Gavronsky, Alexander Osipovich

Born in the family of Osher Bendetovich (Osip Benediktovich) Gavronsky (1843-1890) and Liba-Miriam Vulfovna (Lyubov Vasilievna) Vysotskaya (1845-1930); grandson of a tea merchant, merchant of the first guild of Wulf Yankelevich Vysotsky ^[2] . My father owned one of the largest libraries of Jewish literature in the Russian Empire ^[3] .

In his youth, he was friends with Boris Pasternak , who met with his cousin Ida Vysotskaya (he became the prototype of Sasha Balts in the novel in the poems "Spektorsky"). He lived in Odessa ^[4] . He joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, held meetings and rallies among the workers of the parent factory, which led to a break with the family and prosecution; fled abroad. He studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Marburg and the Faculty of Philology of the University of Geneva and the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute . He published the works “Logic of numbers” (number theory from the point of view of the theory of knowledge) and “Methodological principles of natural science in connection with non-Euclidean geometry”. In 1916-1917 he worked as a director in the Zurich City Theater, as the main director of the Geneva Drama Theater (productions - Twelfth Night, The Examiner, The Brothers Karamazov, The Balance Box, Pillars of Society, and Death of Danton). Since 1917 - director of the Nezlobin Drama Theater (staged by “Maria Tudor”, 1919; “Cunning and Love”, 1920; “All Who Mourn”, 1920). In 1918-1919 - the head of the theater department, in 1919-1921 - the head of the art department of MONO (Moscow Department of Public Education); in 1921-1922 - head of the political education department of the GUVUZ (Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions); in 1923 - head of the spectacle department of the All-Russian Exhibition. He participated in the first Workshop of theater directors and the Directorate of the State Children's Theater.

Since 1924 - executive director of the F.I. Chaliapin State Theater Studio. In the same year he began working in the cinema - at the studios Goskino , Mezhrabpom , Gosvoenkino, Belgoskino , Ukrainfilm , VUFKU (Odessa) . He shot art and documentary films. Several films were staged together with his wife, filmmaker Olga Petrovna Ulitskaya , who later became the first director of the film studio Moldova-film . In 1933, they shot the first sound film of the Kiev film studio “Love” (destroyed after the director’s arrest with the film “The Dark Kingdom”) ^[5] . He taught at the art department of the Kiev Film Institute . He was friendly with Nina Gernet ^[6] .

Arrested on January 4, 1934 , on February 27, he was sent to Bear Mountain for three years ^[7] . Returning to Moscow, he was immediately arrested again, on February 5, 1938, he was sentenced to 5 years in forced labor camps in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . On July 5, 1941, he was transferred to the Central isolation ward and on June 2, 1942, he was again sentenced to 10 years in labor camp and 5 years of defeat in his rights - he spent 18 years in camps (and 8 years in exile) ^[8] . In Sevzheldorlag he was the head of the TEKO (theater and pop group), where the creative life of such theatrical figures as Tamara Petkevich and Khava Volovich began ; the troupe was played by Honored Artist of the Georgian SSR Tamara Tsulukidze and Ariadna Efron ; A number of artists of the troupe left memories of its director ^{[9] [10] [11]} . After the third arrest, he was transferred to Ozerlag .

After his release on July 23, 1952 - in exile in the village of Vesely Kut, Odessa region ^[12] . After rehabilitation in 1956 he moved to his wife in Chisinau. He was buried at the Central (Armenian) cemetery in Chisinau ^[13] . Numerous philosophical manuscripts of A. O. Gavronsky were seized during the arrests and were not preserved; preserved correspondence with his wife is being prepared for publication ^[14] .

• Brothers
  • Boris Osipovich (Ber Osherovich) Gavronsky (1886-1932, Nice), industrialist, one of the managers of Vysotsky & Co., publisher, collector, doctor, graduate of the medical faculty of Moscow University ; He was married to Lyubov Sergeyevna Shmerling (Gavronskaya) ^{[15] [16] [17]} .
  • Yakov Osipovich Gavronsky (1878-1948), doctor and medical scientist, organic chemist, socialist-revolutionary, publicist, press attache of the Russian embassy ( Provisional Government ) in Great Britain (1917), lived in London ; the first marriage (1908-1913) was married to the doctor Rosa Isidorovna Shabad (niece of Tsemakh Shabad ), the second marriage - to Maria Yevseyevna Gavronskaya (nee Kalmanovskaya, 1890-1955) ^{[18] [19] [20]} .
  • Dmitry Osipovich (Meer Osherovich) Gavronsky (pseudonym Svetlov ; 1883, Smolensk - 1949, Zurich ), philosopher, publicist, socialist-revolutionary, graduate of the University of Marburg (where he studied with B. L. Pasternak in 1912), member of the Constituent Assembly , professor of philosophy University of Bern ; was married to Maria Sergeyevna Schmerling.
  • Ilya Osipovich Gavronsky, a dentist, was married to Elizabeth Solomonovna Minor (daughter of the rabbi of Moscow Zelik Minor , sister of the neuropathologist Lazar Minor and lawyer Osip Minor ).
  • Lazar Osipovich (Leiser-Haim Osherovich) Gavronsky (1870—?), Publisher of the journal “Dental Herald”, dentist in Paris, from 1894 he was married to Bella Solomonovna Minor, the daughter of Rabbi Zelik Minor .
• Sister - Amalia Osipovna Fondaminsky (1882-1935, Paris), from February 26, 1903, married to Ilya Isidorovich Fondaminsky ; Vladimir Nabokov (1932) stayed in their apartment in Paris, A.O. Fondaminskaya devoted three poems by Zinaida Gippius (“Amalie”, “Manual” and “Walls”), a poem by D. S. Merezhkovsky (“Amalie”, 1911), it served as the prototype of Alexandra Yakovlevna Chernyshevskaya in the novel “Gift” by V. Nabokov ^{[21] [22]} .
• Cousins ​​- the poet Mikhail Tsetlin , the Socialist-Revolutionaries Mikhail Gots and Abram Gots .

• 1927 - The Circle (with Julius Raizman , Gosvoenkino)
• 1928 - “The Bridge across the Bittern” (Blizzard, with Nikolai Verkhovsky , Gosvoenkino)
• 1928 - The Kryvyi Rih (Gosvoenkino)
• 1929 - “The Dark Kingdom” (VUFKU, Odessa)
• 1930 - “The Lamefoot” (“You cannot forget”, “The Ilka the Lamefoot”; with Olga Ulitskaya, Belgoskino)
• 1930 - “Real Life” (“The act of the Komsomol member of the Faith”, “Personal Life”; with Olga Ulitskaya, Belgoskino)
• 1931 - The Vanguard of the Five-Year Plan ^[23]
• 1933 - “Love” (together with Olga Ulitskaya, Ukrainfilm)

• O. V. Bezruchko . Filmmakers and teachers: O. Y. Gavronsky, O. P. Dovzhenko, V. I. Ivchenko. Vinnitsa : Globus-Pres, 2010 .-- 263 p.
• Memory page on the site of victims of repression Immortal hut photos and case materials