Hawley (culture)

One of the main monuments is the Xiaojinshan Monument. It is located about 1.5 km east of the Tahe River. Xiaojinshan is located at an absolute elevation of 218 meters above sea level. The size of the monument from east to west is 250 m, from south to north is 400 m, the total area is approximately 10 thousand m² [Research Institute ..., 1996, p.1]. The central part of the monument was severely destroyed in connection with the activities of the brick factory. Destroyed about 6 thousand square meters. m. In the fall and winter of 1991 . The Office of the Monuments of Material Culture of the Jinan City District, the Museum of Zhangqiu City District sent archaeological teams to the monuments to carry out urgent excavations. Two locations of the foundations of the dwellings of the Hawley culture period were discovered, 20 burial sites. All the remnants of material culture that have been excavated relate to the same time. Archaeological research institutions of the monuments of material culture, the museum of the Zhangqiu urban district have once again explored and excavated this monument. Work on the monument was carried out in October - December 1993 .

Dwellings

The area of ​​dwellings of the Xiaojinshan Monument of Hawley Culture is relatively large, among the dwellings there are rarely so destroyed that it is difficult to establish the relationship between their parts. All buildings are semi-dugouts . Half-ditches in the plan are rectangles or squares with rounded corners. The entrance is usually on the south side. The area of ​​dwellings varies from 30 to 50 square meters. m. The largest exceed 50 square meters. m. Inside some dwellings, the surface is dotted with grains of burnt earth. In addition, a feature of the Xiaojinshan Monument is that it is the first settlement of the Hawley culture, surrounded by a moat. Early Neolithic settlements discovered on the territory of China, surrounded by moats, belonged to the Sinlongwa and Pentoushan cultures.

Eight dwellings were investigated. All of them are semi-underground type buildings (semi-dugout). Two types of dwellings are distinguished. The first type includes dwellings that have a plan in the form of a rectangle with rounded corners. The second type includes 1 dwelling - it has an oval plan.

Type 1

Dwelling 1. Dimensions: length - 6.32 m, width - 5.25 m. The depth of the base of the dwelling from its edge to the floor is 0.65 m. There is one entrance in the corner of the southern area of ​​the dwelling. The western region, where the entrance was located, was destroyed. In terms of the entrance has the shape of a trapezoid, the width is 0.56-0.80 m, the length is 0.46 m, the profile of the entrance showed that (it) has a stepped shape. Only two steps. There are 10 holes from poles (supports). The footprints from the supports are not very consistent and even around the perimeter, the size is also not the same, the diameter of the holes is 12-16 cm, the depth is 14-36 cm.

The objects of material culture that were discovered as a whole can be divided into three groups: group 1 - located in the northwestern region. There is one ceramic pot for cooking food without legs, as well as three groups of so-called. stone "legs"; 2 group - located in the middle region. There is a boiler for cooking food without legs, as well as 9 groups of stone “legs”; Group 3 - located in the southwestern region, there is a ceramic pot without legs for cooking food. In addition to this, on this surface, there are still remains of polished stone tiles .

Type 2

Housing 2. Its northern region was destroyed. The length of the preserved part from south to north is 6.05 m, from east to west it is 3.35 m wide. The depth of the base of the dwelling from its edge to the floor is 0.35 m. 10 holes from the supports were found along the edges. The holes from the supports have a diameter of 10 to 20 cm, a depth of 10-25 cm. The objects of material culture that are on the surface where active activity is recorded are divided into 4 groups: 1 group is in the northern area of ​​the home, there are “legs” in the area , as well as a composition of ceramic boilers for cooking meat without legs; 2 group - located in the eastern part of the dwelling, there are 2 stone "legs"; 3 group - located in the central part of the dwelling, there are three ceramic boilers for cooking meat without legs; Group 4 - the place is located in the southern part and adjoins the wall of the dwelling, there are stone “legs” in the region, as well as several ceramic boilers for cooking meat without legs.

Pottery

A total of 674 products were discovered. Of these, the bulk are the so-called. boilers for cooking meat without legs ("fu") - 532 subjects [Research Institute ..., 1996, C.7].

Sand was used as a scrubber. The color of the ceramics is divided into red-brown, red, gray, dark brown. In this case, ceramics having a red-brown red color, takes first place. The temperature during ceramic firing was relatively low. All ceramic products are handmade. No ceramics from unburnt clay. In most cases, pieces of unburnt clay were used, which were interconnected when forming the walls. The thickness of most ceramic products is not the same. The bottom of the vessels has a round shape. Products with a round base were created by connecting the trunk and the bottom of the vessel with a ring of unburnt clay, and this completed the formation of the product. In order to make it more convenient to use cups with a round bottom and give stability to the pots, some (vessels) have 4-8 maceous protrusions (legs) added.

Types of Ceramic Molds

There are relatively many types of ceramic products, there are boilers for cooking meat without legs, products in the form of vessels for washing hands, jugs , pots , products resembling teapots , cups, bowls, dishes, mugs. Among them, the main place is occupied by boilers for cooking meat without legs, which is approximately 70%, products in the form of vessels for washing hands, pots - each category is approximately 10%, the number of products of other types is relatively small. Among ceramics, the main place is occupied by round-bottom products, there are a small number of flat-bottomed products, products on an annular pallet, products with legs in the form of nipples.

Ornamentation

The main ornaments are nail, squeezed (printed), as well as mortise ornament.

Nail ornament is applied in large quantities to boilers for cooking meat without legs, jugs, pots, items in the form of dummies.

Printed ornaments in many are in the middle area of ​​the pots. Mortise ornaments are rarely found on boilers for cooking meat without legs on the outside along the edge of the mouth.

In addition, among the ceramic products there is a small number of objects that resemble the leg of the dow, “legs” [Scientific Research Institute ..., 2000, p.22] of ceramic pigs (figures).

Stone Products

A total of 118 items were found. Moreover, 76 of them belong to the so-called. "Support legs."

The main types of products are axes , hammers , polished products, polished sticks (batons, pestles?), Grinding stones, chisels , products in the form of a plow , millstone , "supporting legs", jewelry.

The production process included grinding according to certain samples, manufacturing by beating and chipping. For the manufacture of stone "legs" used mainly natural pieces of stone, partially adding processing chipping and upholstery. A single case is the “foot”, where the surface is polished. Terochiki, grinding sticks, grinding stones, many polished products polished to a shine. Axes, chisels are highly polished and occupy a central place among products in the production of stone tools. For stone decorations, sandstone, slate, and granite were mainly used.

Bone Products

A total of 36 items were discovered. A lot of damaged. Used animal bones. The ribs were processed by grinding. Among the products there are awls, darts (metal weapons), arrowheads , daggers , products resembling the head of a hilt of a sword.

Products from horn, tooth.

A total of 7 items were discovered. The detected amount is relatively small, the shape of the products is uniform. In total there are: chisels from a horn, products in the form of a head of a sword from a horn, a knife from a shell, jewelry from a shell, jewelry from a tooth.

Burials

Three groups of burials were found on the monument [Scientific Research Institute, 2003, p.9].

The first group of burials. Located in the northwestern area of ​​the monument. In 1999 in the month of March, employees of the Archaeological Research Institute Prov. Shandong conducted reconnaissance work at the Xiaojinshan Monument and discovered a whole burial area. In the course of reconnaissance, 6 burial sites were discovered. Based on the position 6 of the discovered burials, the latter are graves with vertical walls of a rectangular shape, all are oriented from south to north, those buried have their heads thrown backwards, their bodies and limbs are located directly. The discovered 6 burial sites are all directed head south. The upper layer of human bones has a very hard layer of granular calcareous nodule. There are no objects in the uncovered several burials. Only in M03, under the bones on one side, was one decoration made of polished frog skin.

The second group of burials is located in the middle area of ​​the monument. At present, two burials have been discovered, which are numbered M01, M02. M01 is located on the south side of a modern asphalt road. The entrance (to the burial site) is located under the dwelling F042, only the bones of the skull are found. In the upper area of ​​the bones of the skull, one decoration from a frog was found. If you look at the open location of the bones of the skull, the human head in the M02 burial is directed south.

The third group of burials is located in the eastern region of the settlement. 21 burial sites were uncovered. If you look at the location system, then all 21 burials can be divided into three groups according to their location. The northern group of accommodation has M14, M20, M9, M5, M10, M18, M17, M15, M16, M2, only 11 burial sites are not numbered. All of them are vertical grave pits, their length is about 2 m, width is approximately between 0.50-0.70 m. This width allows you to accommodate only one human body. There are no objects in the burial. In burials, people are buried everywhere alone, with their head thrown back and their bodies and extremities straight, their heads pointing north. In the bones of humans there is a very hard layer of granular calcareous nodule. Due to the long-term pressure of the soil layers, the bones of the skull underwent severe destructive deformation, and therefore it is difficult to make anthropological measurements. Frog skin, ceramic “legs” and disk-shaped ornaments are found inside individual burials.

Another large and important monument of Hawley culture is the Xihe monument.

Xihe Monument is located 500 m north-west of Longshan Village, Zhangqiu Prov. Shandong. The monument is located in the zone where the slopes of the low hills on the north side of the Tai and I mountain ranges on the one hand and the alluvial plain in the north-west of Prov. Shandong. The height above sea level is about 55 m. Now the area of ​​the monument is 10 thousand square meters. m. [Research Institute ..., 2000, p.15] The monument to Xihe was discovered during exploration work to search for monuments of material culture in 1987. In 1991, the Scientific Research Institute of Archeology and Material Culture Prov. Shandong conducted the first excavation. In 1997 , in August, September, work was carried out on provincial roads for their construction and expansion. The Shandong Research Institute of Archeology conducted a second time emergency excavation at the Xihe Monument. The total excavation area is approximately 1350 square meters. m

Dwellings

1. Housing. Only 19 places. For everyone, a typical structure is characteristic - a semi-dugout, which is divided into two types.

First type. The plan has the shape of a rounded rectangle. There are 1-3 groups of foci, the entrance in most cases has steps, the total area is usually 25-50 square meters. m. The living surface, the walls of the semi-dugout are coated with a paste of clay in one layer, fired, as a result, a solid sintered surface is formed, a thickness of 2-5 cm, has a dark gray, yellow-brown, red-brown color. Three areas are clearly distinguished on the living surface: living area, cooking area, work area. In each area of ​​the hearth there are three stone “legs” that look like a triangular formation, which are half dug into the soil. The foci in most cases and the entrances are opposite each other, the “legs” are relatively large, the depth (underground) is large, there are clear signs of their use, in one or two corners there are remains of ceramic products in the home, among them there are fu, products in in the form of teapots, bowls, jugs, in some dwellings there are more than 10 ceramic fu arranged in a certain order.

F62 - located in the northeastern region of the excavated area. The plan has a rectangular shape with rounded corners, a length of 7.6 m, a width of 6.5 m, a depth of 0.45-0.5 m. The entrance is directed to the south, the entrance with steps is located in the middle area of ​​the south wall and is located somewhat to the west . It has the shape of a wide trapezoid tapering inward, from east to west - 0.7-1.1 m, from north to south 0.45 m. The living surface is well-burned. Under the living surface there are traces of one layer with a thickness of 0.1 m of red calcined earth. On the surface there are three groups of foci.

F58 - Located in the western area of ​​the excavation area. The plan has a rectangular shape with rounded corners, the northern region is relatively wide, length 5.75 m, width 3.6-4.45 m, depth 0.36 m. The entrance is directed to the south. The entrance is located in the western region on the side of the southern wall, within its borders it has the shape of a trapezoid. It has the shape of a trapezoid tapering inward, length 0.9 m, width 0.6-0.9 m. The walls and living surface of the room are fenced, there are no signs of frying on the living surface, the soil surface of the middle and eastern regions have relatively much wood ash. In the middle of the living surface there is one hearth, there is also a group of three stone “legs” that are half buried in the soil. In the western and southeastern regions of the residential surface there is one group of ceramic products left, there are 17 ceramic vessels of fu, large and small.

The second type. The plan has the shape of a rectangle with rounded edges, and some have an oval shape. There are no foci on the living surface, inside some dwellings there are a large number of finely divided ceramic fragments. The entrance in most cases in plan represents a tapering trapezoid; the area is usually 10-20 square meters. m

F55 - located in the middle area. The plan has the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners, stretched from east to west, the walls are inclined. Length 6.6 m, width 3.56-3.74 m, depth - 0.14-0.3 m. The entrance is directed to the south. The tapering entrance is in the southwestern corner, has the shape of a tapering trapezoid, from east to west - 0.6 m, from north to south - 0.5 m. Living area of ​​the dwelling, there are no signs of burning treatment on the walls of the half-dugout. You can see traces of soot. In the northern region and in the eastern region there are a total of 7 holes from the support poles having a circular shape. Diameter 10-16 cm, depth 6-12 cm, filled with loose earth of gray-brown color, gray-black earth, including the carbonized part of the support inside one hole. No material culture items were found on the residential surface.

Ashpit

There are 9 of them. They are located between the dwellings, and the dwellings are interconnected with them. The oval shape of ashpots predominates [Scientific Research Institute ..., 2000, p.19]. Others are rectangular, irregular in shape; most have straight walls and a flat bottom. Among the products found in them there are ceramic fu, jugs, bowls, teapots “legs”, stone teoches, stone pestles, axes, adzes, grindstones, as well as a small number of stone products, have been excavated. Among the products in the first place are ceramic products, the rest include stone products and bone products.

Pottery

Ceramic products are characterized by a relatively thin wall thickness. Natural clay was fired, without pre-eluting, with the addition of small fragments of mica, stone grains of fine or coarse sand as a scrubber. The firing temperature is relatively low. The color of the ceramics is mainly red-brown. Gray-brown ceramics are in second place, black-brown ceramics are relatively few. The color of the ceramic is not clear. The combination of several colors for one product is ubiquitous, mainly there are red-brown, gray-brown, black-brown, yellow, black. All ceramic products are handmade. The shape of the vessels is not very clear and neat, the inner walls are uneven. A rounded bottom was made by horizontal molding. The bottom of the dishes is relatively thick. The area of ​​the body is a zone of clay paste, which was placed in loops (in a spiral), and then subjected to glossing. For a large number of vessels, the outer edges are in the form of a multilayer corolla (border), decorated with stamped, nail designs. For products with ring-shaped legs, clay strips were used for joining, and thus, damaged products were repaired. Ears (handles) are adjacent to pots, teapots in the upper region of the body. The surface of the products is in most cases unpainted.

Among the ornaments are: nail ornament, stamped ornament, dimple ornament, cord ornament. The combined ornament in most cases adorns the upper area of ​​the fu. The remaining ornaments are mostly found in the area of ​​the mouth rim of such types of products as bowls, fu, in small quantities there are jugs with horizontal handles, the ends of which are ornamented with stamped ornaments. Cord ornament is extremely small, it is found only on the corollas of products.

There are relatively many types of ceramic products, products with a rounded bottom make up the majority of the total number, among the rest there are products on a ring-shaped leg. Products with a flat bottom are relatively few. In most cases, horizontal pens are attached to jugs; products in the form of vessels for wine also in most have handles. Among the types of products are fu, jugs with paired handles, dishes on the ring leg, cups, jugs (in the form of flasks) of an egg-shaped shape with a high neck, jugs with a convex region of a small mouth, cups, items in the form of vessels for washing hands, as well as ceramic pigs and ceramic anthropomorphic figures.

Stone Products

There are a large number of stone products: axes, sickles, adzes, hammers, polished products, terochniki, pestles, "legs", grinding stones, supporting stones. Manufacturing methods included upholstery, polishing and grinding. Some of the supporting stones and “legs” are upholstered; terikov and stone pestles, as well as "legs" are processed by polishing; axes, tesla and sickles processed by grinding.

Legs

Their number is relatively large. Made both upholstery and polishing, individual sections of the “legs” have traces of grinding. Three types can be distinguished [Research Institute ..., 2000, p.24].

Type A: the body has a triangular shape, the two sides are relatively even, the upper end is relatively sharp, there are signs of burning, the lower end is relatively concave. Polished, slightly polished. Height 42, bottom width 20 cm (Fig. 18, 12; Fig. 20, left).

Type B: has the shape of cattle horns, the upper end is rounded and obtuse, the lower end is narrow. Polished. The outer side is roughly polished. Height about 16 cm, bottom width 4.8 cm (Fig. 18, 6).

Type C: The body has the shape of a flat rod (bar), the upper end is relatively pointed, the middle part is convex, the lower end is narrowed below. Polished, areas have traces of grinding. Height 40.8 cm (Fig. 18.10; Fig. 20, right).

Bone Products

Their number is small. Animal bones, costal bones were used, among the types of products there are pins, awls (punches), needles.

In general, the following characteristic features of the Hawley culture can be noted.

1. Housing. Almost all the discovered dwellings are rectangular in plan and are semi-dugouts. The entrance is located only on the south side. Dwellings that have a round shape have not yet been discovered.

2. Burials. All burials are solitary corpses, in most cases with the complete absence of any burial equipment. Usually oriented from north to south or from south to north. Bone remains always lie straight. In addition, in individual burials there are remains of frog skin, which is probably due to the spiritual ideas of the carriers of the Hawley culture.

3. Ceramic products. A large number and variety of types of ceramic products are characteristic. A feature of ceramics is that the bulk of ceramic dishes is round-bottom. Products with a flat bottom are rare. Sand was used as a cleaning agent. Ceramics with a sink cleaner were not found. Ornamentation is relatively simple (stamped, nail, mortise ornaments).

It should dwell on such an element characteristic of this culture as the so-called. "legs". These items were made of both stone and clay. Their utilitarian purpose is to support ceramic dishes when cooking on fire. That is, here you can see the prototype of a tripod. The latter is very widespread in subsequent cultures (ceramic vessels of the Longshan culture on the Shandong Peninsula). Moreover, this type of product is not fixed in cultures that coexisted in neighboring areas, including the Sinlunwa culture in southern Manchuria.

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