This article contains information on the differences between British and American English , which are defined in this article as follows:
- British English ( BrE ) is a form of English used in the UK . It also includes all regional English dialects in the UK.
- American English ( AmE ) is a form of English used in the United States of America . It also includes all the regional dialects of English in the United States.
The intermediate position between them is the Canadian version of the English language . Focusing, with rare exceptions, on British spelling standards, it is lexically and grammatically much closer to the American norm. Outside of school and humanitarian university education, American spelling is not considered erroneous in everyday life. This is due to the fact that, with the development of cinematography, television and radio, Canadians were quite quickly exposed to the intense influence of the American Uzus .
The written forms of British and American English, found in newspapers and textbooks, almost do not differ in essential indicators. Slight differences can only be sometimes noticed when comparing the language of the written media of Great Britain and the USA (for example, if we compare the American and British newspapers) [1] . Such a βcommonβ official form of written English is often called standard English [2] [3] .
Spoken varieties of British English vary markedly. They reflect the long history of the separate development of dialects in the British Isles . Differences between dialects, words and accents can be traced not only between parts of Great Britain - England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales , but also within them. Only two percent of the population speaks well-known British normative pronunciation ( Received Pronunciation [RP] ) . The pronunciation of RP is based on official dictionaries, as well as courses in teaching English as a foreign language. Received Pronunciation is also known as Royal English ( Queen's English ), Oxford English ( Oxford English ), and BBC English ( BBC English ). Most of the names are unfounded: not every graduate of Oxford University speaks with an RP accent, and BBC broadcasters are no longer required to use it only on air [4] .
There is also an unofficial standard for spoken American English. It was developed as a result of the influence of the media, as well as a historical increase in the geographical and social mobility of the US population. In a broad sense, this emphasis is typical for TV presenters , since the profession requires them to use generally accepted vocabulary and speech style. However, some provincial television workers tend to use local forms on air [5] . Despite the existence of an unofficial norm, regional varieties of American English not only did not disappear, but, on the contrary, only took root and developed, according to linguist William Labov .
Local dialects in the United States mainly reflect the characteristics of the mother tongues of most immigrants living in a particular area. The influence of foreign languages ββis especially noticeable at the level of pronunciation and vocabulary. Researchers identify at least four regional varieties of American English: northern , southern , midland, and western [6] . In the period after the Civil War in the United States, residents of eastern territories began to populate the west of the country, which led to a mixture of dialects and dialectal leveling. Thus, the greatest variety of forms of American English is preserved in the much earlier populated eastern United States. Separate dialects, for example, the dialect of New York and the dialect of the South Appalachians , form their distinct, distinctive colloquial forms of American English, characteristic only for these places.
British and American English are considered global written and spoken English, taught in non-English speaking countries. Most countries of the former British Empire , in which English is not the language of the majority of the population, follow the British linguistic tradition. Recently, in such countries, American words and expressions are gaining great popularity, which have long spread to the whole English-speaking world [7] [8] . American rules, in turn, are used by countries (natively non-English) that were in the past influenced by the United States. In many countries, regardless of the preferred norm, along with it, their own dialects of the English language arose, such as in India and the Philippines .
Among the most important variants of the English language, Canadian and Australian English stand out, which occupy the third and fourth places respectively in the number of speakers. Canadian English shares most of the phonology , vocabulary and syntax with the American version, despite the abundance of original Canadian words and preserved British standards. This fact allows some researchers to separate American and Canadian English into a separate group of dialects called "North American English dialects" [9] . In Australian English, there are also both American and British features along with their own Australianisms. In addition, English in Australia is more different than the options discussed in this article than Canadian English. South African English , New Zealand English and Irish English are even more different from them; in terms of the number of speakers for whom this language is native, these variants occupy the fifth, sixth and seventh places, respectively.
Historical background
British colonists brought English to America , the first of which arrived in Jamestown (Virginia) in 1607. English also spread to other territories colonized by the British Empire . By 1921, its population was about 470-570 million people, or a quarter of the world's population at that time.
Over the past 400 years, the forms of English used in America (especially in the USA ) and in the UK have changed a bit. This led to the emergence of new forms known as American English and British English. The differences between them affect pronunciation , grammar , vocabulary ( vocabulary ), some spelling standards, punctuation , phraseological units and the design of dates and numbers . Nevertheless, differences in these areas almost do not affect the mutual understanding of the American and British versions. For example, some words of one variant may have a different meaning or not be used at all in another. One of the first differences was described by the creator of the first American English dictionary, Noah Webster . It was he who drew attention to the fact that the Americans speak a little differently than the British, almost at the level of an independent dialect or regional accent.
Deviations between American and British English have given rise to jokes. For example, one of the characters of Bernard Shaw says that Great Britain and the USA are βtwo countries divided by a common languageβ. [10] In The Canterville Ghost, Oscar Wilde wrote that βnow with America everything is the same, except, of course, the languageβ (1888). In 1877, the English phonetic Henry Sweet mistakenly suggested that after a century native speakers of American, Australian and British English would not be able to understand each other. Due to the strengthening of international relations through radio and television, as well as as a result of globalization, the language has become less prone to dialect division. Ultimately, these processes led either to the complete disappearance of some forms (for example, the radio everywhere replaced the obsolete the wireless ), or to the consolidation of regional forms as generally accepted (for example, perfectly good English ).
American and British English differ slightly and are mutually intelligible. However, in some cases, differences can cause confusion and funny things. For example, in American English, the word rubber means a condom ( British condom ), and not an eraser ( British eraser ), [11] in the same way the British fanny refers to the female genitals, when in America this word would call buttocks - Amer. English ass or brit. English arse .
Grammar
Nouns
Reconciliation
In English, there are special singularia tantum nouns that mean a group of persons, but can be used both in the singular and in the plural ( collective nouns ) - for example, team, people, army. In British English, these nouns take both forms - the plural ( notional agreement ) and the singular ( formal agreement ). The choice is made depending on whether the whole group is meant as a whole or as a set of its individual members. For comparison: a committee was appointed and the committee were unable to agree (committee members could not agree). [12] [13] The term Government in the British civil service is always plurally consistent with the legal principle of cabinet collective responsibility . [14] Lines from Elvis Costello βs song β Oliver's Army β: Oliver's Army is here to stay / Oliver's Army are on their way can also serve as an example . Some of these words, for example, staff, [15] in the vast majority of cases are consistent with verbs only in the plural.
In American English, these words are almost always used in the singular: the committee was unable to agree . However, if the speaker wants to emphasize that the members of the described group act separately, he can add a personal plural pronoun to the sentence. Example: the team takes their seats instead of the team takes its seats. In fact, however, it is much more likely that the same phrase will be conveyed as the team members take their seats ( team members take their places). [16] The names of sports teams are usually consistent in the plural, even if the name is grammatically in the singular. There are exceptions: The New York Times uses both options. [17]
The difference is manifested in all words denoting sets ( collective nouns ) - both in common nouns ( team, company ), and in their own (for example, in the names of sports clubs and teams). For comparison:
BrE: SuperHeavy is a band that shouldn't work or First Aid Kit are a band full of contradictions ; AmE: The Clash is a well-known band . [18] [19] In the first case, the group is addressed in the plural, in the second - in the singular.
BrE: Spain are the champions ; AmE: Spain is the champion .
Proper nouns grammatically in the plural are consistent with verbs in the plural in both variants: The Beatles are a well-known band ; The Seahawks are the champions. The only exception: United States is (singular) has historically been established in American English. This norm was strengthened in the aftermath of the American Civil War , when the degree of federal government control over the regions increased significantly. For the same reasons, the word " indivisable " was added to the characterization of the American nation in the oath of allegiance to the US flag . Before the Civil War, the expression the United States are more common. [20]
Verbs
Verb Morphology
- The past tense and past participle form of the verbs learn , spoil , spell , burn , dream , smell , spill , leap and others can be either correct ( learned , spoiled ) or incorrect ( learnt , spoilt ). In British English, both forms are used equally. However, in some words (such as smelt and leapt ), the irregular form is more common, especially among carriers of Received Pronunciation . Other words, in contrast, are more often heard with the correct ending. [21] In American dialects, irregular forms are rare and almost never used, but again, there are exceptions ( burnt , leapt and dreamt ). [22]
Endings with the letter t are often found in old American texts. If the verb is used in the meaning of the adjective (as in burnt toast ), the ending can be arbitrary. The two- syllable word learnΓ¨d / ΛlΙrnΙͺd / (usually written without an accent ) in the meaning of βlearnedβ or in relation to educational institutions is in the correct form in both versions of English. Another exception is the words dwell and kneel. Their past participle forms are dwelt and knelt also in both versions. In American, however, the dwelled and kneeled forms are also permissible. - In the UK, lit is used as the past form of the verb to light , not lighted. American English attaches lit to βlit / ignited,β and lighted to βlit,β as in βThe stagehand lighted the set and then lit a cigarette.β (Worker lit the stage and lit a cigarette). [23] The situation is the opposite with the word fitted : in British English, fitted is preferable, while in American there are semantic difficulties. Fitted is used by Americans to denote bringing an item to a suitable state (synonymous with suited ), as well as the meaning of adapting a more important item to a less important one (design of the β fitted X around Yβ type). Fit is used to adapt a less significant item to a more significant one (design of the form β fit [-past] X into Yβ). In case none of the objects changes, fit (β The clothes [past-] fit .β; βThe clothes [past-] fit me well.β) Is also used in American English. [24]
- In British English, as the past form of the spit verb, in the meaning "spit" is used only spat, in American English - spit or spat. [25] Spat is used in metaphors (βHe spat out the name with a sneerβ) or if something other than saliva is spit out (βHe spat out the foul-tasting fishβ). In all other cases, Americans prefer spit .
- The past participle form of the verb saw in British English sounds like sawn, in American it sounds like sawed. For comparison - sawn-off / sawed-off shotgun ( sawn-off shotgun ). [26]
- The gotten form as a past participle from get is almost never used in modern British English; the exception is only some dialects of northeast and western England. Instead, got is used everywhere, except for some deprecated expressions like ill-gotten gains. According to the compact edition of the Oxford English Dictionary , "The gotten form is not used in British English, but is quite common in North American English." Webster's dictionary even designates gotten as the norm. Usually in American English, gotten is used to emphasize the acquisition of an item, and got is used to indicate ownership of an item. For example, Have you gotten it? (Did you get it?) And Have you got it? (Do you have it?). Also, in colloquial American English, the gotten form is common in phrasal verbs with get, such as get off , get on , get into , get up , and get around. For example, If you hadn't gotten up so late, you might not have gotten into this mess. In American English, it is also forgotten as a form of the past participle from forget, as opposed to the standard and accepted in the UK forgotten.
- In British English, the past participle proved is used instead of proven; in American English, both options are used almost equally. [27] In both the British and American versions, proven is used in the meaning of the adjective and in stable expressions such as not proven (Scottish court verdict). [28]
- American English develops the theme of irregularity of verbs, because of which incorrect colloquial forms like dove [29] [30] (from dive ) and snuck [31] [32] (from sneak ) appear . Sometimes in American English there is even a confusion of the forms of preterite and the past participle ( spring-sprang or spring-sprung [33] [34] ), and as a result verbs like shrink change incorrectly. So, the verb shrink by the rules changes like shrink-shrank-shrunk , when, as in American English, shrink-shrunk-shrunken can occur . [35] [36] Such forms are considered not conforming to standards. In one of the American style guides - AP Stylebook - unusual past forms of some verbs are considered colloquial and vernacular, and their correct equivalents are recommended for use (this applies to dive, plead, sneak and others). The dove and snuck forms in the UK will be deemed incorrect, although dove is present in some British dialects, and snuck can sometimes be heard in British speeches.
- During the further development of the structure of verb forms, some verbs with irregular preterite in American English acquired their own non-standard past participle forms. For example, the verb buy : the past form is bought , the newly formed past participle is boughten . Such changes, however, are unsystematic, and manifest themselves in different ways from person to person, most often without going beyond the limits of an idiolect . This phenomenon is mainly found in the northern United States and in other areas inhabited by descendants of German-speaking immigrants. It is worth noting that even in areas where this feature is common, it never gains recognition and does not become a generally accepted norm.
Using Times
- Traditionally, British English uses Present Perfect and already , just or yet adverbs to describe recent events . In American English, both Present Perfect (if it comes to facts) and Past Simple (if it comes to expectations) can be used for these purposes. The American manner of such a temporary distribution has spread only in the last 20-30 years and is applied on a par with the British. Recently in British English there has been a tendency to use just with Past Simple, especially in headlines and advertising slogans, for example, βCable broadband just got fasterβ (βNow the speed of cable Internet has increasedβ).
- BrE: βI have just arrived home.β Or βI've just arrived home.β AmE: βI just arrived home.β (βI came home.β).
- BrE: βI have already eatenβ or βI've already eaten.β AmE: βI already ate.β (βI have already eatenβ).
- In the same way, in American English, Past Perfect is sometimes replaced by Past Simple.
- In British English, have got or have can mean affiliation, and have got to or have to indicate modality . Forms with got are mostly found in an informal context, forms without got are more formal. In the speech of Americans, got can be heard more often than in the speech of the British, but the latter often use got to give the action more importance. In spoken American English, got plays the role of the verb have, as in I got two cars or I got to go .
- Conditional sentences in American speech may include constructions like would or would have (abbreviated [I] 'd or would've ) for the times Past Perfect ( plusquamperfect ) and Past Simple ( past tense ). For example, If you'd leave now, you'd be on time; / If I would have [would've] cooked the pie we could have [could've] had it for lunch. Traditionally, in English after if the constructions with would not be used, therefore, in written speech in America such phrases are not found. However, in conversation, this phenomenon is characteristic of representatives of all layers of American society. Some authoritative sources even define such constructions as standard for American English, without classifying them as vernacular . [37] [38] There are also cases where would after if be used in British English. This usually happens when there would be a modality in it, as, for example, in the following sentence: If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something ( If you would listen to me sometimes, you would learn something) . [39] [40] Another possible case is if the action in the subordinate clause with if occurs after the action in the main clause. For example: If it would make Bill happy, I'd [I would] give him the money (If Bill would be happy about it, then I will give him money). [39] Here, chronologically, the first action is giving money to Bill, and then his joy, that is, the condition under if indicates an event following the event in the main part of the sentence. In such situations, the use of would after if is acceptable in both versions of English under consideration.
- The American subjunctive (morphologically coinciding with the infinitive form) often uses subjunctive clauses of a βmandativeβ character ( mandative clauses ). Example: They suggested that he apply for the job (They suggested that he get a job). In British English, the use of this type of clause almost disappeared by the end of the 20th century, giving way to sentences of the form They suggested that he should apply for the job, or even more ambiguous constructions like They suggested that he applied for the job. However, sentences with mandative clauses in the entire history of British English have never been completely obsolete. [41]
Auxiliary Verbs
- Shall instead of will will be much more common among Britons than among Americans. [42] Shan't (short for shall not ) is almost never found in American English; instead, won't or am / is / are going to. American grammar also often ignores some historical differences between should and would.
- Compound rephrased future tense ( periphrastic future ) in the form of a β be going toβ construct is found in American English two times more often than in British. [43]
- The use of the verb βdoβ as a predicate is typical only for British English. [44] For example, βDid Frank love nature or fair play?β - βWhy, he must have done.β In this case, the typical American answer would be βWhy, he must have.β, Without a βdoβ at the end. [45] The British can use "do" to answer in all forms. [44]
Transitive verbs
The following verbs vary in transitivity when used in American or British English:
- Agree - a transitive or intransitive verb in British English, usually intransitive in American ( agree a contract / agree to or on a contract ). However, in official written American English, constructions such as as may be agreed between the parties can be found instead of as may be agreed upon between the parties.
- Appeal (file a complaint) - usually intransitive in British English (used against ), transitive in American ( appeal against the decision to the Court / appeal the decision to the Court ). [46]
- Catch up (in the meaning of βcatch up and overtakeβ) - transitional or intransitive in British English, strictly intransitive in American ( to catch somebody up / to catch up with somebody ). The transitional form in the American version exists, but takes a different meaning: to catch somebody up means that the subject helps the object to catch up and overtake.
- Cater (caterer) - Intransitive in British English, transitive or intransitive in American ( to cater for a banquet / to cater a banquet ).
- Claim (claim, claim rights to something) is sometimes intransitive in British English (when used with the preposition for ), strictly transitive in American.
- Meet - in American English, transitional when used with with the meaning "to meet with someone", as in Yesterday we met with the CEO. Transitional in terms of βbeing presented to someoneβ ( I want you to meet the CEO; she is such a fine lady ), βmoving, being next to someoneβ ( Meet the CEO at the train station ) and βaccidentally seeing each otherβ with anyone". British English also allows the use of the transitive meet with the pretext with with the meaning βto meet with someone.β This construction dates back to the Middle English language . Recently, meet with in the UK is gaining popularity again, despite the fact that meet with has another meaning - βperceiveβ, as, for example, in the proposal was met with disapproval. For both options, the standard for a long time remained a different design - meet up with (as in to meet up with someone ). [47]
- Provide (to provide something) is strictly monotransitive (one subject, one object) in British English, mono-or transitive (one subject, two objects) in American ( provide somebody with something / provide somebody something ).
- Protest (meaning βopposeβ) - intransitive in British English, transitional in American ( The workers protested against the decision / The workers protested the decision ). The intransitive phrase protest against in American English means "to organize a protest rally or to participate in it." In its old meaning to βdeclareβ the verb protest is always transitive ( protest one's innocence ).
- Write - in British English, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example: I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her. In some cases, the presence of a preposition is optional, namely, if an indirect object expressed by a pronoun faces a direct object expressed by a noun, as in I'll write her a letter. In American English, write can also be monotransitive ( I'll write my congressman ; I'll write him ).
Complementarity
- The verbs prevent and stop can be used in two different constructions: βprevent / stop someone from doing somethingβ and βprevent / stop someone doing somethingβ (to prevent someone from doing something). The latter option is more characteristic of British English than American.
- Some verbs are used either in the to + infinitive construct or in the gerund construct (for example, to start to do something / to start doing something - start doing something ). Gerundium is more common:
- In American English with the verbs start, [48] begin, [49] omit, [50] enjoy; [51]
- In British English with the verbs love, [52] like, [53] intend. [54]
The presence or absence of syntax elements
- ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ to go Ρ Β«Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΒ» ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ( bare infinitive ), ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ to. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ and . Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ I'll go take a bath (Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ), Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ β I'll go and have a bath (Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ). Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° to go to, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² He went to take/have a bath, but the tub was full of children (ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ). Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ come. Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ come see what I bought, Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β come and see what I've bought (Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Present Perfect). [55] Π‘ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° and Π΄ΠΎ 'n' ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Β«come 'n' get itΒ» ΠΈ Β«wait 'n' seeΒ».
- Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ She resigned on Thursday (ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³), Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ She resigned Thursday Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° on. ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: I'll be here December, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ.
- Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Β«Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΒ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ from ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π‘Π¨Π. Π’Π°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ the new museum will be open from Tuesday (ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°) Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ the new museum will be open starting Tuesday ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ on Tuesday . ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Β«ΠΎΡ Π Π΄ΠΎ ΠΒ» ( from A to B ), Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ from. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ the play opens Tuesday, Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β the play opens on Tuesday (ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΊΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ).
- ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ of ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ β ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Disability Discrimination Act 1995 .
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ
- Π‘ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ( sea, prison, college ) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ at sea (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊ), in prison (Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ), ΠΈ at/in college (ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ). Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ in hospital (ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅) ΠΈ at university (ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅), ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ in the hospital ΠΈ at the university. Π‘ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ in college ΠΈ in school Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ . Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ rush hour (ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ) β Π±ΡΠΈΡ. English at rush hour / Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. English in rush hour .
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ in future (Β«Π²ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΒ») ΠΈ in the future (Β«ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΒ»). Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ in the future.
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, tell (the) time , play (the) piano . Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ.
- ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ (Β«the M25Β», Β«the A14Β»), Π° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β Π½Π΅Ρ (Β«I-495Β», Β«Route 66Β»). ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π , ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Β«the 33Β», Β«the 5Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«the 10Β» ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ. Π£Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ β Π»ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΡΡΡΠ½Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ the Strand ; Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ( the Boston Post Road ), Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ.
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ in back of (ΡΠ·Π°Π΄ΠΈ) ΠΈ in the back of. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, in front of ΠΈ in the front of ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ .
- ΠΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Β« the eleventh of JulyΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«July the eleventhΒ». Π Π‘Π¨Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Β«July eleventhΒ» ΠΈ Β«July elevenΒ».
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ
- Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ through ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Β«Ρβ¦ ΠΏΠΎ β¦ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ)Β», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Monday through Friday (Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ (ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ) Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Monday to Friday, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Monday to Friday inclusive. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Monday through to Friday. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ while ( Monday while Friday ). Π Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Monday till Friday.
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ , ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅, Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ in: sportsmen play in a team. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ on: athletes play on a team . ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ for, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ: spotsmen play for a particular team.
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ out ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΡΒ» Π² Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° out the door ([Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ] ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ out the window (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΎ). Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΒ» Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«jump out of a boatΒ», Β«Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°Β» β Β«jump out the portholeΒ». Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Β«jump out the boatΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«jump out of the portholeΒ». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Β«out of the portholeΒ» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π‘Π¨Π. Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ out of, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ out. [56] Π Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² out of all recognition ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ out of the team. [57]
- ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ on line (Π² Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°). Π ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π‘Π¨Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ in line. Online (Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ) Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ queue Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ line. Π Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ queue Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°. Π£ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ queue: standing in a queue, queuing up, joining the queue, sitting in a queue ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ queuing . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ in line, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ.
- Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° , Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ on heat , Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ β in heat .
- ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» affiliate (ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ) Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ with ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ to, Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β with ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ of (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ affiliate ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Β«Microsoft is an affiliate of my companyΒ»).
- ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» enrol(l) (Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ) ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ on Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ in Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ: Β«to enrol(l) on/in a courseΒ» (Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡΡΡ). Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ: Β«I am (enrolled) on the course that studiesβ¦.Β».
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ on, Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ in. In ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅, on β ΠΊ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ in ( in Oxford Street ), Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ β on. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ at Π² Β« at the end of Churchill Road.Β»
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ weekend (ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π½Π΄, Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅) ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ at (Β«at (the) weekend(s)Β» β Π² Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅). [58] ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ on , over and during ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ weekend Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ.
- ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° at Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ at Π² Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Β«where are you at ?Β» ("ΡΡ Π³Π΄Π΅?) ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²); Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ β Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ to, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Β«where are you to ?Β».
- ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² talk ΠΈ chat (Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΡ) Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ with ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ to, Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ to ( I'll talk with Dave / I'll talk to Dave ). ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ to, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ , ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ with, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ talk ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Β«I'll have a talk with himΒ».
- Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° different (Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡΒ») Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ from, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Β« American English is different from British English in several respectsΒ». Π Π‘Π¨Π ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Β« different than Β», ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (Β« American English is different than it used to beΒ» ). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π° β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ to. [59] [60]
- Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ opposite Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ opposite of ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° opposite to. Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ opposite of. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° opposite Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ( opposite the post office ) Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
- Π ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ opportunity (Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ) Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ: opportunity + ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ to (Β«the opportunity to do somethingΒ») ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ opportunity + of + Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉ (Β«the opportunity of doing somethingΒ»). ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π»Π° ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ.
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ after: Β« The river is named after the state Β» . ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ for Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Β«named for a stateΒ») ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ.
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ to ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ near (Β« we live near to the university Β» β ΠΌΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ). Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ: she lives nearer/nearest to the deranged axe murderer's house (ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅/Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ).
- ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ on a telephone number, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ β at a telephone number.
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Ρ, Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ from, Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β for. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: "Senator from New York, ", Β«MP for East Cleveland.Β»
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ aside from ΠΈ apart from (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅) ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ; Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ apart from Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ. [61]
- ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² off ΠΈ of, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Β« off ofΒ». ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ . Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. English He jumped off of the box ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡ. English He jumped off the box .
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ absent ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ in the absence of . [62] Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Β« Absent any objections, the proposal was approved Β» (ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ In the absence of any objections, the proposal was approved ; ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π.
Π€ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ
- ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ fill out, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ausfΓΌllen. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» fill in. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ in , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° β ( fill in the blanks β Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ). ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ fill it all in (Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²) Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ fill it all out .
- ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΒ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ fork out, Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΌΠΎ fork (it) over ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° fork up. Fork out Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ .
- Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» beat up, ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ beat on (ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π±Π°Π½) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ beat up on . ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΠΎΠΌ.
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ, Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» rain off (ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ), Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ rain out. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΉ: The concert was rained off/out.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
- Π Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ river (ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°) ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Colorado River , Π² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ β Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ( River Thames ). Π ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π€Π»ΠΈΡ ( Fleet River ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Β«ΠΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Β» Π₯ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ β Yellow River ). ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π ΡΠΆ ( River Rouge ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ( River Raisin ). ΠΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ; Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ.
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ Π’ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister (ΠΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ Π’ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ), Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Prime Minister Thatcher (ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π’ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ). ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ β ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Mr Jones, the team coach, Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β Coach Jones.
- ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° sat Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² sitting ΠΈ seated, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ: I've been sat (Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ sitting ) here waiting for half an hour; The bride's family will be sat (Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ seated ) on the right-hand side of the church . ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π 60-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2000-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ³ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π². ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ stood ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ standing. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π², Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
- Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ with ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ : I'll come with Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ I'll come along. Come with ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ come with me , Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ I'm going to the office β come with. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠΈΠ½Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ( Π½Π΅ΠΌ. mitkommen ). ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ , ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π°Π½Ρ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ» ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ.
- Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ also (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅) Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ . ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ as well ΠΈ too Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ , Π½ΠΎ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ as well ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ.
- ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ an ΠΈ a Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ an , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β a . ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ h Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ (ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ an Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ a . [63] Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, hallucination , hilarious , historic(al) , horrendous ΠΈ horrific . ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ an ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ hotel (ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ). ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ hotel , h Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅). [64] ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ an ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ h Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. [65] ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΌ a , Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° an Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ historic(al) . [66] ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, an ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ historic(al) ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. [63] ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π², ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ herb (ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ an , ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ h Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ.
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ s Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ - ward(s) ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ s , ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ: forwards , towards , rightwards , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ: forward , toward , rightward . ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: afterwards , towards ΠΈ backwards ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π, Π° forward β Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ s ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ look forward to . Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Ρ s Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° towards ), Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ β Π² Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ - wards ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ Β« upward motion Β» (Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ , Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ: Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) Π±Π΅Π· s . Π 1897 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, - wards ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π» Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ - ward . ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π€Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ.
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° - s ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ day , night , evening , weekend , Monday ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ: Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ evenings (ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ) ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° evening (Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ), Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ β I used to stay out evenings (Π Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π³ΡΠ»ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ). ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ: Saturdays (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ) ΠΎΡ Saturday (ΡΡΠ±Π±ΠΎΡΠ°); the library is closed Saturdays (ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ±Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ). Π’Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ , Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ: ΠΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ to sleep nights Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Β« now chiefly N. Amer. colloq. Β» (Β«ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π³. ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊ.Β»). ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ to work nights Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ football ( ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» ) ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ - er , ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ footballer (ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ). Π’ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ cricket ( ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅Ρ ), netball ( Π½Π΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» ) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ basketball ( Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» ). Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ footballer ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ football player . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ° - er ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ: golfer ( Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ), bowler (Π±ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ»Π· ), shooter ( ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ ). ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, baller (Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ) Π² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ NBA Ballers . Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, baller Π²Π·ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ to ball , ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Β«ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»Β».
- ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ healthcare (Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ health care ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ . Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ β ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
- Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° <Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»>+<ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅>, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Β«Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π±Π΅Π· to , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉ . ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ): jump rope/skipping rope (ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°); racecar/racing car (Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Ρ); rowboat/rowing boat (Π³ΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°); sailboat/sailing boat (ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°); file cabinet/filing cabinet (ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°); dial tone/dialling tone (ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ); drainboard/draining board (ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄Ρ).
- ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: cookbook/cookery book (ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°); Smith, age 40 / Smith, aged 40 (Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ, Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Ρ); skim milk/skimmed milk (ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ); dollhouse/dolls' house (ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊ); barbershop/barber's shop (ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΌΠ°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ). [67] ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ²: Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π½Π° Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ can vegetables (Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ canned vegetables ), Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ-ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ β mash potatoes (Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ mashed potatoes ).
- ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ drugs problem , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β drug problem (Ρ ΠΎΡΡ drug problem Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ). Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ sport section , Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ β sports section . Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ maths (ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ mathematics β ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ β math .
Vocabulary
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ XIX ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π±Γ³Π»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ( car/automobile ) ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ( railway/railroad ) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π². ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ (Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ , Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ . Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. Π’Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π° ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΡ.
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΊΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: Β«ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β». [68]
ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
Attention! Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XX β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ chap ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ mate , Π² Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ amigo .
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° β Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ biscuit ). ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ β Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ driving license (Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ nuff , Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ.
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ sidewalk ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». pavement β ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ), gas ( gasoline/petrol β Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ), counterclockwise ( anticlockwise β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ) ΠΈ elevator ( lift β Π»ΠΈΡΡ). ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π’Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, copacetic ( satisfactory β ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ), Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ.
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ bill ΠΈ biscuit , ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ . Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ bill ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Β«dollar billΒ» β Β« Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° Β». ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ bill Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Β« the repair bill was Β£250 Β» β Β«ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 250 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²Β». Π’ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ biscuit , Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ scone (ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ biscuit ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ cookie (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅). Π£ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ½ Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π» ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° to table , ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. [69] To table Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Β«Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ, Β«ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ».
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ football ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ Π€ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ , ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ football ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» , Π° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ soccer . Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β« soccer Β» Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ( ΡΠ΅Π³Π±ΠΈ , Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ» ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅). Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ soccer ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅.
Π‘Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ hockey ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ , Π° Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ β ΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΠΎΠΉ .
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ)
The considered language options, among other things, also contain words with completely different meanings. They are divided into two groups: the first includes polysemantic words, one or more of whose meanings are unique to any variant (American or British). Examples of words from this group are bathroom and toilet , since in America a bathroom is any room that has a toilet , and in the UK there is only a bathroom. Also, toilet - in the USA a toilet, in the UK the toilet itself. The second group includes words whose meanings are the same in both dialects, but the context of their use, emotional message or figurative meaning is different. Examples are smart , clever , mad .
Some differences can lead to misunderstandings and communication difficulties. So, the word fanny in British English is the slang term for the vulva , when the buttocks are called in America. The equivalent of the American word fanny bag in the UK is a bum bag . Another example is the word fag (short for faggot ), which in American English is a gross insult, and in British English it is a very common polysemantic word. Among its meanings are βcigaretteβ, βhard workβ, βdirty and routine workβ, βarmfulβ and even one of the national English dishes (pork cutlets , bassoons). In the USA, the adjective pissed means βannoyed,β and in the UK it is a rude word for alcoholic intoxication (similar to Russian βbukhβ). The expression pissed off in both variants also means irritation.
The meanings of the word pants are similarly different. For Americans, these are trousers ( British. English trousers ), and for the British - underwear ( English underwear ). The American meaning of the word pants is also used in several dialects of Northern England . In other parts of Britain, he is often considered Americanism, despite the fact that it came from the abbreviation of the outdated French word pantaloons (pants, modern French pantalons ).
Sometimes the differences are not so dramatic. For example, the word quite in American English is used as a substitute for the word very (very), as in " I'm quite hungry " - "I am very hungry." Among the British, quite is used more often in speech and means βlikeβ - β I'm quite hungry β in Great Britain will be understood as βI'm kind of hungryβ. Such a divergence of meaning can also lead to confusion.
Frequency of use of individual words
- In the UK, the full use of the whilst union is acceptable instead of while . In the USA they use only while , as a union and as an excuse.
- The word fall in the meaning of "autumn" ( English autumn ), the British consider it obsolete. Despite the fact that fall in this meaning is often found in English literature of the Elizabethan and Victorian era , at present the British firmly associate it with American English.
- To indicate a point (punctuation mark) in British English, the term β full stop β is used, in American - β period β. For example, the words of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair βTerrorism is wrong, full stopβ (βTerrorism is bad. And the point.β) Would carry the same semantic load for US residents in the following entry: βTerrorism is wrong, periodβ . However, under the influence of American media, the word period begins to appear in the everyday speech of the British as an interjection , meaning the same as the Russian expressions βthat's allβ, βand periodβ.
Social and Cultural Differences
This section discusses the words and phrases that have emerged as a result of the separate social and cultural development of Great Britain and the United States of America.
Education
School
| Age | British english | American English | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title | Alternate / obsolete name | Syllabus | Title | Alternative name | |
| 1-4 | Preschool (optional) | ||||
| Nursery | Playgroup | Foundation Stage 1 | Day care | Preschool | |
| 3-5 | Primary school | ||||
| Exception | Infants reception | Foundation Stage 2 | Pre-kindergarten | Pre-k | |
| 5-6 | Year 1 | Infants year 1 | Key Stage 1 | Kindergarten | |
| Elementary school | |||||
| 6-7 | Year 2 | Infants year 2 | 1st grade | ||
| 7-8 | Year 3 | First year junior | Key stage 2 | 2nd grade | |
| 8-9 | Year 4 | Second year junior | 3rd grade | ||
| 9-10 | Year 5 | Third year junior | 4th grade | ||
| 10-11 | Year 6 | Fourth year junior | 5th grade | ||
| 11-12 | Secondary school / High School | Middle school | Junior high school | ||
| Year 7 | First form [70] | Key stage 3 | 6th grade | ||
| 12-13 | Year 8 | Second form | 7th grade | ||
| 13-14 | Year 9 | Third form | 8th grade | ||
| 14-15 | Year 10 | Fourth form | Key Stage 4, GCSE | High school | |
| 9th grade | Freshman year | ||||
| 15-16 | Year 11 | Fifth form | 10th grade | Sophophore year | |
| 16-17 | Sixth form / FE College [71] | 11th grade | Junior year | ||
| Year 12 | Lower sixth (AS) | Key Stage 5, A level | |||
| 17-18 | Year 13 | Upper sixth (A2) | 12th grade | Senior year | |
In the USA, fifth grade ( 5th grade ) refers to primary school, and eighth grade ( 8th grade ) is the last grade of junior high school . In the American educational system, there are no uniform standards for the division into classes, and therefore differences in the name and order of educational stages can occur even within the same state.
The British traditionally call the American high school ( high school ) a secondary school ( secondary school ), and this concept applies to both public and private schools. In America, there is also a transitional stage between primary and high school - the so-called middle school or junior high school . The word middle school in the UK is used as a synonym for the word junior school - the second half of an elementary school lasting 4-6 years. However, depending on the region, the meaning of the term middle school varies. For example, in Dorset ( South England ), the second stage of school education in the three-tier system , usually covering grades 5β8, is so designated. In other places, for example in the city of Evesham and the county of Worcestershire surrounding it, the second stage lasts from grades 6 to 8, and the children go to high school in grade 9. A completely different system is adopted in Kirklis, West Yorkshire and the villages of Dearne Valley. School education is also divided into three levels, but the first one ( First School ) lasts six years ( Reception classes - Year 5 ), the second ( Middle School ) - three years (grades 6 to 8) and the third ( High School ) - four years (grades 9 to 13). [72]
The concept of public school in America and the UK has two opposite meanings. In the USA, this is understood as a state educational institution funded from tax revenues of the population (such as, for example, public schools in Russia). In England and Wales, a public school means, on the contrary, a prestigious private independent school, in which tuition is paid. Independent schools are also called private schools , and this name is officially accepted for all paid schools in Northern Ireland and Scotland. The name public school in these two regions is usually never used in the same sense as in England. However, there are exceptions - the Scottish private school Gordonstoun , in which Prince Charles studied, is sometimes also called a public school (like several other schools in Scotland). Publicly-funded schools in Scotland and Northern Ireland are officially called state schools , but are sometimes mistakenly called public schools , in the American manner. In the United States, state school is understood to mean a state- run higher education institution . The confusion arises due to the multiplicity of meanings of the English word state , which can refer both to a state ( social institution or country), or to a particular US state . The name " public " in relation to education or an educational institution first appeared in the UK to distinguish between lessons with a teacher at home ( private education - private education) and classes at school ( public education - public education). [73]
Speakers of both versions of the language also contain some other terms for special schools. For example, the concept of preparatory school in the United States covers all private schools that prepare students for university admission. In the UK, a preparatory school is a private school for children under 13 years old, in which students prepare to move to a paid high school. The term parochial school in the USA means a paid school run by a religious organization, most often the Catholic Church and its diocese (similar to parish schools in Russia). The adjective β parochial β ( parish ) is never used in relation to schools run by Protestant fundamentalist organizations. Modern British public schools are descended from medieval parish schools, which were funded by local religious organizations. Those, in turn, were under state control through the Church of England (Anglicanism was the official religion of England). This system was partially preserved in the modern British educational system, and many schools, especially primary schools (children under 11 years old), did not lose touch with the church. They are called church schools , CE Schools or CE (Aided) Schools . There are also so-called faith schools run by the Roman Catholic Church and other religious organizations, and not only Christian ones .
Schools with a subject bias in the USA are denoted by the concept of magnet schools . They are distinguished by high requirements for incoming students - to get to such a school is possible only with extremely successful passing entrance examinations. Such schools are funded from the state budget. British analogs of magnet schools are academies ( city ββacademies ), in which training is also free. About 10% of students who have passed their entrance tests enter the academy. In total, there are 36 Local Education Authority departments in the UK that select the best students to transfer to specialized schools. Selection is carried out using a test called 11+ ( Eleven Plus ), which all students write when they reach the age of 11. The best students (usually 10-23% of those who write) are transferred to grammar schools with different biases, when the rest go to comprehensive schools (comprehensive schools). Prior to the British educational reform of the 70s of the XX century, a comprehensive school could be called secondary modern school , high school or even academy , at present these names are used only in those regions where Local Education Authorities do not work and students are not divided according to their ability . According to statistics, only 6 percent of British students attend grammar schools . Some private schools also call themselves grammar schools, because they performed their modern functions before the advent of public schools.
University
The phrase βstudy subjectβ in British English may sound like β study a subject β, β read a subject β, or simply β do a subject β. The phrase β read a subject β until recently was distributed mainly in the oldest higher educational institutions, for example, at Oxford and Cambridge universities. The American counterparts are the expressions β study a subject β and β major in a subject, β instead of major , the words emphasis and concentration can also be used. The phrase β to major in β refers to the main specialty of the student, when as β study a subject β can mean any subject or course that the student attends.
British English:
βShe studied biology at Cambridge .β
βShe read biology at Cambridge.β
"She studied biology at Cambridge."
"She did biology at Cambridge." (Colloquial)
American English:
βShe studied biology at Harvard .β
βShe majored in biology at Harvard.β
"She studied biology at Harvard."
βShe concentrated in biology at Harvard.β
The educational process in British universities consists of modules. They are taught by teachers called lecturers or tutors . The word professor is not related to teaching, but means only the presence of a degree of professor . In some American universities, the equivalent of lecturer is instuctor . This word is used when the academic degree of a teacher is lower than a professorship or it does not exist at all. In all other cases, university teachers are called " professor ", and the name lecturer can only be given to teachers invited for a while or to those who do not have a degree. However, in the USA there are also such universities that fully follow British traditions.
The word course in America usually refers to the process of studying a specific subject (for example, a course in Early Medieval England , a course in Integral Calculus ) for a certain time (for example, during a semester), which is equivalent to the British concepts of module or unit . British students, by course (or course of study ), understand the entire learning process, which is divided into modules.
US universities call the dissertation thesis for the doctoral dissertation (work for the degree of Doctor of Science - Doctor ). The British dissertation is the final work of bachelors (diploma) or masters (master's thesis).
Misunderstandings can also be caused by various interpretations of the concept of college ( college ) in the dialects in question. In the United States, college is a special educational institution that can be entered after school for higher education ( bachelor 's degree ). In the UK, a college is any educational institution in which secondary school graduates can continue their education, not necessarily getting higher education. Typically, these institutions include Sixth Form College , where you can retake A-Levels (final exams for students in grades 13 of schools), NVQ (exam to confirm professional qualifications) and GSCE (exams for students of grades 9 of schools). The word " college " can be found in the names of ordinary high schools in the UK and Commonwealth countries (for example, Dubai College ). Some universities in England have colleges that are part of the university. The colleges are divided into Oxford, Cambridge, Aberdeen , London , Lancaster , Durham , Kent and York . So, a student, for example, of the Royal College of Cambridge University is also a student of Cambridge University itself.
In both the US and the UK, the word college can mean a separate faculty within a university, but the British often use the word faculty for this. The word college in America is found in the name of post-secondary educational institutions where higher education cannot be obtained. In the name of those educational institutions in which it is possible to obtain a degree, the word university is used . There are, however, exceptions: Boston College , Dartmouth College and the College of William and Mary are full-fledged universities with advanced programs, and Vincennes University provides only college programs. American students studying for a bachelor's degree (bachelor's degree, 4 years) or specialist (associate's degree, 2 years) are called college students , regardless of whether they study at a college or university. Students themselves call their educational institution a college in all cases. In American English, graduate students are called graduate students , in British English - postgraduate students (although graduate students can also be heard). Students of advanced professional programs are known by the name of their field of study ( business student , law student , medical student ). Some universities have a residential system . Dormitories in each of the universities have their own characteristics, but everywhere the general principle is preserved - sharing and meals of students. When designating the educational level in the USA, the word college ( college level ) is used, in the UK - university ( university level ). The name of the educational level (for example, university education - by analogy with school education) in both dialects does not depend on the name of the educational institution. So, a student at Dartmouth University receives college education (college level education), and a student at the College of Jesus at Oxford University - university education (university education).
In the context of higher education, the word school in British and American English has two different meanings. The British designate the department of the university with the word school , when as Americans they dean . School in the British sense is often used as a synonym for college , which is reflected in the name, for example, the London School of Economics and Political Science .
Π Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ school ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ school Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ (primary school), ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ (secondary school) ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ A-Levels (sixth form). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Β«Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΒ» ( goes to school ), ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Β«Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΒ», ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ( law school ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ( med school ), ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΉΒ», Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ β Β«Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΒ» (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅).
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ professor ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°) Professor β Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ), Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Reader , Senior Lecturer ΠΈ Lecturer . Π Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ (Full) Professor ( ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ) β Associate Professor ( Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ) β Assistant Professor (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°).
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° tuition . ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ tuition β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ tuition ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». tuition fees ).
ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ take an exam , ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° sit an exam ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ sit for an exam . ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ sit for an exam ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ( bar exam ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ( comprehensive exams ). ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Β« take an exam Β». ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ revise , Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β review . Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ( to revise for / to review for ) ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½Ρ.
ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ invigilators , Π° Π² Π‘Π¨Π β proctors ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ exam supervisors . Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ proctor ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ write ( a teacher writes an exam ). Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ: Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² β write , ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° β give . ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ: Β« Our teacher had written an exam beforehand and gave it to us today Β» β Β«ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΒ».
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ:
Β«I sat my Spanish exam yesterday.Β» β Β«ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ.Β»
Β«I plan to set a difficult exam for my students, but I don't have it ready yet.Β» β Β«Π― ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ».Β»
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ:
Β«I took my exams at Yale.Β» β Β«Π― ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅ .Β»
Β«I spent the entire day yesterday writing the exam. I'm almost ready to give it to my students.Β» β Β«Π― ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. Π― ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ.Β»
Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ β Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ marks , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β points ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ grades . ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β Π±ΡΠΈΡ. English to mark , Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. English to grade .
Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ( high school ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° β freshman (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ β frosh ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ first year ), sophomore (Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ), junior (ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ), senior (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ( She is a high school freshman. He is a college junior. ). Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ first year Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ freshman , ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π first year Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 1819 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Β« first-year Β», Β« second-year Β», Β« third-year Β» ΠΈ Β« fourth-year Β» Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ . ΠΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ( class ), Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ β ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Β« fourth class Β», Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β Π½Π° Β« third class Β» ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ freshers , Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Β« second-year medical student Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« fifth-year doctoral candidate Β». Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²- ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Β« 1L Β», Β« 2L Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« 3L Β» (ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π° L β ΠΎΡ law β ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ), ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Β« (Π³ΠΎΠ΄)-year law students Β» Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β« M1 Β», Β« M2 Β», Β« M3 Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« M4 Β».
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» graduate (Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ graduate (Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΊ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ (ΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ ), Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° student β Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ student ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ sixth form (12-13 ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ 1 ΠΏΠΎ 11 ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ pupil , Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ student ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π‘Π¨Π Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Β«ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Β» ( University High Schools ), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΡ ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° β Central High School Philadelphia β Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 10 % ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ» Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Β« college Β» Π² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ· (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ. Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ letters of reference ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ reference forms , Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ β referees ; Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ letters of recommendation ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ recommendation forms ΠΈ recommendators .
Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ staff Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ». Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π» Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ members of the faculty (ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°). Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ staff ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ (ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ faculty Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²).
Policy
ΠΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ stand for election , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β run for office . ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ.
ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β« Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Β», ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ revenue ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ sales (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈ), Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ turnover .
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΌ
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ curriculum vitae (CV) β ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ rΓ©sumΓ© ( ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ), Π° CV ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ CV ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
Transport
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ transportation , Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β transport . [74] Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ transportation ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ ( penal transportation ). Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ transport ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ tape transport ( Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ military transport ( Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ).
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ dual carriageway , Π° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β divided highway . ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β central reservation , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β median ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ center divide , Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ β Π±ΡΠΈΡ. English motorway , Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. English freeway, expressway, highway ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ parkway . ΠΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ slip roads , Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ramps , ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Ρ ( on-ramps ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ entry slips ) ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Ρ ( off-ramps ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ exit-slips ). Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ slip road Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΌ . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ frontage roads ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ service roads .
Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ outside lane ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ overtaking lane ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π°Π½Π³Π». passing lane ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ inside lane . Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ outside lane ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ; Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ outside lane ( right lane , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ left lane , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ). Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° fast lane (Β«Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°) ΠΈ slow lane (Β«ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°ΡΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°). ΠΠΎ Β«ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ Β«Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΠΌΒ» β ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ drink driving , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β drunk driving . Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ: Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΡΡΠΎ driving while intoxicated (DWI) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ drunk in charge of a motor vehicle (DIC), ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ (ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅) driving with excess alcohol . [75]
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. For example:
| Great Britain | USA | Transfer |
|---|---|---|
| accelerator | gas [pedal], accelerator | ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ |
| bonnet | hood [76] | ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡ |
| boot | trunk [76] [77] | Π±Π°Π³Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊ |
| mudguard, wheel arch, wing | fender [78] | ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΠΎ |
| hood, soft/hard top | convertible top | ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡ |
| car park | parking lot [79] | ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° , ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° |
| driving licence | driver's license | Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ |
| dual carriageway | divided highway [76] | Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ |
| estate car | station wagon [79] | station wagon |
| flyover | overpass [79] | ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ , ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° |
| gearbox | transmission [76] | ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ |
| hard shoulder | shoulder | ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π° |
| juggernaut, lorry | 18 wheeler, tractor-trailer [80] | ΡΡΡΠ° |
| lorry | truck [77] | Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Ρ |
| articulated lorry | trailer truck, semi [79] | ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ |
| manual | stick shift | ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Ρ |
| motorway | freeway [80] , highway | Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ |
| pavement | sidewalk [80] | ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ |
| roadworks | construction zone, roadwork | Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ |
| petrol | gasoline ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ gas [76] | petrol |
| saloon | sedan [81] | sedan |
| silencer | muffler [76] | Π³Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ |
| spanner | wrench [76] [77] | Π³Π°Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ |
| ticking over | idling [80] | Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ |
| windscreen | windshield [76] | Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎ |
| car valeting | to bring a vehicle for service | maintenance |
Rail Transport
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ . ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ β ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ railway ΠΈ railroad . ΠΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ : ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ β Π±ΡΠΈΡ. English railway station ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. English railroad station, train station . ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ drivers ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ engine drivers , Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ β engineers . ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° guards , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ β Π½Π° conductors . ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊ) Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ points (Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅), Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ switch . ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Π·Π΄ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ level crossing , Π² Π‘Π¨Π β grade crossing . Π¨ΠΏΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ sleepers Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ties ( crossties ) Π² Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». platforms ) Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ( Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π°Π½Π³Π». tracks ). Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ·Π°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΒ» Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« The train is departing from Platform 3 Β», Π² Π‘Π¨Π β Β« The train is departing from Track 3 Β». ΠΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β brake van ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ guard's van , Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β caboose . ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° Β« All aboard! Β», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Β« Take your seats! ". ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« All change! Β», Π° Π² Π‘Π¨Π β Β« All out! ".
Television
Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ show Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π·Π²ΡΠ·Π΄ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Ρ . ΠΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ show , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΡ β drama , serial ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ show Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ season , ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» β ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ series . ΠΠ° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ series ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ (Β« The 1998 series of Grange Hill Β»), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ telecast (ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ television broadcast β ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ) Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Π² ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ broadcast (ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ), air (ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ), show (ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ).
ΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΎΠΌ ( first floor ) Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄, Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ground floor . ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π² Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ°Ρ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ : Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ground floor ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ° Β«GΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«0Β», Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β Β«1Β», Β«GΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«LΒ» (ΠΎΡ lobby β Π»ΠΎΠ±Π±ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅). Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ΅ Β«LΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«-1Β» Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π·ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²Π°). ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠΎΠΉ Β«UΒ» (ΠΎΡ upper ground floor β Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆ).
ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ β apartment buildings ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». blocks of flats ). ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ±Π±ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ( apartments ).
ΠΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ (ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· Π² Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Ρ , Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π΅ Π² Π‘Π¨Π) ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ deny (Β«He was denied to enter the USΒ»). Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» refuse (Β«His visa application was refusedΒ»).
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π°
Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ and ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: one hundred and sixty-two (162) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ two thousand and three (2003). Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ and Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½: one hundred sixty-two ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ two thousand three .
Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ 13,7 (Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β 13.7) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ thirteen and seven tenths (Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ). Π ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ thirteen point seven (Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ).
Π ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎ 1900 Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ 1200 Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ twelve hundred (Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½). ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅; Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ 2400 ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ twenty-four hundred (Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ), ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ two thousand and four hundred (Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°).
ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ: 1234 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ twelve thirty-four . ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ two thousand (2000, Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ), two thousand (and) one (2001) ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° β twenty ten (2010, Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ β Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ), twenty fourteen (2014) ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ²) Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° 272 β two seven two β Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π²Π°) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ( two hundred and seventy-two β Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π°). Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ β two seventy-two (Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π°).
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» (ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅). ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ billion Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° (1 000 000 000), Π° Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ (1 000 000 000 000). [82] Π 1974 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ milliard , ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² , Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ milliard ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ billard (Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ billiards β Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΄ ) ΠΈ trilliard . ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈ-ΠΠΈ-Π‘ΠΈ , Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ thousand million , ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ; ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° billion .
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ billion ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 10 12 . ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π», ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π£ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: zero , nought , oh ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ nil (ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅). Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ zero , Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ oh (Ρ ΠΎΡΡ oh Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ), ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ zilch ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ zip . ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ the team won two-zip (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²Π° β Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ the team leads the series two-nothing (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²Π° β Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ). Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». football , Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π°Π½Π³Π». soccer ), Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ nil , ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ oh . ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ oh Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π° O , ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ e-mail Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡ (ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²) Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ double ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, 007 Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ double oh seven . ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ β Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ 999, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ nine nine nine , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Β« ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ Β», ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° six six six . Π Π‘Π¨Π Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ 911 ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ nine one one , Π° 9/11 (ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ 11 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ) β nine eleven .
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
- ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ β a dollar fifty ( ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² β a pound eighty ), Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, one dollar fifty ΠΈ one pound eighty . ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ β 2,20 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ two-twenty ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ two dollars and twenty cents . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ two dollars twenty , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°. Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° two-twenty ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ two pounds twenty Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ.
- ΠΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β« one thousand two hundred dollars Β», ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Β« a thousand and two hundred dollars Β». ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π².
- Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΡ Β« on sale for Β£399 Β» (Β«ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ β 399 Ρ. ΡΡ.Β») ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ on sale for three nine nine . ΠΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° three hundred and ninety-nine pounds ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ on sale for three ninety-nine , ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 399 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ 3,99 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° three ninety-nine ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ 3,99 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°.
- ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ quid ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ buck ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² fifty-three quid (53 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°) ΠΈ forty-seven bucks (47 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²). Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ grand β ΡΡΡΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ². Quid ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° , Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ . Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ quid ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ β Π² Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ quids in (Π²ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ).
- ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² 3,24 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ $3 24 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ $3 24 (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ 3,24 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β£3.24, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β£3β24. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π° Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π», ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ β Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°. [83]
- Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ( check ) Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ( three and 24 β 100 ). Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Β«Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Β» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ( cheque ) ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ β three pounds and 24 pence , three pounds β 24 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ three pounds β 24p . Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ( three and 00 β 100 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ three and no β 100 ), Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ only ( three and only ). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ.
- Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ pound sign Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ» ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° (Β£), Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ (#, Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». hash ). Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ 60-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ 90-Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ( BT Group ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ) Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ β gate . ΠΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ.
- Π ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ pound (ΡΡΠ½Ρ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ three pound forty (Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ pounds ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ twenty pound a week . ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Ρ ( rand ) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ( yen ), Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ pound Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° twenty-pound-a-week pay-rise . Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎ ( euro ) ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ( euros ), Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ‘ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° euro Π² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. Π Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ , ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°.
- ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ pence ( ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈ ) Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ p . ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° 3 pounds 12 p Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ 3 pounds and 12 p ; 3 pounds 12 pence ; 3 pounds and 12 pence (3 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈ 12 ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²); ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 8 p Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ 8 pence (8 ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²).
- Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β nickel (5 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΉΠΌ ), dime (10 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΠΉΠΌ ), quarter ( 25 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ). Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ 1971 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ) ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Β» Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ bob (1/- β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ tanner (6d β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ), ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ. Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Ρ β Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π² 10 ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β« a 10-pence piece Β», Β« a 10p piece Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Β« a 10p Β». ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ β one pound coin ΠΈ two pound coin ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, 25 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 25/12/00 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 25.12.00 (Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅), Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ β 12/25/00. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ 25/12/2000, 25.12.2000 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 12/25/2000, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ·ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ ISO 8601 (2000-12-25). ΠΠ½ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ: 06/04/05 ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ 4 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2005 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ), 6 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2005 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ 5 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ISO 8601 Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΠΎΠ΄).
ΠΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π² Π΄Π°ΡΠ°Ρ , Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ 9/11 (ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ nine-eleven ), ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π² Π‘ΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ 11 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 9/11/2001). Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ² 9/11 Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΡΡ, ΠΎ ΡΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ. Π Π‘ΠΠ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ²Π° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΠΈ-ΠΠΈ-Π‘ΠΈ ) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β« September the 11th Β», ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ 9/11 Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, 21 April . ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»; ΡΠ°ΠΊ, 21 April ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² 21st April (ΠΎΡ twenty-first β Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ β Β« the 21st of April Β», ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ β Β« 21 April Β». Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« April 21st Β». ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ β Β« the Fourth of July Β» (Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΒ», ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π ) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ: Β« a week today Β», Β« a week tomorrow Β», Β« a week Tuesday Β» ΠΈ Β« Tuesday wee kΒ» (ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π’Π΅Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅ ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ. Β« A fortnight Friday Β» ΠΈ Β« Friday fortnight Β» ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π²Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Β« A week on Tuesday Β» ΠΈ Β« a fortnight on Friday Β» ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ (Β« it's a week on Tuesday, you need to get another one Β»), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (Β« see you a week on Tuesday Β»), Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Β« a week from today Β», Β« a week from tomorrow Β» ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Β« Thursday last Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« Thursday gone Β», Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ Β« last Thursday Β». Β« I'll see you (on) Thursday coming Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« let's meet this coming Thursday Β» Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅, Π° Β« not until Thursday next Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
24-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (18:00, 18.00 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1800) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ . Π’Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π Π‘Π¨Π ΠΆΠ΅ 24-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ , ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (.), Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ β Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (:), Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ 11:15 PM ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 23:15 (Π‘Π¨Π) ΠΈ 11.15 pm ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 23.15 (ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ). [84]
ΠΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Β« quarter past Β» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« quarter after Β», Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ Β« a quarter after Β». ΠΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° (ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ Β«Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΒ») ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Β« quarter to Β» Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ; Π° Π² Π‘Π¨Π β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Β« a quarter of Β», Β« a quarter to Β» ( Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ Π‘Π¨Π ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« a quarter 'til Β» (ΠΠΏΠΏΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈ). ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠ° (Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ», Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ») Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Β« half past Β» (ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ Β« half after Β»). Π Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ past ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° half five , ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (17:30). ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ top of the hour ΠΈ bottom of the hour Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° eleven forty (11:40) ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ .
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°
Π ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ (14 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ). Π’Π°ΠΊ, Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ 11 ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 4 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° (Β« 11 stones 4 Β»), Π° Π½Π΅ 158 ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² (Β« 158 pounds Β»), ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ Π² Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π² Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». kilogrammes , Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π°Π½Π³Π». kilograms ) Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ . Π Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π» Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ).
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°) ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ stone Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Β« 11 stone Β», Π° Π½Π΅ Β« 11 stones Β». ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ β Β« Please enter your weight in stones and pounds Β» β Β«ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΡΠΉΡΡΠ°, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°Ρ Β».
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ( Π±ΡΠΈΡ. Π°Π½Π³Π». Maths , Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π°Π½Π³Π». Math ), ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ , ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ.
Π’ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ( ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½) Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ β Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ trapezoid , Π° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ β trapezium . Π’Π° ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ slope , Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β gradient . ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ( ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ) ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ factoring , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ factorisation . ΠΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ β factor ΠΈ factorize .
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ mathematics ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (2+2=4). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ arithmetics (Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°).
Π ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° Ρ Π ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ , ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Β« Merry Christmas! ". Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« Happy Christmas! ". Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Β« Happy holidays Β» (Β«Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β»), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ (Π ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ , ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ , Π₯Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° , Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ , ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π·Π°Π° ). Π ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β« Season's greetings Β» ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Β« holiday season Β» (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β« holiday period Β»): Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ-ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ), Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ-Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡ).
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π€ΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Β« I couldn't care less Β», ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ. Π ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β« I could care less Β». ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ.
ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β« I don't mind Β» (Β«Π― Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Β») ΠΈ Β« I don't care Β» (ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ Β« Tea or coffee? Β» (Β«Π§Π°ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅?Β») Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Β« I don't care Β», Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ β Β« I don't mind Β», ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅.
Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° Β« I can't be arsed (to do something) Β» ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β« I can't be bothered Β», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ (ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ β Β«ΠΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ»). Π’Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Β« I can't be asked Β», Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β« No fear! Β», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β« No way! Β» (Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ΅Ρ!Β»). ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΉΠ΅ΡΡ :
- Q.: Wilt thou be baptized in this faith?
A.: No fear!- β from Creed or chaos? : And other essays in popular theology [85]
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β« No fear! Β» Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°!Β», ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π», Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π» ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ (Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°Β»). [86] [87]
ΠΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ
ΠΠ±Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ:
| ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ | American English | ΠΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ | Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ |
|---|---|---|---|
| not touch something with a bargepole | not touch something with a ten-foot pole | (ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°ΡΠΆΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ (ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ) ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ | ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ |
| sweep under the carpet | sweep under the rug β | ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ | Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΡ, Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡΒ» (ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ) |
| touch wood | knock on wood | ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ | ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ (Π½Π° ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ) |
| see the wood for the trees | see the forest for the trees | Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΌΠΈ | Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅) |
| put a spanner in the works | throw a ( monkey ) wrench (into a situation) | ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π³Π°Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ (ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ) Π³Π°Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ | Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° |
| put (or stick ) your oar in [88] but it won't make a ha'porth of difference [89] to put your two penn'orth (or tuppence worth ) in | to put your two cents (or two cents' worth ) in [90] | ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° | Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΅ΠΊ |
| skeleton in the cupboard | skeleton in the closet | ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ | ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ |
| a home from home | a home away from home | Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° | Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ |
| blow one's own trumpet | blow (or toot ) one's own horn | Π΄ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ Π΄ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ | Π±Π°Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ |
| a drop in the ocean | a drop in the bucket , [91] a spit in the ocean | ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»Ρ Π² Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ | ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ |
| flogging a dead horse | beating a dead horse | ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ | Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ |
| haven't (got) a clue | don't have a clue ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ have no clue | Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ | Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ |
| a new lease of life | a new lease on life | Π²Π·ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π² Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π· | Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄ |
| lie of the land | lay of the land | ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ | ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π», ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ |
| take it with a pinch of salt | take it with a grain of salt | ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ | ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ |
| a storm in a teacup | a tempest in a teapot | Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ | Π±ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ (Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ) |
β Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ carpet Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ .
Letter
ΠΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ XVIII ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ . Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Β« Dictionary of the English Language Β» Π‘ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π° ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½Π° (1755), ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ β Π½Π° Β« An American Dictionary of the English Language Β» ΠΠΎΠ° Π£ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° (1828). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π£ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π» Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ², Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΈΡ , ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Β«ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΒ». [92] Π£ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Simplified Spelling Board Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°), Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π£ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π’ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Mr., Mrs., St., Dr. Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Β«ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉΒ» ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«contractionsΒ». Π Π°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , [93] ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Β«ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΒ» ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, kg (ΠΊΠ³), Hz (ΠΡ).
ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
Π Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° , ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ which . ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ that . Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ . ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° β ΡΡΠ°Π·Π° Β« The dog, which bit the man, was brown. Β» (Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉΒ»). Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ which bit the man ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. Π Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΠ΅ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ°); ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ). Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β« The dog that bit the man was brown Β» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ that bit the man β ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ».
Π Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β« The dog which bit the man was brown. Β», Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Β« which bit the man Β» (Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π€Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926) ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ that (Π±Π΅Π· Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΉ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ which (Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΉ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ . ΠΠ½, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π‘Π¨Π. Π€Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ that : Β«Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ [ that ] Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Ρ whom ΠΈ which; Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ; ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (Ρ that ) ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (Ρ which ); ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ which Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ that Β». ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ β ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ: Β«ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡ [ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅] ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠΏΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ». [94]
Quotes
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ("). Π ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ('). Π ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, The Economist ΠΈ The Times [95] ), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ (ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, The King's English [96] ). ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ; ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² .
Π Π‘Π¨Π ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ , Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π±-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π² Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ; ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°; ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ° ; ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅; ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ:
- Carefree means "free from care or anxiety." (ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ)
- Carefree means 'free from care or anxiety'. (ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ)
- "Hello, John, " I said. (ΠΠ±Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ)
- Did you say, "I'm shot"? No, I said, "Why not?" (ΠΠ±Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ)
- To use a long dash on Wikipedia, type in "
—". (American Style Exception Example) - My "friend" just told the whole school my secret. (American style, but similar can be found in British English)
American style is used in most American newspapers, as well as in major publishers and stylistic directories in the United States and Canada. Such reference books include MLA Style Manual from the Modern Language Association , APA Publication Manual from the American Psychological Association , The Chicago Manual of Style from the University of Chicago , AIP Style Manual from the American Institute of Physics , AMA Manual of Style from the American Medical Association , APSA Style Manual from American political science associations, The AP Guide to Punctuation from the Associated Press and The Canadian Style from Canada Public Services. [97]
In Hart's Rules , published for Oxford University Press in 1904, the British quote style is called "new." A similar British style is found in other languages, for example, in Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Catalan, Dutch and German. It is also used in America: usually the British style is preferred by organizations whose professional duties include frequent input of special characters. For example, the ACS Style Guide is based on British rules and is used among chemists and programmers. According to the dictionary of hacker slang Jargon File , American hackers switched to the British punctuation system in quotation marks. The reason for this was the fact that when setting a point inside quotation marks, the meaning of the entire line may change if the computer processes it character by character. [98] The modern American system, however, in such cases requires putting dots outside the quotation marks, so the described problem no longer exists.
Brackets
In British English, parentheses β()β are called brackets, square β[]β are called square brackets, curly β{}β are called curly brackets. The names in the official English of both countries are slightly different: in it parentheses is used for parentheses (the singular is parenthesis). [99] A common practice in both the United States and the United Kingdom is the placement of punctuation marks outside the brackets, unless the brackets contain the whole sentence. For example:
- βI am going to the store (if it is still open).β - βI will go to the store (if it is still open).β
- (This page is intentionally blank.) - "(This page is left intentionally blank.)"
If the sentence in brackets is integer and contains a final punctuation mark other than a period, then this character is also entered in brackets:
- βI am going to the store (Is it still open?)β - βI will go to the store (Is it still open?)β
- βI am going to the store (I hope it's still open!)β - βI will go to the store (I hope it is still open!)β
Titles and Titles
The use of lowercase and capital letters in titles and headings is inconsistent.
Sometimes words in newspaper headlines, the names of print publications, their chapters or parts, are written according to the same rules as in the rest of the text. That is, a capital letter is written only at the beginning of sentences, in proper names and so on.
However, it is common practice for some publishers to spell some words with a capital letter to give them more meaning. This is perceived as an indicator of the high professionalism of the publication. In America, this is quite common in book titles, but not in newspaper headlines. Concrete rules on this subject have not been developed; existing norms are heterogeneous and often contradict each other. Most often, all words are written in capital letters, except for articles, prepositions and conjunctions. Many British tabloids (for example, The Sun or Daily Sport) write all the headings in capital letters to attract attention, sometimes even to the detriment of the readability of the text. Regular newspapers ( The Guardian , The Times , The Independent ), on the contrary, put the capital letter only in the first letter of the first word of the headline.
In American newspapers, a comma is often found as the abbreviated word and (and). For example, an article was published in the Washington Post entitled "A TRUE CONSERVATIVE: For McCain, Bush Has Both Praise, Advice." Here the second comma stands instead of the word and . [100]
See also
- Australian English
- American English
- English
- West Midland English
- British English
- Canadian English
- Germanic languages
- Hybrid English
- English dialects
- New Zealand English
- Spelling English
- Singapore English
- Standard English
- Welsh dialects of English
- Scottish English
- Scottish (Germanic)
Notes
- β This also applies to vocabulary. βA Briton reading Time or Newsweek on any page will notice only a small number of American words and phrases, just like an American will see only a couple of Britishisms in The Economist .β Edward Finegan in Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century . Eds Charles Albert Ferguson, Edward Finegan, Shirley Brice Heath, John R. Rickford (Cambridge University Press, 2004). p. 29. See also: David Crystal, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language ] (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 304.
- β βStandard English, in fact, is written English, something that we can read in textbooks, newspapers and world periodicals, as well as, more recently, on the Internet. He is for the most part one; only slight variability in vocabulary, grammar and spelling is permissible, which allows us to smooth out the differences between American, British, Australian and other βregionalβ standards. βDavid Crystal, β The Past, Present, and Future of World English β Archived on January 28, 2012. in Andreas Gardt, Bernd-RΓΌdiger HΓΌppauf, Bernd Huppauf (eds) Globalization and the future of German (Walter de Gruyter, 2004). p. 39.
- β NB: "standard English", meaning a single written and colloquial form of the English language.
- βStandard English: In sociolinguistics, a contradictory term for a special kind of English used as a norm in the conversation of different representatives of the English-speaking world. Lately, it has become increasingly difficult to describe the phenomenon of standard English due to constant regional changes in the language (in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and spelling) in those regions where English is the first or second language in the majority of the population. β [ Sic ]
- David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (Blackwell Publishing, 2003). p. 431.
- βStandard English: In sociolinguistics, a contradictory term for a special kind of English used as a norm in the conversation of different representatives of the English-speaking world. Lately, it has become increasingly difficult to describe the phenomenon of standard English due to constant regional changes in the language (in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and spelling) in those regions where English is the first or second language in the majority of the population. β [ Sic ]
- β RP: a Social Accent of English . The British Library. Date of treatment October 2, 2014.
- β Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE)
- β Labov, William; Sharon Ash; & Charles Boberg. (2006). Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8 . Compare with Labov, Ash, & Boberg. (1997). A national map of the regional dialects of American English. Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania. [1] .
- β Clark, Laura . Unstoppable rise of American English: Study shows young Britons copying US writing style , Daily Mail (29 May 2012). Date of treatment October 2, 2014.
- β Viewpoint: Why do some Americanisms irritate people? , BBC News (July 13, 2011). Date of treatment October 2, 2014.
- β Trudgill and Hannah, 2002
- β This statement can be found, for example, in the following book: Krueger CL, Stade G, Karbiener K, Encyclopedia of British Writers: 19th and 20th Centuries Book Builders LLC Infobase Publishing ISBN 0-8160-4670-0 , p. 309
- β Macmillan Dictionary . definition 3: Macmillan Publishing Lts. Date of treatment October 4, 2014.
- β Peters, p. 23
- β Houghton Mifflin Company. The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style : [ eng. ] . - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005. - P. 94β. - ISBN 0-618-60499-5 .
- β Instructions to Secretaries of Committees , Cabinet Office, nd
- β Peters, p. 24
- β Chapman, James A. Grammar and Composition IV . 3d ed. Pensacola: A Beka Book, 2002.
- β βThe names of sports teams, however, are plural, regardless of the form of the word-name of the team.β [2]
- β Savage, Mark . Mick Jagger on SuperHeavy: 'Everyone subsumed their egos' (English) (September 14, 2011). Date of treatment May 28, 2014.
- β Sweeney, Sabrina . First Aid Kit: A band of contradictions (English) (November 22, 2012). Date of treatment May 28, 2014.
- β Winik, Jay. April 1865: The month that saved America: [ eng. ] . - New York: Harper, 2001 .-- ISBN 978-0-06-018723-1 .
- β Peters, pp. 165 and 316.
- β Algeo, pp. 15ff.
- β Peters, p. 322.
- β Peters, p. 208.
- β Peters, p. 512
- β Peters, p. 487.
- β prove - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary . Mw.com (August 13, 2010). Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Peters, p. 446.
- β Dive - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- β Dive | Define Dive at Dictionary.com
- β Sneak - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- β Sneak | Define Sneak at Dictionary.com
- β Spring | Define Spring at Dictionary.com
- β Spring - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- β Shrink | Define Shrink at Dictionary.com
- β Shrink - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- β Conditional would is sometimes used in both clauses of an if-sentence. This is common in spoken American English. (eng.) . Perfectyourenglish.com. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Pearson Longman, Longman Exams Dictionary, grammar reference: Using both in both clauses is possible in American English, but not British: USA: The blockades wouldn't happen if the police would be firmer with the strikers. United Kingdom: The blockades wouldn't happen if the police were firmer with the strikers.
- β 1 2 NELL.links . Lingua.org.uk. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β To stress willingness of wish, you can use would or will in both clauses of the same sentence: If the band would rehearse more, they would play better. If the band will rehearse more, they will play better. Both mean the same. (based on the examples and explanations from Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, Oxford ) . Forum.wordreference.com (August 2, 2008). Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Peters, p. 520 f.
- β Β§ 56. shall / will. 1. Grammar. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996 Archived on April 17, 2009.
- β [3] ; Algeo, p. 25.
- β 1 2 pro-predicate do and verb phrase ellipsis (English) (September 27, 2007). Date of treatment December 7, 2013.
- β Evelyn Waugh. The loved one. - P. 51.
- β Possible entries for appeal . Oup.com. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Peters, p. 343.
- β Peters, p. 515.
- β Peters, p. 67.
- β Algeo, p. 248.
- β Algeo, p. 247
- β Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary . Oup.com. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Algeo, p. 245.
- β p. 245.
- β Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment December 25, 2012. Archived February 19, 2014.
- β Algeo, p. 186; Peters, pp. 400-401.
- β Algeo, p. 186.
- β Algeo, pp. 163 f.
- β Partridge, Eric. Than, different // Usage and Abusage: [ eng. ] . - London: Hamish Hamilton, 1947. - βThe impeccably correct construction is different ... from although different to is permissible."
- β Guardian Style Guide , London: The Guardian. Date of treatment December 3, 2008. βdifferent from or to, not different thanβ.
- β Peters, p. 50; cf. OALD .
- β Huddleston, Rodney. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language: [ eng. ] / Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum. - Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press , 2002. - P. 610. - ISBN 0-521-43146-8 .
- β 1 2 New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999, note to the preposition an : βOpinions on the use of the indefinite article before words starting with h still differ. This applies to cases where the first syllable is unstressed: ' a historical document' or ' an historical document'; ' a hotel' or ' an hotel'. The choice of the desired form depends on whether the first letter is pronounced: an was more common in the XVIII and XIX centuries, since then the initial h was not pronounced. In modern standard English h, it is customary to pronounce in words such as hotel and historical , which is why the article a is used with them; however, the obsolete form, with the unpronounceable h and the indefinite article an , is still found, especially among the older generation. β
- β Brown Corpus and Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus, quoted in Peters (2004: 1)
- β Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers . Grammar.ccc.commnet.edu. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Algeo, p. 49.
- β '' Cookbook '' is now often used in BrE . Oup.com. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β One of the problems Crystal distinguishes the following:
- βDifficulties arise with those words that among their meanings have one thing in common for two options and at least one that is used only in one of them. An example is the word caravan , which means βdesert traveler groupβ in both British and American English; but its other meaning βtrailer-driven vehicleβ is typically British (the American equivalent is trailer ) β
- β Churchill, Winston. The Second World War, Volume 3: The Grand Alliance: [ eng. ] . - London: Cassell, 1948β1954. - ISBN 978-0141441740 .
- β David Else. British language & culture : [ eng. ] . - Lonely Planet, 2007 .-- ISBN 9781864502862 .
- β Education and Skills Act 2008 . legislation.gov.uk. Date of treatment July 20, 2011.
- β Shelley College
- β ^ "public education". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1971. "= PUBLIC 4b.
- β Gabay, J. Jonathan (2007) Gabay's copywriters' compendium: the definitive professional writer's guide Elsevier, Oxford, England, page 144 , ISBN 978-0-7506-8320-3
- β Highway Code: Directgov β Travel and transport . Directgov. Date of treatment August 24, 2010.
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Baugh, Albert Croll and Cable, Thomas (1993) A History of the English Language (4th edition) Prentice-Hall, New York, page 389 , ISBN 0-415-09379-1
- β 1 2 3 Blunt, Jerry (1994) βSpecial English Words with American Equivalentsβ Stage Dialects Dramatic Publishing Company, Woodstock, Illinois, page 59 , ISBN 0-87129-331-5 ; originally published in 1967
- β White, EB (1997), One Man's Meat , p. 151, ISBN 0-88448-192-1
- β 1 2 3 4 Hargis, Toni Summers (2006) Rules, Britannia: An Insider's Guide to Life in the United Kingdom St. Martin's Press, New York, page 63 , ISBN 978-0-312-33665-3
- β 1 2 3 4 Hargis, Toni Summers (2006) Rules, Britannia: An Insider's Guide to Life in the United Kingdom St. Martin's Press, New York, page 64 , ISBN 978-0-312-33665-3
- β sedan c // Oxford English Dictionary : [ eng. ] . - Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1989. - "= SALOON 4c. Chiefly N. Amer. (Not used in the UK). "
- β Oxford Dictionaries - How Many is a Billion? (eng.) . Date of treatment August 30, 2011.
- β BSA changes to cheque writing , numbered 9
- β Trask, Larry The Colon . Guide to Punctuation . University of Sussex (1997). Date of treatment August 21, 2013.
- β Sayers, Dorothy L. Creed or chaos? : And other essays in popular theology: [ eng. ] . - London: Methuen, 1947 .-- P. 23.
- β No fear! - definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus - Cambridge Dictionary Online
- β Fear | Define Fear at Dictionary.com
- β put / stick your oar in . Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary . Cambridge University Press. Date of treatment December 6, 2010.
- β (not) a ha'porth of difference (English) . Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary . Cambridge University Press. Date of treatment December 6, 2010.
- β two cents / two cents' worth (inaccessible link) . Cambridge Dictionary of American English . Cambridge University Press. Date of treatment December 6, 2010. Archived on August 7, 2011.
- β Drop . Mirriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary . Mirriam-Webster. Date of treatment December 6, 2010.
- β Algeo, John. "The Effects of the Revolution on Language", in A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p. 599
- β an on-line guide (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 10, 2014. Archived October 21, 2014.
- β Fowler, Henry; Winchester, Simon (introduction) (2003 reprint). A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Oxford Language Classics Series) . Oxford Press. ISBN 0-19-860506-4 .
- β "American and British English." The Economist Style Guide (Fourth ed.). London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 1996. p. 85. ISBN 0-241-13556-7 . Tim Austin, Richard Dixon (2003) The Times Style and Usage Guide . London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-714505-5
- β Quotation Marks. Fowler, HW 1908. The King's English . Bartleby.com. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β This also includes: US Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008, p. 217), US Department of Education's IES Style Guide (2005, p. 43), The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (1997, p. 148 ), International Committee of Medical Journal Editors , International Reading Association Style Guide , American Dialect Society , Association of Legal Writing Directors' ALWD Citation Manual , The McGraw-Hill Desk Reference by KD Sullivan (2006, p. 52), Webster's New World Punctuation by Geraldine Woods (2005, p. 68), The New Oxford Guide to Writing by Thomas S. Kane (1994, pp. 278, 305, 306), Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors by Merriam-Webster (1998, p . 27), Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers by Lynn Troyka, et al. (1993, p. 517), Science and Technical Writing by Philip Rubens (2001, p. 208), Health Professionals Style Manual by Shirley Fondiller, Barbara Nerone (2006, p. 72), The Gregg Reference Manual by William A. Sabin (2000, p. 247), The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation by Jane Straus (2007, p. 61), The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage by Allan M. Siegal, The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge . (2004, p. 788), The Copyeditor's Handbook by Amy Einsohn (2000, p. 111), The Grammar Bible by Michael Strumpf, Auriel Douglas (2004, p. 446), Elements of Style by William Strunk, Elwyn B. White (1979, p. 36), Little English Handbook by Edward PJ Corbett (1997, p. 135), Commonsense Grammar and Style by Phillip S. Sparks (2004, p. 18), Handbook of Technical Writing by Gerald Alred, et al . (2006, pp. 83, 373), MIT Guide To Science and Engineering Communication by J. Paradis, ML Zimmerman (2002, p. 314), Guide to Writing Empirical Papers by G. David Garson (2002, p. 178), Modern English by AL Lazarus, A. MacLeish, HW Smith (1971, p. 71), The Scott Foresman Handbook for Writers (8th ed.) By John Ruszkiewicz, et al., Comma Sense by Richard Lederer, John Shore (2007, p. 138), Write right! by Jan Venolia (2001, p. 82), Scholastic Journalism by Earl English, Clarence Hach (1962. p. 75), Grammar in Plain English by Harriet Diamond, Phyllis Dutwin (2005, p. 199), Crimes Against the English Language by Jill Meryl Levy (2005, p. 21), The Analytical Writer by Adrienne Robins (1997, p. 524), Writing with a Purpose by James McNab McCrimmon (1973, p. 415), Writing and Reporting News by Carole Rich ( 2000, p. 60), The Lawyer's Guide to Writing Well by Tom Goldstein (2003, p. 163), Woodroof's Quotations, Commas And Other Things English by DK Woodroof (2005, pp. 10-12), Journalism Language and Expression by Sundara Rajan (2005, p. 76), The Business Writer's Handbook by Gerald Alred, et al. (2006, p. 451), The Business Style Handbook by Helen Cunningham (2002, p. 213), Essentials of English by Vincent Hopper (2000, p. 127).
- β The Jargon File, Chapter 5. Hacker Writing Style . www.catb.org. Date of treatment November 7, 2010.
- β Crystal, David (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (second ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 278, ISBN 0-521-82348-X "You can also learn ... about rhythm ... through question marks, exclamation marks, and parentheses."
- β Greenslade, Roy . Headline Commas, Who Needs Them? (English) , The Guardian (February 13, 2008). Date of treatment June 9, 2011.
Sources
- Algeo, John (2006). British or American English? . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37993-8 .
- Hargraves, Orin (2003). Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515704-4
- McArthur, Tom (2002). The Oxford Guide to World English . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866248-3 .
- Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X .
- Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-80834-9
Links
- A list of interchangeable words from the translation team Ubuntu English (United Kingdom)
- Spelling differences between American and British English
- Linguistics Issues Spelling Differences between British, Canadian, and American English
- US English Carat Dialects
- British slang dictionary
- Selected Lexical Differences between British and American English
- Grammatical differences between American and British English