Matamela Cyril Ramaphos [1] ( Eng. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa ; born November 17, 1952 , Johannesburg , Transvaal , South Africa ) is a South African state, political and trade union leader , entrepreneur . General Secretary ( 1991 - 1996 ) and Vice President of the African National Congress ( 2012 - 2017 ), Vice-President of the Republic of South Africa ( 2014 - 2018 ). President of the African National Congress since December 18, 2017 . President of the Republic of South Africa from February 15, 2018 .
Cyril Ramaphos | |||||||
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English Cyril ramaphosa | |||||||
Cyril Ramaphos in 2018 | |||||||
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Vice president | |||||||
Predecessor | Jacob zuma | ||||||
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Vice president | |||||||
Predecessor | Jacob zuma | ||||||
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The president | Jacob zuma | ||||||
Predecessor | Kgalema Motlante | ||||||
Successor | |||||||
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The president | Jacob zuma | ||||||
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The president | Jacob zuma | ||||||
Predecessor | Kgalema Motlante | ||||||
Successor | |||||||
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The president | Nelson Mandela | ||||||
Predecessor | Alfred Nzo | ||||||
Successor | Acting] Kgalema Motlante | ||||||
Birth | November 17, 1952 (66 years) Johannesburg , Transvaal , South Africa | ||||||
Birth name | Matamela Cyril Ramaphos ( Eng. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa ) | ||||||
Father | Samuel ramafosa | ||||||
Mother | Erdmut Ramaphos | ||||||
Spouse | (1996 — current century. ) | ||||||
Children | four | ||||||
The consignment | African National Congress | ||||||
Education | University of South Africa | ||||||
Academic degree | Bachelor of Law | ||||||
Profession | lawyer | ||||||
Activity | businessman , politician | ||||||
Religion | Christianity | ||||||
Awards | |||||||
Site | |||||||
Biography
Young years, family
Matamela Cyril Ramaphos was born on November 17, 1952 in the village of Western Native Township, a multinational suburb of Johannesburg [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . He became the second of three children in the family of Samuel and Erdmut Ramafos, a policeman and housewife involved in the illegal trade in alcohol [2] [5] [7] . Comes from the Vend people [5] [8] [9] . A grandfather who worked as a miner [10] , along with his grandmother, lived in the village of , near the palace of the king of the Vend people [9] . By religion - [11] [12] .
In 1960, after the shooting of the demonstration in Sharpeville and the killing of more than 69 black protesters, a state of emergency was introduced in the country and troops appeared in the area where the Ramathos family lived [13] . The soldiers kicked and pushed Cyril into the nearest ditch, which caused him to hate white men for many years, overcome after realizing that these were the realities of South Africa [14] . In 1962, the Ramaphos family was transferred to Soweto , a fast-growing area for black people, where Cyril attended Chilidi Elementary School [5] [15] . He also studied at the Secano-Ntoane Secondary School, and in 1971 he graduated from the Mfafulli High School in ( Bantustan Venda ) [2] [15] [16] . During his studies, he was engaged in preaching, singing and dancing, he led the school debate team [9] . In 1972, he entered the to get a bachelor's degree , where he began to study law [17] [18] .
Political and trade union activities
He took an active part in the struggle against the apartheid regime [4] [19] . In his student years he became involved in political activities, joining the and becoming in 1974 the chairman of its university department [2] [15] . Consisted of the Student Christian Movement, whose chairman was elected the same year [2] [20] [5] [21] . In 1974, after organizing rallies at the University in support of the FRELIMO Mozambican movement, he was arrested and held in solitary confinement in a solitary confinement cell in for eleven months in accordance with section 6 of the [2] [5] [17] . After his release, he became an activist of the , created in the image and likeness Steve Biko [2] [22] [5] [23] . In 1976, after a large-scale uprising in Soweto , he was again subjected to repression - he was detained and, in accordance with the Act on terrorism without trial, he spent six months in solitary confinement in a tortured police station in Johannesburg in Johannesburg [2 ] [5] [12] [17] . After this incident, his father, who served as a sergeant at the police station in Morok, left the service [24] .
After being released in 1977, he entered the law firm in Johannesburg as a clerk [25] [26] [18] . In the same year he became the President of the Student Representative Council of the University of the North [27] . At the same time, he continued his studies, but at the University of South Africa , where in 1981 he received a bachelor of law degree by correspondence [20] [28] [4] [16] [29] . In the same year, he entered the as a legal consultant, thus starting his trade union activities [25] [28] . In August 1982, the leadership of the Council of Unions asked Ramafos to help organize a new union for miners, which began work in the same year as the “ ”, called, given because of the admiration for the activities of the and his strikes in and [30] [3] [31] . The first congress took place on December 4, 1982 in Klerksdorp [32] : then Ramafosa was elected the first secretary general of the Union [2] [4] [33] . The organization, which initially consisted of only 6,000 people [34] , became the first black trade union to be recognized by the for the first time since the defeat of [35] [36] [28] [ 31] [37] .
In 1983, the Union supported the [38] and later the “ ” as an alliance of the Congress of South African Trade Unions, the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party against the Bots regime [28] [ 39] . Ramaphos himself did not join the Communist Party [40] , but began to consider himself a “devoted socialist” [41] [42] , and even addressed “revolutionary greetings” to the congress of the Communist Party [43] [44] . In November 1984, he was arrested by police in Lebov on charges of organizing a congress of the Union in ( Northern Transvaal ), which was banned by a local justice of the peace [45] [46] . In December 1985, Ramaphos withdrew the Union from the Council of Unions of South Africa and joined the newly formed Congress of South African trade unions , the founding congress of which was held in Durban with its active participation [47] [48] [28] . In March 1986, Ramaphos was a member of the congressional delegation at the ANC Congress in Lusaka ( Zambia ) [47] [28] .
By the end of the 1980s, the National Union of Miners had become the largest trade union in South Africa, with more than 250,000 registered members [49] [50] . In August 1987, in an attempt to increase pay rates, the Union announced a general strike, joined by more than 70% of the country's black miners [37] [51] . The strike was accompanied by reprisals with scabs , “ kangaroo ships ” over the striking miners, clashes with the police and units to protect the mines, in which 9 were killed, 500 were injured and about 400 people were arrested, in addition to Anglo American financial damage amounting to a few hundred. million dollars [37] [51] [52] . A month later, after the start of large-scale layoffs, the Union decided to end the strike, which became the largest in South African history and made it clear to industrialists that Ramaphos and his union are a real force to be reckoned with [37] [51] [53] .
Work during the dismantling of the apartheid system and the building of democracy
External video files | |
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Mandela meeting, 1990 . AP Archive |
In January 1990, Ramaphos was accompanied by the departure of released political prisoners to Lusaka, where he participated in the three-day ANC congress on shaping a further political strategy after de Klerk came to power [47] [54] . In the same year, he became chairman of the National Reception Committee of Nelson Mandela , dealing with his release and meeting from prison after a 27-year sentence [47] [55] [56] [57] . On July 5, 1991, at the 48th National Conference of the African National Congress in Durban , the first legal congress for the entire 31-year party history, Ramaphos won 58% of the vote and was elected 9th Secretary General of the ANC, at which he replaced Alfred Nzo , then Mandela himself became the new party president [58] [47] [59] [54] [56] [60] [61] [62] . At the same time, he was first elected to the , which has more than 26 years [63] [64] , being consistently re-elected in 1994 [65] , 1997 [66] , 2002 [67] , 2007 [68] , 2012 [69] , 2017 [70] .
In October 1991, as a visiting professor, he worked at the Stanford University ( USA ) [71] [54] [4] [72] . In January 1992, in the position of Secretary General of the National Union of Miners, Ramafoza replaced Kgalem Motlante [73] . In 1991-1993, Ramaphos led the ANC team in with the team of the government of the National Party , which was represented by , which resulted in the in South Africa in 1994, the formation of a government of national unity , and then the election of Mandela to the presidency of the country [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [4] . In December 1993 — April 1994, he was a member of the steering committee of the Transitional Executive Council, which prepared the elections [79] , and then became a member of the Parliament of the ANC [79] [80] [4] [63] . On May 24, 1994, at the first joint meeting of the National Assembly and the , both chambers of parliament, he was elected to the post of chairman of the Constitutional Assembly established for a two-year period to draft a new constitution for South Africa [81] [82] [83] . The work on the constitution, which turned out to be difficult, in particular on issues such as the number of state languages , , , , same-sex unions , , , members of various political forces took part, including the ANC and the National Party; among them was Meyer, who was acquainted with Ramaphos in the negotiations on the end of apartheid [84] [85] . On December 19 of the same year, he was re-elected Secretary General of the ANC [79] [63] at the in Bloemfontein Ramafos.
April 13, 1996 at a press conference in the presence of Mandela Ramafos announced his resignation from the posts of the Secretary General of the ANC and the Chairman of the Constitutional Assembly, as well as from the post of Member of Parliament due to the completion of work on the Constitution [86] [87] [88] . On April 22 of the same year, the draft constitution was submitted to parliament, and on May 8 it was adopted on the second attempt by an overwhelming majority of votes [84] [85] . On May 12, Ramaphos confirmed his intention to resign from all posts [89] [87] . After that, the Deputy Secretary General of the ANC, [90] [91] [92], became Acting Secretary General of the ANC. At that time, Ramaphos was considered the future candidate for the presidency of the ANC [93] , was actually the "right hand" of Mandela [94] , his successor [95] . On December 17, 1997, Thabo Mbeki was elected as the new president of the ANC at the in Mafikenge , replacing Mandela, who voluntarily resigned [96] . At the same time, Ramafos was replaced by Motlante, who was known to him for joint work in the National Union of Miners, as the party’s general secretary [97] . In the same year, Ramaphos left politics [80] [97] : journalists noted that this step could have been due to the fact that he could not fight for the post of party president with Mbeki [98] [99] . However, Ramaphos remained an active member of the ANC [93] .
Entrepreneurial career
After retiring from politics, in April 1996, Ramaphos became Deputy Director of New Africa Investments Limited (NEIL), a media empire owned by [100] . In this position, he became responsible for the purchase of the (Johnnic) from Anglo American through the National Empowerment Consortium (NEC), whose director was actually Ramaphos [24] [101] . The money for the purchase of a controlling stake in Johnnic came through the front companies associated with the ANC, from the NEC trade union and pension funds, and from the sale of shares to black South Africans as part of a campaign called “meaningful participation of residents of historically dysfunctional communities in the economy” [102] [103 ] . In November 1996, Ramaphos became chairman of the board as director of Johnnic. [104] Nevertheless, it was precisely this acquisition that later became the cause of his disagreements with the members of the NEIL Board of Directors, and then, in February 1999, the reason for his resignation from the post of Deputy Director, during which he was able to save considerable capital [105] [106 ] [107] [108] . In the same year, Mbeki, by then becoming president of South Africa, appointed Ramaphos as chairman of the state commission for [109] [110] [111] . The commission’s goal was “economic empowerment of blacks”, which was to redistribute the business assets of white South Africans and create a kind of middle class black capitalists, which only led to the further spread of corruption and education in South African society of a new and small elite that did not want to invest to the development of local communities [5] [112] [113] [114] [115] .
In 2000, Ramaphos became the founder of the investment holding company , which owns shares in the companies Assore and Glencore (mining), (trading), Standard Bank (finance), and also in real estate, insurance and telecommunications [112] [116] [117] . Shanduka also owns a 70% interest in a joint venture with CocaCola called Coca-Cola Shanduka Beverages [116] [117] . In 2011, Shanduka bought a license for the development of McDonald's fast-food chain in South Africa, having received, under an agreement for a period of 20 years, full control over all of the company's assets in the country [118] [119] . Over the years, he served as Chairman of , KreditInform Limited , Sasria SOC Limited , Vancut Diamond Works , Vice Chairman of Rebserve Holdings Limited , Executive Chairman of Millennium Consolidated Investments Limited , an independent director of SABMiller , independent non-executive director of Capital Property Fund , non-executive chairman of Pan African Resources , , , , non-executive director " ", " Assore Limited ", " ", " Standard Bank Group Limited ", " " [16] [103] [120] . He was also Vice-Chairman of the [16] , the [15] . He owned a little more than 30% of Shanduka shares through a family trust fund [121] , and then, in order to avoid a conflict of interest with the public service, he left the company and left the board of directors of many firms [122] . It has a fortune of $ 450 million (2015) [123] [124] .
Shooting in Marikan
On August 10, 2012, at the Lonmin Platinum Mine in , about 60 miles north-west of Johannesburg, miners organized at , announced the start of the strike, demanding a salary increase from 4 up to 12,500 rand ($ 1,500) per month due to difficult working conditions [125] [126] . A total of 3,000 people went on strike from more than 28,000 mine workers [127] , to whom up to 3,000 armed police were drawn, including members of elite riot control units, on horseback and with the support of helicopters [128] . In the ensuing clashes, 10 people were killed, including 2 police officers [129] . On August 16, having surrounded the hill with miners armed with machetes and spears, the police, after repeated requests to disarm and disperse, used tear gas and water cannons, and then , as a result of which 34 people were killed and 78 people were injured [126 ] [130] [131] . During the investigation, it was found that most of the victims were shot in the back while trying to escape from the police cordon [132] . This incident was the largest in terms of the number of victims since the days of the apartheid regime and shot in Sharpeville, when 69 people died [133] .
“This is a human tragedy. 25 years ago, he was the general secretary of the National Union of Miners and became the architect of the South African constitution. This is a symbolic example of the degeneration of the official and civic activist and how he fell into the trap of his newfound wealth. This example is so significant because it is typical for many representatives of the ANC. ”
It later emerged that on August 15, 2016, just one day before the shooting, Ramafos, being a member of the board of directors and the owner of 9% of Lonmin shares, in a letter to the head of the commercial department of the company Albert Jamison noted that “these terrible and unfolding events right now can be described as labor disputes. They are obviously mean and criminal and should be characterized as such. [...] To solve this situation, appropriate measures are needed. " In response, he received a letter from Jameson saying that the situation in Marikana should be “stabilized by the police / army”. Ramaphosa also contacted the and the , writing to him that “all government officials need to understand that we are essentially dealing with a criminal act”, and proposing to “influence” Shabangu with the advice that “silence and inaction” regarding the strike in Marikan will turn out to be “bad for her and the government.” In another letter, Ramaphos stressed his “connections with some important people,” which meant the ANC general secretary and the president of the National Union of Miners, , whom he addressed to intervene in the current situation of the party and the union, in addition, he indicated his intention to meet with Shabangu to discuss “what she needs to do” [134] [135] [136] [137] .
On August 18, 2012, the Shanduka Group owned by Ramafoss allocated 2 million rand to the funeral of the dead miners as compensation, which amounted to a little more than 240 thousand US dollars [135] [138] [139] . At the same time, and also taking into account the fact that Lonmin refused to raise the salaries of the miners, on April 11 of the same year, at an auction on the farm of near Rustenburg, Ramafos was going to lay out 18 million reds ($ 2 million) for a buffalo with a calf, which eventually went to Jaco Troski, raising the bid by half a million rand [135] [140] . In total, Ramaphos spent more than 15 million rands at this auction, including purchasing two pregnant buffaloes for 12.5 million [141] . Subsequently, he noted [142] [143] :
Yes, I made a bet, and it was a mistake on my part. It was a mistake, I regret it. It was a mistake to even raise a hand for this, and I was subjected to disciplinary punishment by some of my good comrades, and even before that punishment, I admitted that it was a mistake. I regret it, realizing that it is a lot of money in the midst of endless poverty. As a member of society, I understand that this is one of those moments when I was just blind. |
On September 20, 2012, in an interview with SABC radio, Ramaphos attempted to absolve himself of responsibility for what happened in Marikan: “I think that many of us as interested parties are to blame. Marikana should not have passed, we are all guilty, and there are many interested parties who should take the blame. But the taking of guilt should mean that we must make sure that this will never happen again ” [142] [144] . On June 25, 2015, according to the results of the investigation of the events in Marikan by a judicial commission headed by the retired Supreme Court judge , it was noted that “the impossibility of Mr. Ramaphos’s involvement in the massacre and that the accusations against him were groundless” [ 145] [146] [147] . On May 7, 2017, during a speech at the University of Rhodes Ramafos in response to a student’s question about the events in Marikan, he said he had intervened in a strike in an attempt to prevent even more people from dying: “Yes, I may have used unacceptable expressions in my letters. I apologized and I apologize for not using more suitable words, but I never had the intention to kill 34 more miners ” [148] . After becoming president of South Africa, on February 20, 2018, Ramaphos noted at the hearings in parliament that “despite the conclusions of the Farlam commission regarding my responsibility in the events that took place, I am determined to play any role in the process of healing and redemption for what happened in Marikan” [149 ] [150] [151] . However, Ramafosa’s reputation is tarnished precisely because of his connection with the events in Marikan [152] [153] .
Follow-up
In 2000-2001, Ramaphos, along with former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, as commissioners of the conducted three inspections of weapons stores of the Irish Republican Army , concluding that it was impossible to use recycled weapons and assured British Prime Minister Tony Blair that that the IRA is serious about the in Northern Ireland [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162] . In 2002, Ramaphos together with the former Prime Minister of Spain Felipe Gonzalez and High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson joined the UN mission to familiarize themselves with the humanitarian situation in the Middle East , which, however, could not go to the region due to the position of the Israeli government [ 163] [164] [165] [166] [167] . In 2008, Ramaphos, at the suggestion of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, took part in resolving the political crisis in Kenya , accompanied by ethnic pillars, killings and riots, and caused by the consequences of the , according to which the current President Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner over the opposition leader By Rail Odinga [168] . However, Annan was forced to withdraw Ramaphos because of claims by the and the that he allegedly has a business relationship with Odinga [169] [170] [171] .
In 2001, without citing any evidence, South African Security Minister reported on the prevention of the attempt to overthrow and assassinate President Mbeki from Ramaphos, as well as and , two influential members of the ANC and former prime ministers of the provinces of Mpumalanga and Gauteng [172] [173] . They strongly denied any involvement in any conspiracy, while Mbeki himself confirmed the allegations, calling all three “true conspirators”. [174] [175] However, former President Mandela expressed full support for Fose, Seksvale and Ramafose, noting that the latter "is the architect of modern South Africa ... He is one of those people who can rightfully lead South Africa" [176] [177] . However, later, the press secretary of Mandela stated that Mandela “maintains complete impartiality on this issue” [178] [179] , and Ramafoss himself noted his “disinterest” in senior party and state posts [180] [181 ] . Meanwhile, at the end of 2000 — beginning of 2010, the topic of including Ramaphos in the struggle for the post of president of both the party and the country [182] [183] [184] was constantly discussed in the media. On May 19, 2012, during a discussion about the life of Walter Sisulu at the University of Wits , organized by the ANC and the Foundation, prominent ANC member Afrikaner said that “we need leaders of the caliber of Comrade Cyril. I know that Cyril is very good in business, but I really want him to invest all his money in a fund to fight for a higher and even higher post, ”after which Ramafos said that we should not take Hanekom’s words seriously, since“ he just joked " [185] [186] .
In top party positions
On December 16, 2012, Ramaphos confirmed the nomination of his candidacy for the post of Deputy President of the ANC, enlisting the support of the country 's President Jacob Zuma and collecting more than 2 thousand votes of delegates from the provinces [187] [188] [189] . On December 18, at the in Mangaung, Zuma was re-elected president of the ANC, and Ramaphos became the 8th deputy president of the party, replacing Motlante and gaining 3018 votes, while Matthew Foz received 470, Tokyo Seksvale - 463 votes [190] [191] [192] [193] . The election of Ramafosa was regarded by journalists as a “breath of fresh air” amid economic problems and corruption scandals, the source of which was President Zuma himself [194] [195] . A few days after the election, Ramaphosa, along with Zuma, spoke at the business breakfast in Bloemfontein outlined the economic program of the party, which consists in building a mixed economy without nationalization, despite the fact that, in his opinion, government intervention is needed in key areas such as mining [196] .
On May 15, 2014, Ramaphos was elected a for the ANC [197] [198] . On May 26 of the same year, the re-elected President Zuma formed a , appointing Ramafoza as Vice President of South Africa and making him virtually responsible for the entire economic policy of the country [199] [200] [201] . Thus, Ramaphos resigned his parliamentary powers [202] .
On December 18, 2017, at the in Ramafos, he was elected the 14th president of the ANC, succeeding Zuma and gaining 2,440 votes, thus defeating Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , which received 2,261 votes [203 ] [204] [205] [206] [207] . , Prime Minister of Mpumalanga Province [208] [209] was elected as his deputy. In his first speech after the election, Ramaphos announced a commitment to the policy of "radical economic transformation", which includes "expropriating land without compensation" from whites and transferring it to black South Africans in measures of racial inequality, and promised to "fearlessly fight against alleged corruption and abuse of office in our ranks " [210] [211] . Journalists wrote that the approval of the candidacy of Dlamini Zuma carried potential reputational risks for the ANC, as she is Zuma’s ex-wife, involved in a series of corruption scandals [212] . At the same time, it was Zuma who supported her, not Ramafos, whom he congratulated on the election, noting that “the spirit of unity demonstrated throughout the conference was also reflected in the election of the collective leadership” [213] . In this regard, it was also noted that in 2019, Ramaphosa “most likely” will become the next president of the country instead of Zuma, who survived several attempts at impeachment and continues to “cling to power”, despite the imminent expiration of his last term [214] [215] .
As President of South Africa
On February 4, 2018, a two-hour meeting was held in Pretoria at the presidential residence of in Pretoria between President Zuma and six ANC top officials as part of the President of the Party Ramafosa, Deputy President of the ANC Mabuza, General Treasurer , Chairman , Secretary General and Deputy Secretary General , who failed to convince him to resign in order to “meet the interests of the ANC, the country and the economy” [216] [217] [218] . Therefore, on February 5, at the congress of 20 members of the National Working Committee at the headquarters of the ANC in Johannesburg, it was decided to hold a special meeting of the National Executive Committee, the highest party organ, to “discuss, among other things, the results of the meeting national officials of the ANC and the President of the Republic of South Africa, Comrade Jacob Zuma ” [219] [220] [221] . On February 6, the Baleka Mbete announced the cancellation of the President Zuma to the nation scheduled for February 8 to “create a more favorable political atmosphere in parliament” [222] [223] . On the same day, the special meeting of the ANC ANC was postponed, and the party’s statement particularly stressed that such a decision was made after “fruitful and constructive discussions on various issues that had taken place earlier today between the President of the ANC, Comrade Cyril Ramafos and President of the Republic, Comrade Jacob Zuma " [224] [225] . In a special statement issued on this occasion, Ramaphosa noted that “last night President Jacob Zuma and I began a direct discussion of the transition period and the issues concerning his tenure as President of the Republic. The discussion turned out to be constructive and formed the basis for the prompt resolution of this issue in the interests of the country and its people ” [226] [227] . This situation was regarded in the press as the beginning of a change of power in South Africa [228] [229] , but the presidential administration assured journalists that Zuma continued to work on the previous schedule and held a “routine” meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers [230] [231] .
Following the negotiations with Ramaphosa, Zuma agreed to resign in the period from “three to six months,” with which the ANC leadership disagreed and sent a new party delegation headed by Duarte, who also did not achieve anything [232] [233] . On February 12, following the special meeting of the ANC ANC, held in Tsvane with the participation of Ramafosa, the party leadership, in accordance with article 21 of the ANC Constitution, decided to start the process of “recalling the public representative” by means of a corresponding parliamentary process [234] [235] [236] . On February 14, Zuma made a televised address to the nation, in which he announced that he “made the decision to resign as President of the Republic with immediate effect. Despite the fact that I do not agree with the decision of the leadership of my organization, I have always been a disciplined member of the ANC ” [237] [238] [239] [240] . The leadership of the ANC agreed with the resignation and suggested that members of the parliamentarians support the candidacy of Ramaphosa [241] [242] , who automatically became the acting president of the country the same day according to article 90 of the South African Constitution [243] [244] .
On February 15, the Speaker of the National Assembly Mbeke received Zuma's resignation, after which two deputies from the ANC proposed the candidacy of Ramafosa, which was the only one, as a result of which the his new president countries [245] [246] [247] . A few hours later, and after 11 days of political crisis, in the presidential residence of Ramafoza was sworn in by Mogoyng and officially took office as the 5th President of South Africa, ceasing to be a member of parliament [248] [249] [250] . Ramaphos was congratulated, among others, by the Secretary General of the African National Congress, Ace Magashul [251] , the leader of the Democratic Alliance, [252] , the President of Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo [253] , the President of Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangwaoy [254] , Prime Minister , 253 , Prime Minister , 2525 , Prime Minister Emmerson Mnangagwa [254] , Prime Minister , 25 Prime Minister , 253 Prime Minister Britain's Teresa May [255] , Russian President Vladimir Putin [256] , PRC Chairman Xi Jinping [257] , Central Tibetan Administration Lobsang Sangay [258] .
On February 26, Ramaphos announced the formation of a new , in which Mabuza [259] [260] [261] replaced him as vice-president.
Family
Little is known about the private life of Ramaphosa [262] . He was married twice: first to Hope Ramaphos and then to Nomazizi Mtsoshish, and in both cases divorced [263] [264] . In 1996, he married , the sister of the first and only black South African billionaire , who made his fortune in the mining industry [265] [57] [266] . In total, Ramafosa has four children [265] [264] [267] . In 2017, it became known that eight years ago he had an extra-marital relationship on the side [268] [269] , after which South African public organizations raised the issue of Ramafosa’s further tenure as chairman of the [270] [271] .
Awards
State
- The Order of Baobab in Silver (March 24, 2009) - “for its invaluable contribution to multiparty negotiations and the convening of a Constitutional Assembly to draft a new constitution during the transition from apartheid to democratic South Africa” [272] [273] .
Foreign
- The first prize of Olof Palme (September 16, 1987, Sweden ) is “for the prudent courage shown by members of the National Union of Miners of South Africa in their common struggle for human rights and dignity with him as a leader” [274] [275] .
Honors
- 1993: honorary degree from the [276] [277] .
- 1995: honorary Ph.D. from the [278] .
- 1996: honorary doctorate from the University of Natal [279] .
- 1998: honorary doctorate from the University of Cape Town [280] .
- 2001: Honorary Degree from the National University of Lesotho [281] .
- 2002: Honorary Degree of Doctor of Administration from the [282] .
- 2004: entry of the 34th node into the list of “ ” of 100 prominent figures in South Africa [283] .
- 2005: Honorary Degree from the National University of Ireland [284] .
- 2007: entry at number 83 into the “ Time 100 ” list of 101 people whose “power, talent or moral example changes the world” [285] .
- 2008: Honorary Degree from the University of Pennsylvania [286] .
- 2016: Honorary Degree of Doctor of Law from the [287] [288] .
Notes
- ↑ There is also another variant of the spelling of the name - Ramaphosis .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gastrow, 1993 , p. 264.
- ↑ 1 2 Campbell, 2004 , p. 120
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ramaphosa, Matamela Cyril . . The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bill Keller. Could Cyril Ramaphosa Be The Best The New York Times (January 23, 2013). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Songezo Ndlendle. 11 facts you have to know about Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr (Inaccessible link) . (September 4, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018. Archived February 11, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Who is Cyril Ramaphosa? (December 19, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Samuel Osborne. Cyril Ramaphosa: South Africa's ANC . The Independent (December 19, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Poloko Tau. Cyril you don't know . (December 24, 2017). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ John Greenwald. South Africa Striking Figure. The rise of a miner's grandson . Time (September 14, 1987). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril the suit . (April 26, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Jason Burke. Cyril Ramaphosa vows to unite ANC after rise to leadership . The Guardian (December 19, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa hopeful on weapons . BBC News (May 9, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Sheila Rule. Union's determinated leader: Cyril Ramaphosa Unc . The New York Times (September 2, 1985). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- 2 1 2 3 4 Profile of ANC presidential candidate: Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa Unc . (December 16, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jendayi Frazer. Interview with MC Ramaphosa, Secretary General of the African National Congress (ANC) // . - , 1994. - Vol. 40, № 1. - p. 7-10. - 107 s.
- ↑ 1 2 Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Conor Gaffey. Who is Cyril Ramaphosa, Jacob Zuma's Likely Successor? Newsweek (November 25, 2016). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Togni, 1994 , p. 224.
- ↑ Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . A Dictionary of Contemporary World History . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Bridge, 2007 , p. 24
- ↑ Thapelo Tselapedi. Ramaphosa at a glance . (December 23, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Cyril Ramaphosa, deputy chairman of New Africa Investments Limited . (October 11, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Kotzé, Greyling, 1991 , p. 233.
- ↑ Hayes, 2001 , p. 293.
- ↑ Former SRC Presidents . . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bridge, 2007 , p. 25
- ↑ Uazuva Kaumbi. The curious case of Cyril Comrade . (January 17, 2013). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Moodie, Ndatshe, 1994 , p. 249.
- ↑ 1 2 V. Allen, Kate Carey. History of South Africa / South Africa / Apartheid South Africa // Content . - Historical Studies in Industrial Relations. - , 2005. - Vol. 20. - pp. 103-113. - 168 s.
- ↑ NUM commemorates 35th years of existence today . Congress of South African Trade Unions (December 4, 2017). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Dougie Oakes. 'As different from wine as an expensive wine ' . (December 21, 2017). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Brendan Boyle. Cyril Ramaphosa: mine strike leader . United Press International (August 22, 1987). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Johnson, 1989 , p. 156.
- ↑ Allen, Carey, 2003 , p. 92
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Jade Davenport. The 1987 mine strike . (September 27, 2013). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ List of organizations that support and are affiliates of the regional UDF . . The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Ottaway, 2010 , p. 137.
- ↑ Profiles of the first 50 candidates for the ANC National List . African National Congress (1994). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Mandela mum on Ramaphosa Neopr . (July 24, 2006). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Mariette Le Roux. Mandela neutral on Ramaphosa reports . (July 24, 2006). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Address by ANC Cyril Ramaphosa at the 14th Congress of the South African Communist Party . South African Communist Party (July 12, 2017). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 'The time to act is now' - Ramaphosa Unc . (July 12, 2017). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Gastrow, 1987 , p. 263.
- ↑ Chronologies. 1984 . . The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Gastrow, 1993 , p. 265.
- ↑ Poku, 2001 , p. 47
- ↑ Chazan, 1992 , p. 428.
- ↑ Joseph M. Schwartz. Black Politics in South Africa // Content . - . - 1986. - p. 5-14.
- ↑ 1 2 3 John D. Battersby. Minors end strike in South Africa with no wage gain . Teh New York Times . The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Black miners end strike un South Africa . (August 31, 1987). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Alexander Winning. Ramaphosa South Africa's nearly man may lead country at last . Reuters (December 16, 2017). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bridge, 2007 , p. 26
- ↑ Lodge, 2007 , p. 167.
- ↑ 1 2 Beck, 2013 , p. 190.
- ↑ 1 2 Cyril Ramaphosa - South African union leader, mine boss, president . BBC (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Kotzé, Greyling, 1991 , p. 50.
- ↑ Allen, Carey, 2003 , p. 529.
- ↑ Chronologies. 1991 . . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ ANCs First Legal National Conference . Associated Press (July 7, 1991). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- ↑ Secretaries General of the ANC . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- 2 1 2 3 Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee elected at the 48th National Conference . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected by the 49th National Conference (not available link) . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018. Archived February 19, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected at the 50th National Conference . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected at the 51st National Conference . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected at the 52nd National Conference (not available link) . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018. Archived on June 13, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected at the 53rd National Conference . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ National Executive Committee as elected at the 54th National Conference (not available link) . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018. Archived on April 23, 2018.
- ↑ Gastrow, 1993 , p. 266.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa. A Constitutional Framework for a New South Africa . Stanford Journal of International Law (November 5, 1991). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ Harvey, 2012 , p. 94-95.
- ↑ Waldmeir, 1998 , p. 193–194.
- ↑ Wood, 2000 , p. 186-187.
- ↑ Galluccio, 2014 , p. 116.
- ↑ Toit, Swart, Teuteberg, 2016 , p. 25-26.
- ↑ Skinner, 2017 , p. 141.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Gastrow, 1995 , p. 259.
- ↑ 1 2 Docherty, Velden, 2012 , p. 224.
- ↑ Faure, Lane, 1996 , p. 259.
- ↑ Kalley, Schoeman, Andor, 1999 , p. 529.
- ↑ Chronologies. 1994 . . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Pieter du Toit. Constitution 20: Democratic Law Founding Document . The Huffington Post (December 13, 2016). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Janet Smith. A constitution that put the nation first . (May 6, 2016). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Kalley, Schoeman, Andor, 1999 , p. 545–546.
- ↑ 1 2 Chronologies. 1996 . . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa Changes Post . Associated Press (April 13, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Kalley, Schoeman, Andor, 1999 , p. 547.
- ↑ The `sister 'of the nation . March (March 20, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Newton Kanhema. ANC's Acting Secretary-General for Ambassador London . (October 3, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 50th National Conference: Report of the Secretary General . African National Congress (December 17, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Ramaphosa decides to leave parliament . (April 13, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Dave Chambers. Cyril Ramaphosa: Who is the successor? The Independent (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ . Cyril Ramaphosa Wins ANC Leadership Battle in South Africa . The New York Times (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Mandela hands the baton to Mbeki . BBC News (December 20, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Ongama Mtimka. South Africa's ailing ANC. But ... . . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Vicki Robinson. The metamorphosis of Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . (July 27, 2006). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Ranjeni Munusamy. Cyril Ramaphosa: The Return of Nelson Mandela's chosen one . The Guardian (December 20, 2012). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril: A blow to SA . (April 19, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Johnnic: A long way to go . (April 19, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ From shop floor to trading floor . (May 16, 1997). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Jacques Otto. How Cyril Ramaphosa obtained his wealth . (July 13, 2015). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Johnnic's new top ten enter the business . (November 22, 1996). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Good, 2001 , p. 150
- ↑ Chris McGreal. Black heroes sell out to capitalism . The Guardian (April 22, 1999). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril and the suits . (May 5, 1999). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Barbara Slaughter. South Africa: the fraud of "black empowerment" . (May 25, 1999). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Gumede, 2008 , p. 410-411.
- ↑ Mustapha, Whitfield, 2009 , p. 142
- ↑ Daron Acemoglu, Stephen Gelb, James A. Robinson. Black Economic Empowerment and Economic Performance in South Africa . - , August 2007. - p. 7. - 36 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Mfonobong Nsehe. Rich And Powerful Africans: Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . Forbes (July 5, 2011). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ SA's Ramaphosa back in the limelight Neopr . BBC News (July 27, 2006). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa finally fulfills his political destiny . Financial Times (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ William Finnegan. Can Cyril Ramaphosa Revive the South African Dream? New Yorker (January 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Andrew England. Shanduka braces for departure of key investor Ramaphosa Neopr . Financial Times (February 16, 2014). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 # 36 Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . Forbes . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ McDonald's South Africa chain bought by Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . BBC News (March 17, 2011). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa now runs McDonalds's SA . July (July 1, 2011). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa Neop . Bloomberg . The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Andrew England. Cyril Ramaphosa to merge $ 1bn investment vehicle . Financial Times (May 27, 2014). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Africa South Africa's Ramaphosa to exit stake in Shanduka Neopr . Reuters (May 26, 2014). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . Forbes . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa. The Richest South Africans 2015 . Forbes . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Justice Malala. The Marikana The Guardian (August 17, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- 2 1 2 South Africa's Lonmin Marikana mine clashes killed 34 . BBC News (August 17, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Peroshni Govender, Ed Stoddard. Lonmin workers trickle back to mine after 44 killed . Reuters (August 20, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ John Mkhize. South African police 'open fire on striking miners' . The Independent (August 16, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ David Smith. South African police shoot dead striking miners . The Guardian (August 17, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ . Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire . The New York Times (August 16, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Jon Herskovitz. Mine "bloodbath" shocks post-apartheid South Africa . Reuters (August 17, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Aislinn Laing. Striking South African miners "were shot in the back" . The Telegraph (August 27, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Moni Basu, Faith Karimi, Nkepile Mabuse. South Africa shocked by police shootings at mine . CNN (August 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 David Smith. Lonmin emails paint ANC elder as a born-again robber baron . The Guardian (October 24, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Pascal Fletcher, Jon Herskovitz. South Africa labor hero urged crackdown on "criminal" strike . Reuters (October 24, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Graeme Hosken. Marikana inquiry shown Ramaphosa emails Unsolved . (October 24, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Poloko Tau. Cyril's e-mail shock . (October 24, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Statement by Shanduka Group, on contributing R2 million towards the burial of Marikana victims Unsolved . (August 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa's firm donates to Lonmin burials Neopr . August (August 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Buffalo soldier Cyril loses out . (April 14, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Isaac Mahlangu. Moguls lock horns in record sale . April (April 15, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Ramaphosa accepts blame on Marikana disaster Unresolved . (September 20, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa apologises for buffalo bid . September (September 20, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Ranjeni Munusamy. Cyril Ramaphosa: Betrayal doesn’t get more painful than this . The Guardian (October 25, 2012). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- By by by into into into into into into into into into into into не не President of South Africa (June 25, 2015). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ David Smith. South African deputy president cleared over Marikana massacre . The Guardian (June 25, 2015). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Thomas Hartleb. Ramaphosa, Mthethwa cleared in Marikana report . (June 25, 2015). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa apologises for a role in the Marikana massacre . (May 7, 2017). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Mercedes Besent. Marikana tragedy is the darkest moment in SA: Democracy: Ramaphosa Unop . (February 20, 2018). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Jan Gerber. Ramaphosa 'determined to atone' for Marikana massacre . (February 20, 2018). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Siphiwe Mchunu. 'I'm determined to be a painter ” . (February 20, 2018). The appeal date is February 21, 2018.
- ↑ Peter Alexander. Cyril Ramaphosa's Marikana massacre “apology” is disingenuous and dishonest Neopr . (May 11, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jason Burke. 'It's a new day' - cautious optimism greets Ramaphosa era in South Africa . The Guardian (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Ti Report on the First Inspection of IRA Weapons Dumps, by President Martti Ahtisaari and Mr Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . CAIN (June 26, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Ti Report on the Second Inspection of IRA Weapons Dumps, by President Martti Ahtisaari and Mr Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . CAIN (October 26, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- On Report on the Third Inspection of IRA Weapons Dumps, by President Martti Ahtisaari and Mr Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . CAIN (May 30, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ IRA arms inspectors' report . BBC News (June 26, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ David McKittrick. IRA will allow you to keep your arms dumps again . The Independent (October 25, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Gerry Moriarty. Arms inspectors say IRA is serious about peace process . The Irish Times (November 3, 2000). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ David Sharrock. IRA arms check 'just a gimmick' . The Telegraph (May 31, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ IRA disarms 'to save peace process' . The Telegraph (October 23, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Arms inspectors resign Undefeated . The Irish Times (October 25, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Mer Former Spanish PM, ANC leader to join the Robinson on Middle East mission . UN (April 8, 2002). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ UN human rights mission contacts Israel seeking cooperation for visit . UN (April 9, 2002). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Robinson says Middle East still reviewed by Israel . UN (April 15, 2002). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Robinson stresses need to be visited by UN rights mission . UN (April 17, 2002). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Rob Human rights mission to the Middle East will not take place, Robinson says . UN (April 19, 2002). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Alks Talks to end Kenya crisis resume amid continuing unrest . UN (February 4, 2008). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ S.Africa slams Kenya over mediator rejection . Reuters (February 5, 2008). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Kenya peace mediator withdraws . CNN (February 5, 2008). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Ama Ramaphosa role in talks rejected . The Independent (February 5, 2008). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Tim Butcher. ANC trio 'plotted to murder Mbeki' . The Telegraph (April 26, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Chris McGreal. ANC veterans accused of harm to Mbeki . The Guardian (April 26, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Police Probe Plot Against South African President . The New York Times (April 24, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Sexwale, Phosa angry over Mbeki conspiracy claims . (April 25, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- Nelson Mandela . BBC (April 29, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa able to lead South Africa, says Mandela . (April 29, 2001). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Mandela mum on Ramaphosa Neopr . (July 24, 2006). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Mariette Le Roux. Mandela neutral on Ramaphosa reports . (July 24, 2006). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ 'I'm not interested' . (July 26, 2006). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Moshoeshoe Monare. Ramaphosa 'not interested' in ANC top job . (July 26, 2006). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa joins ANC leadership race . (September 2, 2007). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Ranjeni Munusamy. Motlanthe's loss is a loss for the country . December (December 21, 2012). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Joe Brock. Ramaphosa to succeed Zuma . Reuters (November 24, 2016). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Hanekom talks up Ramaphosa Neopr . (May 19, 2012). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Hanekom: Ramaphosa for president . (May 20, 2012). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Mmanaledi Mataboge. Mangaung: Ramaphosa throws hat into the ring . (December 16, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Ril Cyril deputy . (December 16, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Labor leader turned tycoon Ramaphosa eyes political comeback . (December 17, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa new ANC deputy president . (December 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Deshnee Subramany. Mangaung: The ANC's newly elected top six . (December 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Africa South Africa's ANC picks Cyril Ramaphosa as leader . BBC News (December 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Deputy Presidents of the ANC . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Peroshni Govender. South Africa's ANC re-elects Zuma, picks Ramaphosa as deputy . Reuters (December 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ludger Schadomsky. Zuma triumphs, Ramaphosa returns . Deutsche Welle (December 18, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jon Herskovitz, Peroshni Govender. South Africa's soothing Ramaphosa leads ANC charm offensive Unopened . Reuters (December 21, 2012). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Seat Assignment Report . (May 15, 2014). The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa, Matamela Cyril . ANC Parliamentary Caucus . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Lebogang Seale. Ramaphosa to be named Zuma's deputy . (May 25, 2014). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Zuma shakes things up with new Cabinet . (May 25, 2014). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ The appointment of the Cabinet . African National Congress (May 25, 2014). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa Neopr . People's Assembly. The appeal date is May 8, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa elected ANC president . (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Caroline Mortimer. South Africa ANC election: Cyril Ramaphosa replaces Jacob Zuma The Independent (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jason Burke. Cyril Ramaphosa chosen to lead South Africa's ruling ANC party . The Guardian (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ President Zuma congratulates President Ramaphosa as new ANC President . African National Congress (December 20, 2017). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ Presidents of the ANC . African National Congress . The appeal date is February 18, 2018.
- ↑ Qaanitah Hunter. Cyril Ramaphosa wins ANC presidential race . December 18, 2017]. The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Alet Janse van Rensburg. Here is the ANC's new top 6 . (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa pledges corruption crackdown in first speech as ANC leader . The Guardian (December 21, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa vows to fight South Africa corruption . BBC News (December 21, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Krista Mahr. Cyril Ramaphosa elected as new leader of South Africa's ANC . The Telegraph (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Zuma congratulates Ramaphosa, ANC NEC . (December 21, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Alexander Winning, James Macharia. South Africa's Ramaphosa wins election as ANC president . Reuters (December 18, 2017). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Roger Southall. The ANC has a new leader . December 18, 2017]. The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ ANC NWC summoned to Luthuli House . (February 4, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ngwako Modjadji. Zuma's night of long knives . (February 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Carien du Plessis. Jacob Zuma's exit on the table at Mahlamba Ndlopfu: A matter of when, not if . (February 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ ANC NEC to hold a special meeting on Wednesday before SONA . (February 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Joseph Cotterill. ANC holds urgent meeting to discuss Zuma's fate . Financial Times (February 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ANC holds urgent meeting . Deutsche Welle (February 5, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ State of the Nation Address postponed . (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Mbete's statement on the state of the nation postponement . February (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ David McKenzie, Hilary Clarke. Zuma . CNN (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Special ANC NEC meeting postponed . African National Congress (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Uma Zuma's fate will only be announced in "coming days" . (February 7, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Ril Comrade Jacob Zuma on Transition Comrade . African National Congress (February 7, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Joseph Cotterill. ANC delays crisis meeting after fruitful talks with Zuma . Financial Times (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Marianne Merten. Analysis: Jacob Zuma's exit, a political hyper-drama . (February 7, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Zuma meeting with Cabinet ministers is routine, says Presidency . February (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Out Routine Cabinet Committee meetings taking place . President of South Africa (February 6, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Zuma "pleaded" for more time, no deadline set for his removal . (February 13, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Amil Umraw. Finally! ANC Announces Zuma's Recall . The Huffington Post (February 13, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Neo Goba. ANC will recall Zuma, sources say after NEC meeting . February (February 13, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Official It's official, ANC recalls President Jacob Zuma . (February 13, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Statement of the National Executive Committee held on the 12th February 2018 . African National Congress (February 13, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ . Jacob Zuma Resigns as South Africa's President . The New York Times (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ed Cropley, James Macharia. Zuma quits as President of South Africa . Reuters (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jacob Zuma has resigned . February (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- G G uma не не не не не ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ President of South Africa (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 16, 2018.
- Ra Comrade Jacob Zuma Statement of the Republic of South Africa . African National Congress (February 14, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Amanda Khoza. ANC welcomes Zuma's resignation Undefeated . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa now acting president after Zuma's resignation Neopr . February (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jan Gerber. Ramaphosa is now acting president . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Paul Herman. Parliament elects Cyril Ramaphosa as president . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Ril Cyril Ramaphosa elected president of South Africa . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected president of South Africa . February (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa sworn in as president . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Qaanitah Hunter. The oath is sealed: Ramaphosa is officially President . February (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Marianne Merten. Cyril Ramaphosa is the new president of South Africa . (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- Cde Cyril Ramaphosa Undeclared . African National Congress (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ DA congratulates Cyril Ramaphosa on his election (President of the Republic . Democratic Alliance (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ President Akufo-Addo Congratulates New South African President, His Excellency Cyril Ramaphosa Unidentified . President of Ghana (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ President congratulates Ramaphosa Neopr . President of Zimbabwe (February 19, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- RilMyril Ramaphosa Unsolved . Government of the United Kingdom (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Congratulations to Cyril Ramaphos on the occasion of his election as President of the Republic of South Africa . President of Russia (February 16, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Xi congratulates Ramaphosa on election, calls for closer China-S. Africa ties . Xinhua (February 16, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ CTA President Congulates of Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africa’s New President . Central Tibetan Administration (February 17, 2018). The appeal date is February 22, 2018.
- ↑ President Ramaphosa announces changes to the National Executive . President of South Africa (February 26, 2018). The appeal date is April 9, 2018.
- ↑ South Africa: Ramaphosa stamps mark with cabinet reshuffle . BBC News (February 26, 2018). The appeal date is April 9, 2018.
- ↑ Qaanitah Hunter. Ramaphosa swings the ax, cuts 13 from Zuma's Cabinet . February 26, 2018]. The appeal date is April 9, 2018.
- ↑ Malema's allegations 'complete rubbish' - Ramaphosa's son . (August 15, 2017). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa's ex-wife shuts down abuse allegations Neopr . (August 16, 2017). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Yasmeen Osman. Cyril Ramaphosa: the 'charismatic and capable' behind the politics . (December 11, 2017). The appeal date is February 17, 2018.
- ↑ 1 2 Akyeampong, Gates, 2012 , p. 166.
- ↑ Sipho Hlongwane. South Africa's only black billionaire donates half of his fortune to charity . The Guardian (January 31, 2013). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Ramaphosa: Trade unionist, tycoon, South Africa's next leader . Voice of America (February 15, 2018). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- Ril Cyril Ramaphosa: South African deputy president admits affair . BBC News (September 3, 2017). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Moipone Malefane, Kyle Cowan. Ramaphosa needs quick fix to dirty tricks . September 4, 2017]. The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Lynsey Chutel. In South Africa, there isn’t a lot of men who love political sex scandals . (September 7, 2017). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ 'Ramaphosa has no place on the Aids council' . (November 1, 2017). The appeal date is February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Award of the Order of the Baobab // . - March 24, 2009. - No. 32055. - p. 3. - 6 p.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa. The Order of the Baobab in Silver . President of South Africa . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Cyril Ramaphosa. Olof Palme Prize - 1987 . Olof Palmes Minnesfond (September 16, 1987). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ South African union leader wins Palme Prize . United Press International (October 24, 1987). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ The UMass Boston Friday Report . (May 7, 1993). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Looking Back 20 Years: UMass Boston Honors South African Peacemakers . (December 11, 2013). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Honorary Doctorates . . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Honorary Graduates . University of KwaZulu-Natal . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ All honorary graduates . Cape Town University . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Honorary Degreee Recipients Undefeated . National University of Lesotho . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Univen Cyril Ramaphosa honors Unc . Zoutnet (March 29, 2002). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Great South African list-topper no surprise . (September 24, 2004). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Honorary Degrees Awarded . Irish National University . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Richard C. Holbrooke. Cyril Ramaphosa. The 2007 TIME 100 . Time (May 3, 2007). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- ↑ Chronological Listing of Honorary Degrees . University of Pennsylvania . The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- President Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa to be conferred with the law of the University of Venda . President of South Africa (September 22, 2016). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
- Z President Zuma congratulates Deputy President Ramaphosa on honorary degree . President of South Africa (September 23, 2016). The appeal date is February 15, 2018.
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Links
- Cyril Ramaphos . President of South Africa . (eng.)
- Cyril Ramaphos . African National Congress . (eng.)