Orenburg Bashkirs

At the place of compact settlement, the Orenburg Bashkirs are conditionally divided into the Bashkirs of the Western and Eastern Orenburg regions . The Bashkirs of the East Orenburg region mainly formed from southeastern tribes - Usergan and Kypsak , and the West Orenburg region - Burzyans , Yelan , Kypsak , mines , Syrian , Tabyn , Tamyan , Usergan , Yurmatians and others.

According to the anthropological type, most of the Orenburg Bashkirs belong to the Pontic, and part to the South Siberian.

The spoken language of the Orenburg Bashkirs refers to the southern dialect of the Bashkir language . It is divided into several dialects:

• Demian dialect ( southwestern plot ), common in Western Orenburg region;
• Ik-Sakmar dialect , whose Suranian and Suran-Irgiz accusations are common in the Western Orenburg region, and the Lower Sakmar dialect is in the Western Orenburg region.

In addition, in a number of settlements in the western part of the Orenburg region, the north-western dialect of the Bashkir language is widespread ^[1] .

By religion, the Orenburg Bashkirs are Muslim Sunnis .

The earliest mention of the Bashkirs who inhabited the territory of the present Orenburg region is the information of the Arab traveler Ibn Fadlan , dated to the X century of our era.

At the beginning of the II millennium, the territory of the Orenburg Bashkirs resettlement reached the upper reaches of the Emba , Or and Ilek rivers.

From the 13th century, their lands were ruled by the Golden Horde , and from the 15th century by the Nogai Horde . After the annexation of Bashkortostan to Russia , the main part of the Orenburg Bashkirs, letters of honor were given, according to which the borders of patrimonial lands were determined.

Since the 17th century, the territory of resettlement of the Orenburg Bashkirs in the East Orenburg region has been located along the lower reaches of the Sakmara River with tributaries ( Bolshoi Ik , Kuragan , Chebakla and others) and the middle reaches of the Ural River (Yaik) , and in the Western Orenburg region - along the upper and middle reaches of the Samara River with tributaries ( Big Uranus , Small Uranus , Tok and others).

In the XVII — XIX centuries. new cities and fortresses (the Orsk fortress , the Buzuluk fortress and others) located along the Orenburg border line were laid on the estates of the Orenburg Bashkirs. The following settlements were founded by the Bashkirs of the Kipchak volost: Abubakirovo, Ibragimovo; The Usergan volost - Gumerovo, Izhberdino , Ishkinino, Karabaevo, Kultaevo, Narbulatovo, Nizhneutyagulovo, Psyanchino, Sultanbaevo, Uzembaevo , Yunusovo, Yantyurino; Yurmatinsky volost - Buranchino, Karayar; Burzyansky volost - Baikievo, Gabdrafikovo , also together with the Bashkirs of the Tabyn and Kipchak volosts - Kurpyachevo, etc.

In 1744, their lands became part of the Orenburg province , and later - Buguruslan , Buzuluk , Orenburg and Orsky counties.

With the introduction of the canton control system, the Bashkirs of these counties made up the IX Bashkir canton.

In 1917, the First (July 20–27) and Third (December 8–20) All-Bashkir Kurultai (congresses) took place in Orenburg. On November 15, 1917, the Bashkir Regional Shuro issued a pharman (decree) on the proclamation of the territorial autonomy of Bashkurdistan . In 1917-1918 the building of the Caravanserai in Orenburg was the seat of the Government of Bashkurdistan and the headquarters of the Bashkir army .

According to the Decree of the III All-Bashkir Constituent Congress on “Temporary, until the basic laws are applied to life measures for the implementation of autonomous governance of Bashkurdistan” , the territory of autonomy was divided into nine cantons, including the Kipchak , Tok-Churan and Usergan cantons , which included lands Orenburg Bashkirs. After administrative transformations, part of the territory of resettlement of the Orenburg Bashkirs became part of the Belebeyevsky and Zilairsky cantons of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic . In October 1924, the Tok-Churan and Imangulov volosts of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were transferred to the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , and in March 1935, the southern part of the Zianchurinsky District - the Orenburg Region.

Since 1925, all the lands of the Orenburg Bashkirs were again part of the Orenburg province, and since 1934 - the Orenburg region.

The main economic activity of the Orenburg Bashkirs was semi-nomadic cattle breeding, combined with agriculture, hunting and fishing.

Mostly horses were bred, fewer - sheep, cows, goats and camels. They cultivated wheat, barley, oats and rye, as well as hemp and flax for weaving. For cultivation of the land used wooden plow, wooden (metal) harrow and sickle. They threshed with manual millstones, in water mills (less often - windmills) or on current with the help of bulls (less often - horses), chasing them around in circles on sheaves laid out on the site. They were engaged in hunting for roe deer and foxes, fishing with the help of a net, fishing rods and a snout (from Bashk. Murҙa).

In addition, they were engaged in various crafts - mining of Iletsk salt, iron and copper ore and others, home crafts - nightmare , cloth , weaving , leatherwork , knitting , weaving and others.

Dwellings were mainly built from adobe , and in the forest-steppe part - from a log house . There were also twin houses under one roof, connected by a canopy. The traditional home interior consisted of a chuval or stove, bunks with pillows, nightmares, etc.

Clothing of the Bashkirs of the East Orenburg region was part of the southeastern complex of the Bashkir national costume , and the West Orenburg region was part of the Samara-Irgiz complex, which included elements of the south-east and south-west complexes. Outerwear were Yelyan, Cossack, Chekmen, Tun, sheepskin coat, Beshmet. The headdresses of men were Burek, Malachai , and women - Kashmau, Takiya, Tastar, downy shawl , shawl . They wore leather shoes (kata, strainer), sometimes in combination with cloth. The traditional jewelry was breast jewelry (seltier, hakal, tushelderek and others), sulps, bracelets, rings and others.

In the traditional cuisine of the Orenburg Bashkirs there were meat and dairy dishes, cereals, fish, edible plant roots, berries and others were also used. Of the drinks, Ayran , Buza , Koumiss and others were common.

Traditional folk festivals and ceremonies were mainly held in the spring and summer, including Kargatui , Kyakuk Syaye , Maidan , Sabantuy and others. Holidays in the family circle were associated with the birth of a child, a wedding and other events.

The folklore of the Orenburg Bashkirs is represented by the versions of the epics “ Alpamysha menen Barsynkhylu ”, “Buzyeget”, “ Zayatulyak and Khuuhylu ”, “ Kuzyykurpas menen Mayanhylu ”, “ Kara-yurga ”, “ Tahir menuheu menuheuu zhenumenu-zhenu ” " and others. Their local legends and traditions tell about the emergence of Bashkir clans and tribes, settlements and their names, the main events of history, etc. Musical folklore belongs to various genres of folk music , some of which were associated with the military service of the Bashkirs (“Route”, “Perovsky”, “Syrdarya”), with the construction of the Caravanserai and other events in the history of the people.

Numerous geographical names with Bashkir etymology are evidence of the great contribution of the Bashkirs to the formation of the toponymy of the Orenburg region. Examples: Aigyrbatkan hollow, Kui-Kurlugan, Aigyr-Syskan rivers, Aigyr-Beylegen mountain, drying up Kukbeye creek. ^[2]

According to the 2002 census, the Bashkirs of the Orenburg region live in the cities of Orenburg (5.5 thousand people), Orsk (4.3 thousand people), Mednogorsk (3.5 thousand people), Kuvandyk (2.9 thousand people), Novotroitsk (2.6 thousand people), Guy (2 thousand people) and others, as well as in Krasnogvardeisky (6 thousand people), Kuvandyk (5.6 thousand people) , Novosergievsky (2.5 thousand people), Gaisky (2.5 thousand people), Tulgansky (2.4 thousand people), Aleksandrovsky (2.1 thousand people), Saraktashsky (1.8 thousand people), Perevolotsky (1.5 thousand people) and other areas.

In the Orenburg region there are 15 Bashkir national-cultural public associations, including:

• The World Bashkir Congress subdivision is the regional public organization “ Kurultay of the Bashkirs of the Orenburg Region“ Caravanserai “ ” and its regional and city units (headquarters - Orenburg, operating since 1989);
• Union of Bashkir youth of the Orenburg Bashkirs "New Wave" (Orenburg, since 2002);
• Bashkir center "Ak Tirma" (Kuvandyk, since 2007).

Also, 77 Bashkir creative groups work in the region, including 15 folklore. In 2007 in Orenburg in the cultural complex "National Village" was opened the House-Museum of Bashkir culture, life and ethnography.

Since 1992, the newspaper “Caravanserai” (“Karauhanharay”) in the Bashkir language has been published in the Orenburg region.

• Abdrazakov, Amir Gabdulmanovich (1934-2008) - Bashkir actor, screenwriter and film director. Honored Worker of Culture of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1974) and laureate of the State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev (2006). Chairman of the Union of Cinematographers of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
• Aznakaeva, Raila Sharafeevna (b. 1952) - singer, People's Artist of Bashkortostan (1992).
• Amantayev, Gabbas Yamaletdinovich (1888—?) - A leader of the Bashkir national movement, one of the leaders of the Burzyan-Tangaurovsky uprising .
• Akhmerov, Khasan Nurievich (1866—?) - a military leader, a participant in the Civil War in Russia and the Bashkir national movement.
• Bishev, Ahmed Almukhametovich (1896-1937) - statesman and public figure, participant and ideologist of the Bashkir national movement, one of the organizers of the Bashkir army , political secretary of the Bashkir regional committee of the RCP (b) , chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of BASSR (1920-1921).
• Bikbaev, Ravil Tukhvatovich (b.1938) - Bashkir poet, literary critic. People's poet of Bashkortostan, Honored Worker of Science of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Honored Worker of Culture of the Chuvash Republic.
• Burangulov, Mukhametsha Abdrakhmanovich (1888-1966) - Bashkir poet, playwright, folklorist.
• Valeev, Masalim Musharapovich (1888-1959) - Soviet Bashkir composer, conductor, violinist, musical and public figure. Honored Artist of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1940). The first chairman of the Union of Composers of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1948).
• Gabdulla Amantai (1907-1938) - Bashkir poet, literary critic, folklorist, public figure.
• Daut Yulti (1893-1938) - Bashkir writer and public figure.
• Ibragimov, Khabibulla Kalimullovich (1894-1959) - Soviet Bashkir composer, playwright, musical and public figure. Honored Artist of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1951).
• Idelguzhin, Karim Abdullovich (1895-1937) - one of the ideologists and participant in the Bashkir national movement, a public and statesman.
• Idrisov, Farit Fatikhovich (b. 1954) - composer, People's Artist of Bashkortostan, author of music for the national anthem.
• Kuvatov, Usman Mukhametgalimovich (1897-1956) - leader of the Bashkir national movement, member of the Bashkir Government and the Bashrevkom .
• Mryasov, Sagit Gubaidullovich (1880-1932) - figure of the Bashkir national movement, member of the Bashkir Government, public and statesman, local historian.
• Sagit Agish (1904-1973) - Bashkir writer.
• Uraksin, Zinnur Gazizovich (1935-2007) - linguist, writer, public figure.
• Yusupova, Beder Akhmetovna (1901-1969) - Bashkir Soviet actress, Honored and People’s Artist of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Honored Artist of the RSFSR ^[10] .
• Yagafarov, Allabirda Nurmukhametovich (1886-1922) - one of the leaders of the Bashkir national movement , member of the Bashkir Government , commissar of public education of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic .

• Resettlement of the Bashkirs
• Bashkirs of Tatarstan
• Perm Bashkirs

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