The idea of quantum computing was independently proposed by Yuri Manin and Richard Feynman in the early 1980s. Since then, tremendous work has been done to build a working quantum computer.
1970s
- 1970 - Stephen Wiesner developed conjugate coding [1] .
- 1973 - Alexander Holevo published a paper in which he showed that n qubits cannot carry more information than the same number of classical bits (this result is known as or Holevo constraint ). In the same year, Charles H. Bennett showed the possibility of the reversibility of quantum computing.
- 1975 - R.P. Poplavsky publishes Thermodynamic Models of Information Processes (in Russian), where he shows the computational impossibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers due to the principle of superposition.
- 1976 - Roman physicist and mathematician Roman Stanislav Ingarden publishes a paper entitled Quantum Information Theory in Reports on Mathematical Physics vol. 10, 43-72, 1976 (obtained in 1975). This is one of the first attempts to create a quantum theory of information , since Shannon showed that the classical theory of information cannot simply be generalized to the quantum case. But, nevertheless, it is possible to construct such a theory so that it is some generalization of the Shannon theory, taking into account the formalism of quantum mechanics and open systems and quantum observables.
1980s
- 1980 - Yuri Manin proposed the idea of quantum computing.
- 1981
- Richard Feynman, in his famous lecture, “There Is Enough Space Below,” at the First Conference on the Physics of Computing, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in May, noted that it is impossible to effectively model the evolution of a quantum system on a classical computer. He proposed a basic model of a quantum computer that would be able to carry out such a simulation [2] .
- introduced the Toffoli gate , which is a popular quantum gate in constructing reversible circuits of quantum computers .
- 1982
- Paul Benioff proposed the first theoretical scheme of a quantum computer [3] .
- Wutters and Zurek [4] , as well as Dieks [5] independently proved the prohibition of cloning theorem .
- 1984 - Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard proposed the first quantum key distribution protocol - BB84 .
- 1985 - David Deutsch first described the Turing quantum machine .
1990s
- 1991
- Arthur Eckert at Oxford University described a secure quantum entanglement communication system.
- 1993
- Dan Simon at the University of Montreal, invented an oracle calculation method in which a quantum computer is exponentially faster than a regular computer. This algorithm first touched upon the main ideas that would later be embodied in the Peter Shore quantum factorization algorithm .
- 1994
- Peter Shore , at Bell's Lab , discovered the most important quantum algorithm that now bears his name . This algorithm allows quantum computers to quickly factorize large integers. This algorithm simultaneously solved two important problems - the problem of factorization of integers and the problem of discrete logarithm . Thus, the Shore algorithm theoretically allows you to crack the cryptosystems currently in use. This discovery aroused great interest in quantum computers.
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology organized the first US state seminar on quantum computing in the fall of 1994 in Gaithersburg .
- Juan Ignacio Sirac and Peter Zoller proposed a method for experimentally implementing a controlled negation procedure based on trapped ions (for more details, see en: Trapped ion quantum computer ).
- 1995
- The US Department of Defense organized a major seminar on quantum computing and quantum cryptography. The seminar was held in February 1995 at the University of Arizona at Tucson , and was attended by a number of prominent physicists in the United States (Charles M. Bowden, Jonathan P. Dowling, and Henry O. Everitt).
- Peter Shore and Andrew Stein independently of the arc proposed the first quantum error correction scheme.
- Christopher Monroe and David Wynland experimentally first implemented a controlled negation procedure based on trapped ions using the technique proposed by Syrac and Zoller a year earlier.
- 1996
- A quantum search algorithm in the database was invented by Love Grover from Bell Lab . Grover's algorithm allows you to achieve a quadratic increase in the speed of calculations compared to a conventional computer. Such a speed increase is not so dramatic as in the case of the Shore algorithm for factorization of numbers, but on the other hand, the Grover algorithm can be applied to a much wider range of problems. Any task that can be reduced to an uninformed search method (exhaustive search) will also have a quadratic increase in speed.
- David P. DiVinsenzo of IBM , proposed a list of the minimum requirements needed to create a quantum computer.
- 1997
- David Corey, Arm Fahmy and Timothy Havel, as well as simultaneously with them, MIT Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac Chang published works for the first time describing the possibility of practically realizing a quantum computer based on the effect of volume spin resonance or thermal ensembles. This technology is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a phenomenon that has also found application in medicine by presenting mankind with magnetic resonance imaging devices.
- Alexey Kitaev described the principles of topological quantum computing as a method of combating decoherence.
- Daniel Loss and David P. DiVinsenzo have proposed the , using their own angular momentum of individual electrons locked in quantum dots as qubits .
- 1998
- The first experimental demonstration of the implementation of the quantum algorithm: A two-qubit quantum computer operating on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR computer) was used to perform the Deutsch-Yogi quantum Algorithm .
- The first working three qubit NMR computer.
- The first execution of the Grover Algorithm on an NMR computer.
- 1999
- Samuel L. Braunstein and his colleagues showed that in no NMR experiment a mixed state of quantum entanglement does not exist. However, a mixed state of quantum entanglement is a prerequisite for quantum acceleration of computations, and thus, this has become a proof that NMR computers have no advantage over conventional computers. The question of whether a mixed state of quantum entanglement is really necessary to achieve quantum acceleration of computations is still open.
2000s
- 2000
- The first working five qubit NMR computer was demonstrated at the Munich Technical University .
- The first implementation of ordering (which is an important part of the Shore algorithm ) was demonstrated at the IBM research center and at Stanford University .
- The first working seven qubit NMR computer was demonstrated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
- 2001
- The first complete implementation of the Shore algorithm was demonstrated at the IBM research center and at Stanford University . The number 15 was factorized by a quantum computer, using an array of 10 18 identical molecules, each of which contained seven active nuclear spins .
2010s
- 2015
- Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a coherence time lasting for 6 hours. [6]
- Quantum information was encoded by simple electrical pulses. [7]
- A code has been written to detect quantum errors using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits. [eight]
- A two-qubit silicon logic gate has been developed. [9]
- 2016
- Google, using an array of 9 superconducting qubits developed by Martinis and the University of California at Santa Barbara , simulated a hydrogen molecule. [ten]
- 2017
- Microsoft introduced the quantum programming language integrated into Visual Studio . Programs can be run either locally on a 32-qubit computer simulator, or on a 32-qubit computer simulator in a Microsoft Azure cloud . [eleven]
- Scientists have created a microchip that generates two tangled qubits, with 10 different states, for 100 dimensions in total. [12]
- Intel has developed a 17-qubit chip. [13]
- 2018
- Intel has developed a 49-qubit chip. [14]
- MIT has discovered a new form of light , consisting of two or three quantum coupled photons (based on polaritons ), which in the future can be used in quantum computers. [15] [16]
Notes
- ↑ Stephen Wiesner . Conjugate Coding. - 1983. - Vol. 15. - P. 78-88.
- ↑ Simulating physics with computers Archived copy (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment September 13, 2012. Archived June 16, 2010.
- ↑ Benioff, P. Quantum mechanical hamiltonian models of turing machines (English) // Journal of Statistical Physics : journal. - 1982. - Vol. 29 , no. 3 . - P. 515-546 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF01342185 . - .
- ↑ Wootters, WK; Zurek, WH A single quantum cannot be cloned (Eng.) // Nature. - 1982. - Vol. 299 , no. 5886 . - P. 802-803 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 299802a0 .
- ↑ Dieks, D. Communication by EPR devices (Eng.) // Physics Letters A : journal. - 1982. - Vol. 92 , no. 6 . - P. 271—272 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0375-9601 (82) 90084-6 . - .
- ↑ January 7, 2015 Nature (journal) Optically addressable nuclear spins in a solid with a six-hour coherence time ( journal ) : journal. - Vol. 517 .
- ↑ April 13, 2015 Breakthrough opens door to affordable quantum computers . Date of appeal April 16, 2015.
- ↑ April 29, 2015 Demonstration of a quantum error detection code using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits . Date of treatment May 1, 2015.
- ↑ October 6, 2015 Crucial hurdle overcome in quantum computing . Date of treatment October 6, 2015.
- ↑ Scalable Quantum Simulation of Molecular Energies, P. J. J. O'Malley et al. Phys. Rev. X 6, 031007 (July 18, 2016). Date of treatment August 15, 2016.
- ↑ Microsoft makes play for next wave of computing with quantum computing toolkit . arstechnica.com . Date of treatment October 5, 2017.
- ↑ Qudits: The Real Future of Quantum Computing? (eng.) . IEEE Spectrum . Date of treatment June 29, 2017.
- ↑ Intel Delivers 17-Qubit Superconducting Chip with Advanced Packaging to QuTech . Intel Newsroom . Date of treatment October 23, 2017.
- ↑ CES 2018: Intel has advanced quantum and neuromorphic computing
- ↑ Hignett, Katherine Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution . Newsweek (February 16, 2018). Date of treatment February 17, 2018.
- ↑ Liang, Qi-Yu et al. Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium (English) // Science : journal. - 2018 .-- February 16 ( vol. 359 , no. 6377 ). - P. 783-786 . - DOI : 10.1126 / science.aao7293 .