Hebei Province History

Location of Xiaochanlian or Majuangou ( Nihewan basin, English Nihewan , Hebei) with the Olduvai implements dates from the age of 1.36 Ma ^{[1] [2]} .

During the period of Wösen and Autumn, the Chinese kingdom of Yan was located in the northern part of the province, the kingdoms of Zhongshan , Zhao and Wei in the southern part, and the Dai kingdom in the northwestern part; the border between the kingdoms of Yan and Zhao passed in the area of ​​modern Baoding .

When the kingdom of Qin conquered the rest of the kingdom and for the first time in history united China under a single authority, the districts of Juulu (巨鹿 郡), Handan (邯郸 郡), Hengshan (恒山 郡), Qi (齐郡), Qibei (济 北 郡), Sanggu (上 谷 郡), Dai (代郡), Yuyang (渔阳 郡) and Yubeiping (右 北平 郡).

Under the Western Han Empire, this territory became part of the provinces of Yuzhou (幽州), Jizhou (冀州) and (partially) Binzhou (并 州). Under the Eastern Han Empire and in the kingdom of Wei of the Three Kingdoms era, the provinces of Yuzhou and Jizhou were located in the province. In the days of Western Jin, the territory of modern Hebei province was also partially located the province of Sizhou (司 州).

In the era of sixteen barbarian states, this territory was part of the states of Late Zhao , Early Yan , Early Qin , Late Qin , Western Yan , Northern Yan and Southern Yan . In the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this territory was part of the states of North Wei , East Wei , North Qi and North Zhou .

Under the Sui empire , Uyang (武 阳 郡), Qinghe (清河 郡), Wan (武 安郡), Hengshan (恒山 郡), Hejian (河 间 郡), Shanggu (上 谷 郡), Beiping (北平 郡), Sindu (信 都 郡), Xiangguo (襄 国 郡), Zhao (赵郡) and Bolin (博 陵郡).

Under the Tang Empire, another, higher level of administrative division was introduced: the country was divided into Tao provinces. This territory mainly fell into the province of Hebei (河北 道) and partially into the province of Hedong (河东 道).

After the fall of the Tang empire in China, the Age of five dynasties and ten kingdoms began . The late Jin Shi Jintang, the founder of the state, transferred Sixteen districts to them for the help provided by the Khitan. The Song empire, which eventually united the Chinese lands, did not recognize this annexation, and a struggle began between it and the Khitan empire of Liao , which ended in the defeat of Song, as a result of which the northern part of the modern Hebei province became part of the Liao empire. The Khitan empire was replaced by the Jurchen Jin empire, which, in turn, was defeated by the Mongols. Subsequently, the Mongol empire of Yuan destroyed the Chinese empire of Song, and the territory of the modern province of Hebei again became part of one state.

Under the Ming Empire, this territory was first allocated to one province - Beizhili (“Northern Directly Managed”). The province was divided into councils: Yongping (永平 府), Daming (大名府), Shunde (顺德 府), Guangping (广 平 府), Baoding (保定 府), Zhidin (真 定 府), Hejian (河 间 府) , Shuntian (顺天府) and the village of Xuanfuzhen (宣 府 镇).

Under the Qing Empire, the province was renamed Zhili . During the reign, under the motto of Yongzheng , a special post was introduced - the governor of Zhili .

After the Xinhai Revolution and the formation of the Republic of China, the province continued to bear the name Zhili. During the Beiyang government, the administrations and provinces existing during the Qing Empire were abolished, but on the basis of the Shuntian administration on October 4, 1914, a special Capital District (京兆 地方) was created. The provincial government moved to Tianjin .

In 1927, the Kuomintang party declared Nanjing the alternative capital of China, and on June 8, 1928, the National Revolutionary Army established control over Beijing , which was renamed Beiping ( Chinese 北平 , “Peaceful North”); Zhili Province was renamed Hebei. The metropolitan area was liquidated, and instead of it, on June 28, 1928, the administrative unit Beiping Special City (北平 特别 市) was formed. In June 1930, Beiping was demoted and subordinated to Hebei Province, but in December of that year it again became a city of central subordination.

On September 18, 1931, the Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria , and in May 1933, Japanese troops reached the Great Wall of China. On May 31, 1933, the Tanggu Armistice was concluded, according to which a 100-kilometer-long demilitarized zone was created south of the Wall, with Yin Jugeng as its commissar. On June 10, 1935, the He-Umezu Agreement was concluded (after which the government of Hebei left Tianjin and returned to Qingyuan .), And on November 15, Yin Jugen proclaimed the formation of autonomy on its territory. On November 24, the " Anti-Communist Autonomous Government of East Ji " was formed in Tongzhou , which immediately signed economic and military agreements with the Japanese Empire .

Kenji Doihara tried to encourage Song Zheyuan to form an autonomous government in the Hebei Chahar region. Chinese protests against this gave the Japanese a reason to increase their garrison in Tianjin. To prevent the Japanese from creating a puppet state by force, Song Zheyuan, considered a pro-Japanese general, organized the Hebei-Chahar Political Council on December 8, 1935, taking control of the remaining parts of the provinces of Hebei and Chahar.

In early August 1937, Japanese troops entered Beiping , resulting in the Sino-Japanese War . On December 14, 1937, the Japanese created the puppet Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Beijing, which on February 1, 1938 absorbed East Hebean autonomy. On March 30, 1940, the Provisional Government was merged with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China into the pro-Japanese puppet government of the Republic of China ^{[3] [4]} . Puppet authorities ruled Hebei from Beijing.

At the end of World War II, the troops of the Chinese Communists who were in the "liberated areas" in the territory occupied by the Japanese, received the order of Zhu De on the offensive on August 13, 1945, and were able to occupy such important points in northern China as Qinhuangdao , Shanhaiguan and Zhangjiakou , coming in contact with areas of Inner Mongolia and Manchuria liberated by the Soviet army. The American command in the Pacific allocated air and sea vehicles for the transfer of Kuomintang units from the western provinces and Burma to North and East China. Under the pretext of accepting the surrender of Japanese troops to Tanggu , Qinhuangdao and Qingdao , three divisions of the US Marine Corps were landed in late September. In 1946, a full-blown civil war broke out in China. The government of Hebei Province again moved from Beiping to Qingyuan in June 1946, but due to the success of the Communists in Hebei Province, in November 1947, it was forced to return to Beiping.

By the end of 1948, even before the complete victory in the civil war, the Communists completely took control of the province. A territorial distinction was made between Baoding City and Qingyuan County (the border between the territories of the city and county passed along the old castle moat), and from August 1, 1948, the People's Government of Hebei Province was formed in Baoding.

In 1952, the Pingyuan and Chahar Provinces were disbanded, and their lands partially became part of the Hebei Province. In 1956, the province of Jehe was disbanded, and the bulk of its territory was also transferred to the province of Hebei. In May 1958, the government of Hebei moved from Baoding to Tianjin. In 1966 (before Tianjin was again made a city of central subordination), the government returned to Baoding, and since 1968 it finally settled in Shijiazhuang .

• Hebei - information about the territory, population and history of changes in the administrative-territorial division on the site 行政 区划 网(Chinese)