow state on them is minimal. It is believed that the turn of the XVII — XVIII centuries. - this is the beginning of the “archaization” of the Russian tundra groups, they were isolated from the main Russian population, and the convergence and interaction of the cultures of the Russian and northern peoples gradually began [5] .
The northern peoples appreciated the craftsmanship of Russians in the craft — harvesting and rafting wood, making boats, weaving baskets and hems from willow rods, nets and horsehair nets, even making balalaikas and “violins” - beeps, in dog breeding (borrowing ways of dog sledding and designs sled), the fur trade (with the arrival of the Russians in the north, the natural exchange of goods that existed among the indigenous peoples was replaced by the "cash", which was used as arctic foxes, the fox and other fur-bearing animals began to work as well population) [5] .
The Russians appreciated how ingenious the experience of local people is in adapting to the extreme conditions of the Arctic. The Russians borrowed methods of making clothes and footwear from fur, adopted the hunt for wild geese, wild deer from the Yukagirs (the Russians made improvements - the herd was driven into the water by accustomed dogs), the furnace from the Yakuts , the house for summer fishing - the urasa (the Russians changed its design, making a rectangular plan, while the northern nomadic peoples have such a summer dwelling in common: a conic-cylindrical design, or polygonal, close to a circle) [5] .
From the very beginning of its foundation, the Russian Ustye was the starting point for many Russian explorers and polar navigators, from which began the march of Semyon Dezhnev , which ended with a great geographical discovery [9] . Due to the uncertainty of the social status, the inhabitants of the Russian estuary in the XIX century were recorded in the townspeople of the city of Verkhoyansk , although the distance to it was more than 1000 km. Thus, the famous traveler G. Yu. Meidel wrote at the end of the 19th century : “The inhabitants of the Russian estuary asked me to apply for their exclusion from the bourgeois class and equating to foreigners — yasak payers. They cannot pay taxes because they cannot sell their fish. At most, they should be taxed with yasak. This would be in line with the rule adopted in Siberia that a hunter pays the state from what the hunt gives him. ” [4]
At the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, a school was opened in the Russian Ust'e, at the beginning of the 20th century the village became the place of exile, the first plane in the eastern Arctic landed at the Russian Ust'e in 1929, and commercial flights to the Indigirka estuary became regular [9] . Since 1942, the Russian Ustye village was called Polar, but in 1988 the former name was returned to it.
The Russian population of Indigirka (like other descendants of the first Russian explorers of the XVII – XVIII centuries., Khodachans ( Kolyma residents ) and Markovts ( Anadyrschiki )) for several centuries of living in the Arctic region of Yakutia and neighboring Chukotka, managed to adapt to the new climatic conditions, borrowing elements material culture from the indigenous people and preserving cultural and everyday traditions from their former habitats.
Features of the talk
Indigirka old-timers spoke a peculiar dialect of the Russian language . Because of the peculiarities of pronunciation, he was called “ shuffling ” [9] . It developed from the northern Russian dialects of the 16th century, far from the trade routes and almost isolated, with the result that northern Russian archaisms are preserved in the Russian-Austian language. He was also subject to some influence of the Yakut and Yukagir languages [10] [11] . Nowadays, the talk of the Lower Indigirka is practically crowded out by the Russian literary language .
The peculiarities of the Russian-Austian vocabulary are collected in the “Small Russian-Austian Dictionary” edition, compiled by a native of the Russian Estuary, a senior researcher at the Institute of Small Nationalities of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A. G. Chikachev [12] .
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Culture, household and life
The basis of the traditional economy of Russian Austere is fishing and polar fox [1] [13] . Neither horse breeding nor reindeer herding did not fit into the tradition of sedentary agricultural Russian culture, therefore, instead of reindeer, like in the northern peoples, the Russian-Austinians used only dog teams [5] .
Old-timers Indigirka built houses from a fin forest with a flat roof, summer houses were built on fishing grounds [5] .
Oral folk art preserved many archaic works of Russian folklore - epic, songs, fairy tales [1] .
In the late 1980s, local historian A.G. Chikachev founded the folk-ethnographic ensemble “ Russkoustyintsy ” at the Allaikhovsky district House of Culture, which visited many districts of the republic and Russia [4] .
Spiritual Culture
In the field of beliefs, along with the Orthodox traditions, the inhabitants of the Russian Ustye were characterized by shamanism , including such rituals as “feeding” fire and water, spoiling things that belong to the deceased during the funeral, etc. [1]
Ruskoustians believed in the transmigration of souls (every living person is the embodiment of dead ancestors in reality, oyavі ) [14] :
Innokenty Ivanovich means that he is not he, but his brother Paul, who died 12 years old, on the eve of Innokenty's birth. Dying, he told his mother: "Here are my bow and arrows, and the knife (Paul was already hunting by that time), save them, they will be useful." Mom put them in the barn, so they lay there until Kesha grew up. One day he pulled his mother by the sleeve: “Come on, mother. My lies there. " And he took a bow and arrows. And then the mother realized that Innokentiy - announced Paul.
The main god in the local pantheon is called Sendushny [14] :
Mother Senduha is the tundra ... Sendushny is the owner of the tundra. Such a little man without eyebrows. He rides dogs, lives in a yurt, but no one knows where. He has a family, and from time to time he cleans out the babysitters of people. Sister of our grandmother, Olympiad, pleased him. Gone and all. And after three years comes back. “Where have you been?” - “At Sendushny”. Nobody asked her anything more.
The legend, recorded in 1946 in the village of Stanchik on Indigirka, tells how Christ told Adam to "cook people, fish." He did everything, but also “did something extra,” and, fearing that Christ would be unhappy, they “sent a few words” too much — someone to send him, someone to the fire, someone to the fire, someone to “especially the corner.” Christ did not return them and said [15] :
“Ohto on shendukh - he will be sendushnoy, okhto vede is a water joke, okhto is a fire - a fire-dweller, ohto a corner - he will dry seddko”.
Current position
At present, they form an independent tribal community according to the law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) “On the tribal, tribal nomadic community of the indigenous minorities of the North” [16] , its number does not exceed 400 people.
Under the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), there is a section of the Russian Arctic old-timers of the village of Pokhodskoye, Nizhnekolymsky District, and the village of Russkoe Ustye, Allaikhovsky District . The first to be led by a public organization was Alexey Gavrilovich Chikachev , a well-known local historian in Yakutia , an honored worker of the national economy of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) , a leading researcher of the IPIMS SB RAS (Institute of Problems of Small Natives of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Russia ) [4] .
On the initiative of A. G. Chikachev and A. V. Krivoshapkin, with the personal support of the President of Yakutia V. A. Shtyrov, in April 2004, the Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was passed “On the distribution of the provisions of Federal Law No. 82 of April 30, 1999” On the guarantees of the rights of indigenous minorities of the Russian Federation “to the Russian Arctic old-timers of the citizens of the Russian Apostles and the Russians of austere” [17] . Russian old-timers were included in the category of the small indigenous population of Yakutia due to the fact that they, along with the distinctive social characteristics, cultural appearance characteristic of the indigenous population, retain the traditional life support system, first of all, such specific forms of economic activity as hunting, gathering, etc.
2002 census
By the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia of September 2, 2002 No. 171, the Russian - estoutians and indigirchiki were included in the alphabetical list of nationalities and languages of Russia , compiled by the Institute of Ethnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences [18] . At the time of the census, 8 Russians called themselves Russian- Austinians , 7 people called indigerschiki [2] .
See also
- Russian old-timers of Siberia and Alaska
- Hikers
- Shadowy peasants
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Small ethnic and ethnographic groups: Sat. articles on the 80th anniversary of the birth of prof. R. F. Eats / Ed. V. A. Kozmina. - SPb .: New Alternative Printing, 2008, (Historical Ethnography. Vol. 3) (inaccessible link)
- 2 1 2 List of options for self-determination of nationalities in the 2002 census
- ↑ Peoples of Russia with self-determination at the 2002 census
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 “Ilin”. No. 1-2. 2007. Historical, geographical, cultural journal. Public Association “Section of the Russian Arctic old-timers of the Association of Indigenous Minorities of the North”
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Faculty of the History of Russian Culture. SPbSUKI. G. Kolbasina. “Synthesis Processes in the Culture of Russian Old-Timers of the Lower reaches of the Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers” (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is April 15, 2010. Archived September 1, 2009.
- ↑ Efimov A.V. From the history of the great Russian geographical discoveries.
- ↑ Romanov GI. The national policy of tsarism: the military-police activities of the Cossacks of Eastern Siberia (late XIX - early XX centuries). Mutual relations of the peoples of Russia, Siberia and countries of the East: history and modernity. Reports of the international scientific-practical conference. October 12-15, 1995 - Moscow-Irkutsk, 1995
- ↑ Kamenetskaya RV. Russian old-timers of the polar range. Russian North. Problems of ethnocultural history, ethnography, folklore. - L. 1986
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bibliographic index of literature covering the history of the villages of the Russian Ustye and Pokhodsk. Compiled by: A. G. Chikachev, O. I. Zuborenko (Inaccessible link) . The appeal date is April 15, 2010. Archived on October 12, 2009.
- ↑ Druzhinina MF. Nizhneindigirsky Old-Time Russian Speaking: Proc. allowance. Yakutsk, 1988
- ↑ Druzhinina MF Dictionary of Russian old-time dialects on the territory of Yakutia. Textbook on Russian dialectology. AB Yakutsk, Publishing House of YSU. M.K. Ammosova, 1997
- ↑ Russian Ustya Folklore / Azbelev S.N., Meshchersky N.A. (Ed.). - Collection, USSR Academy of Sciences, Inst. Rus. lit. (Pushkin. Dom.), Siberian Branch, Yakut Fil., Institute of Languages., Lit. and stories. - Leningrad: Science, 1986. - 382 p.
- ↑ Alekseev N. M. Hunting fishery near the “pre-assembly” Russian lower reaches of the r. Indigirki. The collection of materials on the ethnography of the Yakuts / Ed. S.A. Tokarev. Yakutsk, 1948
- ↑ 1 2 D. Sokolov-Mitrich D. Permafrost Promised (Rus.) // Geo magazine website. - 2011. - 11 May.
- ↑ Russians in Indigirka and Kolyma (English) . YakutskHistory. The appeal date is August 30, 2017.
- ↑ Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of October 17, 2003 82-З N 175-III
- ↑ Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of 04/15/2004 133-З N 269-III
- ↑ Alphabetical list of nationalities and ethnic names
Literature
- Russian Old-Timers of Siberia: Social and Symbolic Aspects of Self-Consciousness / Nikolay Vakhtin , Evgeny Golovko, Peter Schweitzer. - M .: New publishing house, 2004. - 292 p. - 1 000 copies - ISBN 5-98379-005-6 . (region)
- Zeninov, V.A. Markovtsy and Russian-Austians: Ethnographic Parallels and Comparisons. 1913 Ethnographer. review. 1914. No. 1-2. Pp. 61-155
- Zeninov V.M. The Russian Ustye of the Yakutsk Region of the Verkhoyansk District. M., 1913
- Zeninov V.M. Ancient people in the cold ocean: Russian Estuary of the Yakutsk region of the Verkhoyansk district. M., 1914.
- Folklore of the Russian Ustya / Published by: S.N. Azbelev , G.L. Venediktov, N.A. Gabyshev, M.F. Druzhinina, Yu.N. Dyakonova (†), V.I. Zhekulina, R.V. Kamenetskaya, V. V. Mitrofanova, M. A. Nikiforova, A. N. Rozov, A. G. Chikachev ; Ed. Ed .: S.N. Azbelev, N.A. Meshchersky ; Reviewers: A.I. Balandin , M.F. Druzhinin, I.M. Kolesnitskaya, A.F. Nekrylova ; Ed. call series: S.N. Azbelev, A.A. Gorelov , L.I. Emelyanov. - L .: Science , Leningrad. Separation, 1986. - 384 s. - ( Monuments of Russian folklore ). - 3 400 copies (in the lane)
- Chikachev A., G. Russian on Indigirka: Historical and ethnographic essay / Ed. ed. Dr. Filol. Sciences A.I. Fedorov ; Rec .: Dr. East Sciences N. A. Minenko , Cand. ist Sciences F. F. Bolonev, F. I. Zykov. Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy; Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR .. - Novosibirsk : Science , Siberian Branch, 1990. - 192 p. - ( Pages of the history of our Motherland ). - 25 000 copies - ISBN 5-02-029623-6 . (region)
- Chikachev A. G. Dialect dictionary of the Russian Mouth / Ed. ed. A. E. Anikin ; Grew up Acad. Sciences, Sib. Department, In-t problems few. peoples of the North. - Novosibirsk : Science : Sib. ed. firm, 2005. - 76 p. - 500 copies - ISBN 5-02-032367-5 . (region)