Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Floods in Moscow

The 1908 flood on the Moscow River, Bolshaya Dorogomilovskaya Street

Floods in Moscow - repeated flooding in the capital , which occurred as a result of the spill of the Moscow River and other rivers , usually in spring or summer, due to heavy rains. In total, 25 major floods were recorded, most of them occurred in the springtime [1] .

History

Moskva River Floods

XIV — XVI Century

Day notes of the Order of Secret Affairs for the years 1657-1675

Fragmentary information on floods, floods and floods on the watercourses of the Moskva River basin has been found in chronicles since the 14th century . So, in 1347, a severe flood occurred on Moscow land: “ that spring, the reins were great, they were great, and there wasn’t any other like that ” [2] . In the summer of 1394 in Moscow, "speed up the multiplication by rain, there are a lot of water in the rivers, more spring water, and a lot of life and plenty of depletion" [3] .

Starting from the 15th century, information about ice phenomena and floods is also found in notes of foreigners traveling in Russia. These notes relate mainly to the Moscow River. The next flood occurred on March 25, 1478 “the Moscow River passed the same days, and the next day it seemed like wandering through it on a horse” [4] [5] . In 1491, after a harsh winter, “in the spring in Moscow and in wagon riding, the reins were very fast” [6] .

One of the first documented floods in Moscow dates back to 1496. According to the Sofia Chronicle , winter that year was harsh and very snowy - “ [m] times there are great males and snows, ” so an unprecedented flood occurred in the spring : “ but in the spring in Moscow and everywhere the reins were great quick, and for many years such they don’t remember ” [7] [8] .

In the 16th century , eight large floods were recorded on the Moscow River. So, on August 29, 1510: “... the reins were great, many spoiled mills and ponds” [9] . In July 1518, due to torrential rains: “the same summer there is much faster rainfall and there were more spring trees in the rivers of water ...”, this also caused flooding in 1524 [10] [11] [3] . In 1534, as a result of early spring, the snow melted earlier than usual, the waters overflowed the banks, “and it destroyed the road, it became without a put” [12] . In November 1551, due to heavy rains and high floods, the ice on the Moscow River passed as in the spring [13] . In 1564, in Moscow, "the rain was great, and there was a great deal of diversion, and the frozen rivers broke up, and the ice passed, and there was a diversion for two weeks, we traveled along the rivers before the Nativity of Christ" [14] . In 1565, the rivers washed away in the rains in autumn, and the Moscow River froze on December 17 [15] . In August 1566, the river spilled from torrential rains; many houses and bridges were demolished by water [16] [17] [18] .

XVII — XVIII centuries

In the XVII century , six floods were recorded, of which three spring floods, which led to serious damage. The largest happened in 1607 [19] . In the middle of the century, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich commissioned daily weather and other “remarkable” phenomena. In these "Day Notes of the Order of Secret Affairs" for March 31, 1660, the following information is found: " And on that day 5 arshins arrived in the Moscow River " [20] .

April 15, 1655 on the eve of Easter there was a sharp warming, accelerating the melting of snow. The river overflowed, flooding part of the city. Archdeacon Pavel Aleppsky wrote about the flood on the Moscow River, which “arrived on a spring night, so that it overturned the outer stone wall of the Kremlin , drowned and destroyed many houses with a considerable number of people and uprooted a large number of trees” [21] . And during the floods of 1687, river water demolished four floating bridges [18] .

In the XVIII century , six floods were noted [22] [18] . In 1702, the snow melted in a day and the ice came down: “ April began with such a sharp heat that the ice and snow quickly disappeared. The Moscow River rose as high as the old-timers did not remember ... ” [23] Many streets were flooded, a spring flood covered the German settlement - witnesses indicated that the water reached the torso of horses. Peter I ordered that in Moscow, following the example of St. Petersburg , heights should be made of the height of the floods. After that, several peculiar “ footsteps ” appeared in the city: the level of the largest floods was noted by nicks on the tower of the Novodevichy Convent , marks were placed on the wall of the Church of St. Nicholas “in Pupysh”. The temple was demolished in the 1930s, but the level of water rise during the Moscow floods remained in the documents [24] . Another strong flood occurred in 1703. In 1743, during the flood, the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge was damaged, when in 1765 it was damaged again, they formed a special commission “On bringing the waters to a better state”, which suggested “Spread the river through the canals through Moscow” [25] [26] .

Since 1778, on the banks of the Moscow River, they began to record a rise in water level during severe floods. Special signs represented a line next to which a year was indicated, sometimes a month and a day when the maximum water level was observed [27] . The oldest mark on the St. Nicholas Church dates back to 1788 - the water in the city center rose by 7.53 m . During the spring flood of 1783, the supports of the All Saints Stone Bridge were badly damaged. Count Zakhar G. Chernyshev reported to Catherine II [26] [28] :

 Three arches of the bridge collapsed <...> and the 11 stone shops with various furniture of the merchant Yepanishnikov, which were 1100 rubles in total, were on them. One of them, who was standing on the bridge at that time, fell and was killed, while the fisherman and two women, who were under the bridge, were crushed by the ruins, who were at the shore for washing dresses. 

In order to protect Zamoskvorechye from floods in 1783-1786, a drainage canal and a Babygorod dam were constructed along the central bend of the Moscow River. As a result, the long and narrow island of Baltschug was formed in the city center [29] [30] .

Bridges across the Moscow River could not withstand floods and often needed to be repaired. The Bolshoi Krasnokholmsky and Bolshoi Moskvoretsky bridges were originally built from connected logs on the water, as a result of which they were the first to collapse during floods. In August 1786, heavy rains lasted for five days. Prince Mikhail Dolgorukov wrote that at the end of the summer there was a flood not inferior to the spring, and several bridges, including Krasnokholmsky, “broke” from it [31] [32] . The Moscow Commander-in-Chief Pyotr Eropkin reported to Petersburg that “water rose three arshins and fell from it on the Baltschug ...” many shops, stone houses, a bell tower and a bridge, “part of the high dam collapsed, which did not have any more clay, because it was clay all washed up. ” The right bank of the Moscow River is very blurred. He also noted that the depth of the canal was not enough and during the construction of its shore was not strengthened from erosion. By order of the new Commander-in-Chief Count Alexander Bruce, the bridges were repaired and reconstructed. To prevent flooding in 1786, the drainage channel was deepened [33] [34] . After that, only very large floods flooded the All Saints Street and Tsaritsyn meadow . So that floods would not interrupt traffic between the Bolshoi and Maly Kamenny bridges, a high earthen dam was laid along Vsehsvyatskaya Street in the 1790s. Its top was paved with cobblestone at the expense of merchants who traded there [35] [36] .

XIX-XX centuries

 
The flood of 1908. Sofiyskaya Embankment
  Play media file
Flood on the Moscow River in 1908

In the 19th century , five devastating floods occurred. In 1803 and 1806, high floods were noted [37] . During the floods of 1806, 1828 and 1856, marks were made on the tower of the Novodevichy Convent and on the walls of some buildings. In the spring of 1806, the flood reached a level of 7.72 m, in 1828 - 7.87 m, in 1855 - 8.81 m [18] [38] . Water marks were discovered in the 1920s at the Krasnokholmsky bridge, on the western coal tower of the Novodevichy Convent, in Simonov and on the stone fence of the Nikolai Church in Pupysh [39] .

In 1823, during a flood, the wooden "Krasnokholmsky bridge, with all the piles, was completely demolished down the river" [31] . The Moskva River overflowed the banks on April 8, 1879, and on April 9 it flooded all the lowlands and surrounding territories, including the lower section of the Alexander Garden . Basements and lower floors of buildings flooded the embankment. The movement on many streets was carried out by boats. Flood observations were carried out at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior : at the highest water level of 8.38 m, a flow rate of 2.97 m / s and a water flow rate of 2828.3 m³ / s were determined. April 10, the water returned to the channel. Flood losses were in the millions. Timber producers suffered the most: timber and firewood harvested for rafting carried away into the river. In the Dorogomilov settlement, several people drowned in flooded basements [40] [41] .

The largest flood of the 20th century occurred in April 1908. The maximum water flow was 2860 m³ / s, the Moscow River rose by 8.9 m. Water flooded about 16 km² of the capital [18] [42] .

 On the eve of the Bright Holiday, Moscow was in a great disaster: the spill of the Moscow river, which came extremely late this year, took on monstrous proportions that exceeded all expectations ... A significant part of the 12 police stations of the city, but especially five sections on the right side of the Moscow river were affected: the second Khamovnichesky (Dorogomilovo), both sections of the Pyatnitsky part and both sections of the Yakimanskaya. This year’s flood covered a total of 1/5 of the city.
From the report of the Moscow City Council		 

Almost 100 km of streets and lanes went under water. Of the one and a half million population of the city, about 200 thousand were affected. 25,000 buildings were destroyed and damaged. It was possible to save the Tretyakov Gallery : around it in advance they built a protective wall of brick. The houses of Dorogomilov and Zamoskvorechye, the walls of the Kremlin were flooded on average by 3 arshins (2.3 m) from the level of the bridge. Compared to its summer water level, the Moscow River rose by 9 meters and merged with the Vodootvodny Canal, the mouth of the Yauza River, which flooded the embankments and meadows, forming a huge body of water [43] . Residents were transported by boaters, wealthy citizens rented the vessel and rode around Moscow in Venice . Along the southern line of the Kremlin fortifications , from Vodovzvodnaya to Beklemishevskaya , one could sail in a boat close to the fortress walls. The roadway of the Kremlin embankment disappeared under a three-meter layer of water. There was a lake on the area of ​​the half-flooded Paveletsky station . The Crimean bridge became an island: its access was in the water on the windowsills of the first floors.

Flood losses were expensive. Gepner's sugar factory, located in Dorogomilov, suffered 7 million rubles. The owner was offered to take sugar out of the plant and took a large sum for this - 4000 rubles. Gepner refused the services, as a result of the flood carried 350 thousand pounds of sugar from the warehouses, and the water in the Moscow River became sweet for a day [44] . In Moscow's largest Swamp market , stocks of oats, sugar, apples, flour and cereals were destroyed. For a long time, the murky water of the Moscow River was yellow due to the flooded chemical plant Ushakov, whose paint supplies were dissolved and painted the lower part of the houses along Bersenevskaya embankment [45] [46] .

The causes and consequences of the flood were discussed on April 30, 1908 at a meeting of a special commission, "consisting of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of the Permanent Water-Metering Commission." As a result of the meeting, a “question sheet” was prepared and sent out, which included questions “ about the limits to which the flood reached both in height and in horizontal distribution, and ways to designate these limits were also indicated; then about the time of the onset of floods and reaching the highest level; whether the soil was thawed or frozen during the spill, as well as during snowfall at the beginning of winter; whether the flood caused changes in the channel and in the banks of the river; information about large floods that occurred in former times; finally, the Commission requests, if there are photographs from the places comprehended by the flood, to send her copies from them . ” The Commission concluded that the spills this year were due to the highest snow cover in the past 18 years [47] .

The consequences were eliminated for several months. Restoration work cost almost 20 million rubles [48] . To repair the city and compensate for the damage, the city authorities organized a collection of donations and received about a million rubles in a short time. Moscow Governor Vladimir Dzhunkovsky wrote about the assistance provided to Moscow by other cities and provinces, whose inhabitants sent money, groceries, and clothing to Muscovites.

In 1926, water in the river rose by 7.3 m, and the maximum discharge amounted to 2140 m³ / s. From April 20 to April 22, 1926, simultaneously with the maximum pressure of flood waters, heavy rains fell on the capital and its environs. The Moskva River rose almost 8 m, flooding the quarters of Zamoskvorechye and Khamovnikov. On April 23, traffic stopped on all major bridges across the river due to fear that they would be washed away by stormy streams [48] .

The last major flood on the Moscow River in the city occurred in 1931, when the water rose to a mark of 6.8 m [49] . In the middle of the 20th century, Istra , Mozhaisk , Ruzskoye and Ozerninskoye reservoirs were built in the Moscow Region , which regulated river flows. After that, the major spills on the Moscow River stopped.

Other rivers

In addition to the Moskva River, floods also occurred on other rivers within the city. Yauza repeatedly flooded the modern Elektrozavodskaya , Bolshaya Semenovskaya , Bakuninskaya streets, Preobrazhenskaya , Rusakovskaya , Rubtsovskaya , Semenovskaya embankments. In addition to spring floods and rains, brick bridges over it in the form of vaulted pipes of insufficient section were an additional cause of floods at Yauza. Spring floods in the Yauz occurred in 1951, 1952, 1955 and 1957. Later, instead of the old ones, high reinforced concrete bridges were built, and the riverbanks were reinforced with reinforced concrete walls [50] .

Flooding repeatedly occurred on the Neglinnaya River after it was enclosed in an underground collector . Since the pipes were originally designed for a passage of only 13.7 m³ / s, during heavy rains the rivers often rose to the surface and flooded Samotechnaya and Trubnaya squares and Neglinnaya street . In 1949, Neglinnaya Street was flooded by 1.2 m. In 1960, river waters again flooded the street as a result of heavy rain. On June 25, 1965, after heavy rain, the intersection of Neglinnaya Street and Rakhmanovsky Lane was flooded (the area of ​​flooding was 25 hectares). Smaller flooding occurred in 1966, 1973 and 1974. Later, the riverbed was enclosed in a new collector, designed for 66.5 m³ / s, which excludes floods [50] .

Monuments

Water level marks during the floods of 1908 were preserved on house No. 4, p. 1 on Yakimanskaya embankment (two, according to other sources, three plates), as well as on the building of hydroelectric power station No. 1 at Raushskaya embankment , house 10, p. . 2 [51] [52] .

Notes

  1. ↑ Smolitskaya, 1991 , p. 155.
  2. ↑ PSRL, vol. 15, 1922 , p. 57.
  3. ↑ 1 2 PSRL, v. 34, 1978 , p. 13.
  4. ↑ PSRL, vol. 12, 1901 , p. 189.
  5. ↑ PSRL, v. 25, 1949 , p. 323.
  6. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 302.
  7. ↑ PSRL, vol. 6, 1853 , p. 40
  8. ↑ PSRL, v. 8, 1859 , p. 231.
  9. ↑ PSRL, vol. 24, 1921 , p. 216.
  10. ↑ PSRL, vol. 6, 1853 , p. 262.
  11. ↑ PSRL, v. 8, 1859 , p. 263.
  12. ↑ PSRL, vol. 28, 1963 , p. 162.
  13. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 314.
  14. ↑ PSRL, vol. 13, part 2, 1906 , p. 373.
  15. ↑ PSRL, vol. 13, part 2, 1906 , p. 386, 962.
  16. ↑ PSRL, vol. 29, 1965 , p. 350, 352.
  17. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 317.
  18. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Moscow, 1980 , p. 446.
  19. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 327.
  20. ↑ Nadezhda Andreevna Ozerova. History of the study of the hydrographic network of the river basin. Moscow (neopr.) . Man and science (2011). Date of treatment February 16, 2019.
  21. ↑ Suhman, 1991 , p. 321.
  22. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 373.
  23. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 348.
  24. ↑ Suhman, 1991 , p. 409.
  25. ↑ Sirotkin, 2017 , p. 112
  26. ↑ 1 2 Romanyuk, 2013 , p. 745.
  27. ↑ Ozerova, 2014 , p. 141.
  28. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 370
  29. ↑ Schmidt, 1999 , p. 23.35.
  30. ↑ Bridges of Moscow, 1978 , p. 33.
  31. ↑ 1 2 Romanyuk, 2013 , p. 880.
  32. ↑ Sytin, 1958 , p. 367.
  33. ↑ Romaniuk, 2013 , p. 747.
  34. ↑ Bridges of Moscow, 1978 , p. 34.
  35. ↑ Sytin, 1958 , p. 370
  36. ↑ Romaniuk, 2013 , p. 775.
  37. ↑ Borisenkov, 1988 , p. 379-380.
  38. ↑ Floods (unspecified) . Encyclopedia "Moscow" (2018). Date of treatment February 18, 2019.
  39. ↑ Ozerova, 2014 , p. 142.
  40. ↑ Niva, 1878 , p. 355–357.
  41. ↑ Ozerova, 2014 , p. 181.
  42. ↑ Severe flood in Moscow (neopr.) . Walks in Moscow (June 14, 2016). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  43. ↑ FOBOS Center. Severe flood in Moscow (neopr.) . Weather News (April 25, 2013). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  44. ↑ Konstantin Kudryashov. The Great Moscow Flood of 1908. How to Tarnish the Reputation of Power (Neopr.) . Arguments and Facts (April 12, 2018). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  45. ↑ The most powerful flood in Moscow (neopr.) . Moslenta (April 11, 2018). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  46. ↑ Great Moscow flood of 1908 (neopr.) . Moscow Komsomolets (June 11, 2012). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  47. ↑ Ozerova, 2014 , p. 183.
  48. ↑ 1 2 Alexander Dobrovolsky. The worst floods in Moscow: the Kremlin collapses, the lake on Paveletskaya (neopr.) . Moscow Komsomolets (April 12, 2013). Date of treatment February 20, 2019.
  49. ↑ Moscow, 1997 .
  50. ↑ 1 2 Schmidt Encyclopedia, 1997 .
  51. ↑ http://www.unmonument.ru/mon148.html
  52. ↑ https://leonovvaleri.livejournal.com/84066.html

Literature

  • 2nd half. I. Additions to the Nikon Chronicle. II The so-called royal book. - SPb. : Printing house of I. N. Skorokhodov, 1906. - T. 13, part 2 - 303-532 p.
  • Borisenkov E.P. , Pasetskiy V.M. Millennium Chronicle of extraordinary natural phenomena. - M .: Thought, 1988 .-- 522 p. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-244-00212-0 .
  • Foreigners about ancient Moscow. Moscow of the XV — XVII centuries / M. M. Sukhman . - M .: Capital, 1991 .-- 522 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7055-1141-8 .
  • A chronicle collection called the Patriarch or Nikon Chronicle. - SPb. : Printing house of I. N. Skorokhodov, 1901. - T. 12. - 266 p.
  • Moscow: Encyclopedia / chapters. ed. A. L. Narochnitsky . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980 .-- 688 p. - 200 000 copies
  • Floods // Encyclopedia "Moscow" / Ed. S.O. Schmidt . - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia , 1997 .-- 976 p.
  • Moscow: Encyclopedia / chapters. Ed S.O. Schmidt . - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 1997. - S. 976. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-277-3 .
  • The flood in Moscow on April 8 and 9 // Niva: magazine. - 1878. - No. 18 . - S. 355-357 .
  • Nadezhin B.M. Moscow Bridges. - M .: Moscow Worker, 1978.- 192 p. - 50,000 copies.
  • Ozerova N.A. The Moscow River in Space and Time. - M .: Progress-Tradition, 2014 .-- 320 p. - 1000 copies - ISBN 978-5-89826-436-9 .
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Sofia chronicles. - SPb. : Printing house of Eduard Praz, 1853. - T. 6. - 358 p.
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Continuation of the annals on the Resurrection List. - SPb. , 1859. - T. 8. - 302 p.
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Rogozhsky chronicler. - Petrograd, 1922. - T. 15. - 216 p.
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Typographical Chronicle. - Petrograd, 1921. - T. 24. - 272 p.
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - M.-P: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949.
  • Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom of the king and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilievich. Alexander Nevsky Chronicle. Lebedev Chronicle. - M .: Nauka, 1965 .-- T. 29 .-- 390 p.
  • Postnikovsky, Piskarevsky, Moscow and Belsky chroniclers / Foreword, Typos and corrections. - M .: Nauka, 1978.- T. 34 .-- 304 s.
  • Romanyuk S.K. Heart of Moscow. From the Kremlin to the White City. - M .: Centerpolygraph, 2013 .-- 908 p. - (Moscow and Moscow Region. History. Monuments. Fates). - 60 000 copies - ISBN 978-5-227-04778-6 .
  • Smolitskaya G.P. , Gorbanevsky M.V. Toponymy of Moscow. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- S. 432. - 100,000 copies.
  • Sirotkin A. Dashing people on the Stone bridge Bridges of the capital // Military-historical archive. - 2017. - No. 1 . - S. 111-117 .
  • Sytin P.V. From the history of Moscow streets. - M .: Moscow Worker, 1958. - S. 8. - 845 p.
  • Schmidt O.R. Zamoskvorechye. Yakiman part. - M .: State. publ. ist b-ka of Russia, 1999 .-- 209 p. - (Travel Guide). - 500 copies - ISBN 5-85209-057-3 .
  • Svyatsky D.O. To the history of the floods of the Moscow River // Notes of the State Hydrological Institute. 1933.V. 10.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flooding_ in_Moscow_old&oldid = 99584228


More articles:

  • Bobrovsky Village Council (Krasnoyarsk Territory)
  • Bonto, Paul Eugen
  • Bakalbash, Anton
  • List of football stadiums in Japan
  • Duna TV
  • Burdo, Gilles
  • Igumenov, Victor Mikhailovich
  • Bolshevik (Odessa region)
  • Azhovo (Kursk Region)
  • Krupensky, Matvey Egorovich

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019