Picking

As can be seen from the definition, in the case of using the compulsive for the speaker, it is important that there was some process that reached its logical conclusion.

This definition can be supplemented with the following refinements:

• The object of the action is completely affected (destroyed / absorbed) by this action (English to eat up );
• The transitive object or the subject of intransitive verbs is often used in the plural forms denoting all elements of the set: he went over all the stones, everyone quarreled .
• The action is reported with some emphasis or, in some cases, surprise.

A typical example of kompliva in Russian can be considered a sentence. I ate this soup and many similar examples using the prefix -do : I watched this movie , I finished the program , etc. Nevertheless, it is not worth considering that cases of consuming komplekt in the Russian language are limited to examples of this type: I ate, finally , this soup will also be an example of komplitive (while in the absence of a distinguished adverb, the example I ate this soup should be considered, rather , an example of a punctuation).

From the requirement for the presence of a certain process, it follows that the bundle as such cannot mark the state (as in the example, Apple is eaten ).

On the example of the Russian language, you can see that the complect can be expressed both morphologically (for example, using the prefix -do ) and lexically ( I finished writing a letter ).

A typical means of expressing the semantics of the komplektiva is the use of the verb “complete” or forms derived from it ^[1] . Also, in many languages, the desired meaning is achieved using derivatives of verbs with the semantics of “discard” or “put inside” (see examples below). When using the forms of the verb “complete” the semantics of the full involvement of the object in the action was not noticed ^[1] - it is more characteristic for the verbs “put inside”.

In a study of Bybee et al. examples of the use of komplektiva reported in 34 languages. Most often, the semantics of a komplektiva is expressed cumulatively (for example, with a perfect). Cases of purely compulsive indicators are extremely rare.

Jamaican Creole

In the Jamaican Creole, the complex is expressed synthetically using the don particle:

In this language, the don particle can be used both prepositively and postpositively with respect to the verb. In the first case, such a use, besides the complex one, also allows for a perfect reading, while in the second case it allows only a comprehensive reading ^[3] .

Bengali language

In Bengali, the komplekt is expressed with the help of the particle fele following the main verb ^[4] :

Japanese language

In the Japanese verb shimau , 'finish' can be used as an auxiliary komplektiv ^[5] :

Korean language

In Korean, the verb pelita , 'discard, destroy,' can be used as a marker for the complect:

North Chinese

A slightly more controversial example: in the North Chinese language, the verb dào , 'to arrive somewhere, to achieve something' was transformed into an auxiliary verb with the meaning of the successful completion of some action:

Tongue up

In the Nakanai language, which belongs to the Western Oceanic complex of languages , a special morpheme -ti is used to express the semantics of the complective (in this example, it is assumed that the listener should be surprised by the communicating information) ^[6] :

Malayalam language

In the Malayalam language, the verb puukuka 'go' can be used as a mercer of the complective. It is worth noting that in this case the completed action is considered as unintentional ^[7] :

The French linguist Stephanie Focognier in one of his articles ^[8] notes that in some languages ​​the marker of the complective is used to indicate the unintentional action. For example, in the example from the Bengali language (see above), the value “accidentally / by mistake” is not distinguished from the lexical composition of the sentence, but follows from the semantics of the initially complex particle.

Focognier explains the connection between complective and inadvertentness through the concept of surprise — the complective markers can be used to show that the completion of a process is unexpected. In this case, they can also express an unintentional action, since the completion of an unintentional action is generally unexpected.

• Plungyan, V. A. Introduction to grammatical semantics: grammatical meanings and grammatical systems of world languages. - Moscow: Russian State Humanitarian University, 2011.

• Abe, Sayaka. Space, time, subjectivity and beyond: The cognitive semantic development of the Japanese marker -te-shimau .. - New York: State University of New York at Buffalo (dissertation), 2007.

• Bybee, Joan L. and Perkins, Revere and Pagliuca, William. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages ​​of the world. - Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.

• Bykova, Eugene. Bengali. - Moscow: Science, 1981.

• Durrleman, Stephanie. Completive aspect in Jamaican Creole: The complete story ?. - Geneva: Generative Grammar in Geneva, 2007.
• Fauconnier, Stefanie. Completives as markers of non-volitionality. - Geneva: Generative Grammar in Geneva, 2013.
• Asher, Ronald E. & TC Kumari. Malayalam. - London: Routledge, 1997.
• Bybee, Joan L. and Perkins, Revere and Pagliuca, William. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages ​​of the world. - Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.