Gazi-Muhammad ( Gazi-Muhammad [1] , Gazi-Mohammed [2] , Kazi-Muhammed [3] , Kazi-Magom [4] , Kazi-Magom [5] ; 1833 , Gimry , Dagestan - 1902 , Medina , Ottoman empire ) - the son of the imam of Dagestan and Chechnya, Shamil , until 1859 the Karatinsky naib [6] , died in the rank of Mushira (Marshal) of the Turkish army [7] .
| Ghazi Muhammad | |
|---|---|
 Gazi Magomed, 1861 photographer S. Levitsky | |
| Date of Birth | 1833 |
| Place of Birth | Gimry , North Caucasian Imamat |
| Date of death | 1902 |
| Place of death | Medina , Ottoman Empire |
| Affiliation |  North Caucasian Imamat Russian empire Ottoman Empire |
| Type of army | cavalry |
| Years of service | until 1859  1866-1870 1871-1878 |
| Rank | naib marshal |
| Battles / wars | Caucasian war
Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878)
|
Content
Biography
Ghazi Muhammad was the second son of Imam Shamil from his first wife Fatimat. Born in 1833 in the Dagestan mountain village of Gimry . His name was given in honor of the first imam of Dagestan, Gazi-Muhammad . At a young age (7-8 years), during Shamil’s serious illness, in case of his death, Gazi-Muhammad was proclaimed his heir, and Naib Albaz-Debir was appointed regent of the latter. In January 1848, at the congress in Vedeno, Gazi-Muhammad was secondarily approved as the heir to the imam of Dagestan and Chechnya, and in 1850 he was appointed naib of Karat [2] . During the Caucasian War, Ghazi-Muhammad led mountain units against the Russian army in the Caucasus [8] .
During the Crimean War (1853-1856) , together with his father-in-law Daniil-bek , he distinguished himself by his raid on Kakheti (Georgia) in July 1854 . Despite the enormous losses among the highlanders, incurred by them in clashes with the Russian units and Georgian police units, the raid for the highlanders was generally successful. Murids captured large booty and many hostages, including the family of Prince D. A. Chavchavadze (wife and four children) [9] . The last one, on March 10 (22), 1855, was exchanged for the first son of Shamil Dzhamaluddin , who had given him during the assault of Akhulgo to Lieutenant General Grabbe as an amanat (hostage) as a guarantee of his allegiance to Russia, and who was already in Russian service at that time the rank of lieutenant [10] . Meanwhile, Gazi-Muhammad was very interested in the Ottoman government, which closely monitored the course of the war in the Caucasus. In May 1855, Sultan Abdul-Majid I sent Gazi-Muhammad the green banner of the prophet and the order with a diamond star, and granted the rank of pasha .
On August 25 ( September 6 ), 1859, after the capture of Gunib by Russian troops , the defenders of Shamil and their son Gazi-Muhammad surrendered. After that, they were sent to Moscow , then to St. Petersburg , and on October 10 (22) of the same year arrived at the place of their permanent exile to Kaluga . There, on August 26 (September 7), 1866, he, along with his father and his younger brother Muhammad-Shapi, accepted Russian citizenship and swore allegiance to the Tsar and the Fatherland.
In 1869, Alexander II allowed Shamil to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca , and after the latter was seriously ill there, in 1871 the king allowed him to go there to his father and Gazi Muhammad. On February 4 (16) of the same year, Shamil died in Medina . Having buried his father, Ghazi-Muhammad left his family in Taif , and on July 17 (29) he returned to Kiev . On August 7 (19), he turned to Minister of War D.A. Milyutin with a request to give him, as the eldest in the family, Shamil's lump-sum pension, which he intends to use to support the family of the deceased. For the same purpose, Ghazi-Muhammad asked to allow him a temporary departure to Turkey, where Shamil's family was at that time. Alexander II ordered to pay him a pension for him and for the family of the deceased in the amount of 15 thousand rubles, and gave him additional leave for a trip to Turkey. On December 4 (16), Gazi-Muhammad sailed on a boat from Odessa to Istanbul , where, contrary to the promise of returning to Russia, he entered the Turkish army [5] .
During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Ghazi-Muhammad, with the rank of Lieutenant General of His Majesty Sultan Sweet, commanded the 3rd Cavalry Brigade, formed from the highlanders of the North Caucasus who immigrated to the Ottoman Empire after the Caucasian War. As part of the Alashkert detachment of Mushir, Ismail Pasha acted against the Erivan detachment of Lieutenant General Tergukasov [11] . He took part in the siege of the Russian garrison in Bayazet , in vain sending him letters with a proposal for surrender [12] .
On April 17 (29), 1877, an uprising broke out in Chechnya and Dagestan. He was led by Alibek-Haji Aldamov , who had earlier met from Hajj to Mecca in Istanbul with Ghazi-Muhammad where he discussed with him a plan of action to raise an uprising in the North Caucasus. Proclamations printed in golden letters were delivered there on behalf of the latter. Also, the Ottoman government promised the mountaineers military assistance, mainly immigrants from the Caucasus, led by the "heir to the imam" Ghazi-Muhammad. However, the Turkish army began to suffer defeats from the Russian army, and the rebellion of the highlanders was crushed [13] .
After the war, as a result of palace intrigues, the sultan removed Gazi-Muhammad from service and sent him to an honorary exile in Medina, conferring him, however, the title of Mushira. There, in 1902, Ghazi-Muhammad died [7] .
Family
He was twice married.
- Wives:
- Karimat (Kerimat [2] ) (since 1851) is the daughter of the Ilisu Sultan , major general of the Russian service, and then Naib Imam Shamil, Daniyal-bek . According to M. N. Chichagova’s recall, Karimat had an attractive appearance, for which she received the nickname “Rose of the Caucasus” [6] , but did not reciprocate in love with Gazi-Muhammad [5] . Died in May 1862 in Kaluga from consumption . She was buried at home in the city of Nuha [14] .
- Habibat .
- Children (from the 2nd marriage):
- daughter Nafisat (1864, Kaluga - 1873, Istanbul).
- daughter of Emire Nafisat (1873, Istanbul -?).
Notes
- ↑ Acts collected by the Caucasus Archaeographic Commission . - Tf. : Type. Chap. management Viceroy of the Caucasus, 1866-1904. - T. 10-11.
- ↑ 1 2 3 RunovskyA. Notes on Shamil / Censor K. Obert. - SPb. : Type. Karl Wolfe, 1860 .-- 204 p. Archived May 22, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Czoch Haji Ali. An eyewitness account of Shamil // Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders . - Tf. : Type. GUNK , 1873. - Issue. 7 . Archived on May 22, 2014.
- ↑ Zakharyin (Yakunin) I.N. General Shamil - and his stories about his father // Meetings and Memoirs. From the literary and military world. - Ed. M.V. Pirozhova. - SPb. : Type. M. Stasyulevich, 1903. - S. 231-266. - ISBN 978-5-4241-5916-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Chichagova M.N. Shamil in the Caucasus and in Russia (Biographical sketch) . - SPb. : Tipolithography by S. Muller and I. Bogelman, 1889. - 97 p. - ISBN 978-5-9502-0384-8 . Archived January 2, 2014. Archived January 2, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ 1 2 Kaziev Sh. M. Imam Shamil . - M .: Young Guard , 2001 .-- 416 p. - ( ZHZL ). - ISBN 5-235-02677-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 Anisimov E.V. End of the Caucasian War // Imperial Russia / Ed. E. Tsvetkova. - SPb. : Peter , 2008 .-- 640 p. - ISBN 978-5-4237-0168-0 . Archived May 22, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ Chronicle of Muhammad Tahir al-Karakhi about the Dagestan wars during the period of Shamil / Otv. ed. I. Yu. Krachkovsky (translation from Arabic. A.M.Barabanova). - M. , L .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( Institute of Oriental Studies ), 1941 .-- 336 p.
- ↑ AKAK . - 1885. - T. 10 . - S. 560-568, No. 511-524.
- ↑ Czoch Haji Ali. An eyewitness account of Shamil. - 1873. - Issue. 7 . - S. 45-49 .
- ↑ Tomkeev V.I. Materials for the description of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. at the Caucasus-Asia Minor Theater: in 7 volumes / Ed. I.S. Chernyavsky . - Tf. : Electric furnace. headquarters of the Caucasus. military man. okr., 1908. - T. 4. - 410, 254 p.
- ↑ Zisserman A. L. To the notes of G. I. Philipson // Russian Archive . - M. , 1884. - No. 3 . - S. 219-220 .
- ↑ Kovalevsky P. I. The uprising of Chechnya and Dagestan in 1877-1878. Zelim Khan (Zikrism) . - SPb. : Type. M.I. Akinfieva, 1912 .-- 92 p. - ISBN 978-5-458-15341-6 .
- ↑ Notes by Colonel P.G. Przetslavsky (diary 1862–1865) // Ch. ed. M. I. Semevsky . Russian antiquity . - SPb. , 1877. - T. 18 , No. 10 . - S. 267 .
Links
- mr. Abdulmajidov. Gazi-Magomed . Karata.rf (February 5, 2011).
- Krechetnikov A. Paradise in the shadow of a saber . BBC Russian (October 12, 2005).