Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky (1804–1868), a Russian shipbuilder of the 19th century, built about 50 sailing and sailing-screw ships , frigates and other military vessels, oversaw the design and construction of the first battleships of the Russian Imperial Navy , and a member of the Marine Scientific Committee departments , Lieutenant-General [1] .
| Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date of Birth | December 25, 1804 | ||||||
| Place of Birth | Kherson Province | ||||||
| Date of death | July 6, 1868 (63 years) | ||||||
| Place of death | St. Petersburg | ||||||
| Affiliation |  Russian empire | ||||||
| Type of army |  Fleet | ||||||
| Rank |  Lieutenant General Lieutenant General of the Fleet | ||||||
| Awards and prizes |
| ||||||
Content
Biography
Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky was born on December 25, 1804 in the Kherson province , in a non-commissioned officer family [2] .
Learning and service start
August 6, 1813 he entered the service of the Jungle of the Black Sea Fleet . From 1814 to 1819 he studied at the Sevastopol naval school. On January 23, 1820, in Nikolaev, he was appointed a student at the Black Sea Navigational School, which he graduated in 1825. In December 1826, by decision of the Black Sea Fleet commander Admiral A. S. Greig , Chernyavsky, together with other young naval officers specially selected to continue training and learning shipbuilding skills, was sent to England [3] . On a business trip abroad, on January 6, 1827, he was promoted to navigator assistants of non-commissioned officers , and on September 23 of the same year he was renamed ensign of the Naval navigator corps . On April 18, 1828, Chernyavsky was transferred to the Corps of Ship Engineers in the same rank, December 31, 1831 - promoted to second lieutenant [4] .
In the Sevastopol Admiralty (1832–1836)
In 1832, after returning from England, Second Lieutenant S.I. Chernyavsky was sent to the Sevastopol Admiralty , where he was engaged in mast and boat work, completing the construction and repair of various vessels. He supervised the modernization of the brigantine "Elizabeth", the steamer " Gromonosets ", the corvette " Penderaklia ", the brig " Mercury ", corrected the frigate " Burgas " and the keel corvette " Iphigenia " [1] .
At the end of the summer of 1832, S.I. Chernyavsky in the Sevastopol Admiralty began to build ships independently. On August 9, he laid out tenders for “Fast” and “Fast”. Both tenders were built and launched on May 28, 1833. September 26, 1833 for the difference produced in the lieutenants . In 1834 he was sent to the Nikolaev Admiralty , where he completed the construction of the 120-gun ship Warsaw , the first on the Black Sea , designed by A. S. Greig and built by I. Ya. Osminin . In 1835, S.I. Chernyavsky returned to Sevastopol , built a cargo boat and repaired various vessels. February 14, 1835 laid the 44-gun frigate " Brailov ", which was launched on October 6, 1936. For the construction of the frigate he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 3 degrees. Chernyavsky did not succeed in fully completing the construction of the ship personally, since by decision of the command of the ship fleet was sent to the Nikolaev Admiralty [1] .
In the Nicholas Admiralty (1836–1852)
November 2, 1836 S. I. Chernyavsky was promoted to captain-captain . Having arrived in Nikolaev I was engaged in designing and building ships of various classes. In the Nikolaevsk Admiralty for 17 years of work, the shipbuilder built [1] :
- - three 120-gun sailing battleships of the first rank: “The Twelve Apostles ” (1838–1841) in the Main Admiralty of Nikolayev, “ Paris ” (1847–1849) and “The Grand Duke Constantine ” (1850–1852) in Spassky Admiralty of Nikolayev. During the construction of the first 120-gun linear ship of the first rank: "The Twelve Apostles " for the first time in the Russian shipbuilding applied the hold fixing system of W. Symonds;
- - Two 84-gun battleships of the Three Hierarchs (1836–1838), Brave (1841–1847);
- - 60-gun frigate " Mesemvriya " (1838-1840);
- - the sailing schooner Swallow (1837–1838);
- - brig "Endymion";
- - nineteen gunboats ;
- - transports "Liman", "Rymnik", "Dniester".
- - Two 84-gun battleships of the Three Hierarchs (1836–1838), Brave (1841–1847);
On November 2, 1838, Chernyavsky was promoted to captain of the Ship Engineers Corps. While working at the Nikolaevsky Admiralty, S. I. Chernyavsky not only built ships independently, but also supervised the construction of various vessels by other craftsmen, was in charge of the collection of drawings and the shipbuilding library . In 1843 he was sent to England to collect information on the improvement of shipbuilding. December 6, 1847 promoted to lieutenant-colonel [1] .
On October 15, 1852, S.I. Chernyavsky in the slipway of the Nikolaev Admiralty embarked on the construction of the first screw steam 131-gun ship of the Black Sea Fleet "Bosporus" (renamed "Sinop"). There was no experience in building such ships, and from 1852 to 1853 Chernyavsky was sent to England and France to get acquainted with the organization and technique of building iron screw ships. Returning from a business trip, Chernyavsky finalized the drawings of the Bosphorus. The construction of the ship was continued by the builder A. S. Akimov and launched it in the water in 1859 [5] .
Service in St. Petersburg (1855–1869)
On August 3, 1855, Lieutenant Colonel S. I. Chernyavsky was seconded to St. Petersburg to build the 125-gun ship "Emperor Nicholas I" [6] and 10 armored floating batteries. At the same time, he was appointed a member of the Marine Scientific Committee . In January 1856, he was granted the rank of colonel and appointed a member of the Committee for the reconstruction of the Okhten shipyard . In the same year, by the Highest Decree, he was appointed chairman of the shipbuilding and technical committee. In 1857 he was appointed a member of the Committee for the Study of Forests of the Kingdom of Poland [1] .
May 18, 1860 promoted to the rank of major general . Since 1864, Chernyavsky, being a member of the Technical Committee of the Main Engineering Department, was engaged in scuba diving and led the development of the first shipbuilding programs for the period of transition to iron armored ships, provided the design and construction of the first iron battleships of the “ Firstborn ” and “ Don't touch me ” types. He designed a new version of small-sized floating batteries with rifled guns intended for the defense of the Kerch Strait [4] .
Under the chairmanship of Major-General S. I. Chernyavsky, the project of the English company Mitchell and Co. for the construction of the Russian double-tower armored boats “Mermaid” and “The Sorceress ” was finalized. In 1865, Cherniavsky was appointed chairman of the shipbuilding technical committee and a member of the Marine Scientific Committee. At the same time he became the chief controller of all new projects of battleships. On January 1, 1868, Cherniavsky was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general [4] .
He was married to Chernyavskaya Maria Ivanovna (born Upton), the daughter of military architect John Upton [2] .
July 6, 1868 Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky died in St. Petersburg [1] .
Awards
- Order of St. Stanislav 3 degree (1835);
- Order of St. Anne 2 degrees (1838);
- Order of St. Stanislav 2 degree (1844);
- Order of St. Vladimir, 3 degrees (1858);
- Order of St. Stanislav 1 degree (1863);
- Order of St. Anne, 1 degree (1865);
- The imperial crown to the Order of St. Anne, 1 degree (1866) [1] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Veselago F. F. General Maritime List. - St. Petersburg, 1900. - T. XII. - p. 258-261.
- ↑ 1 2 Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky // Encyclopedic Dictionary "Nikolayevtsa from 1789 to 1999" / V. Karnaukh. - Nikolaev: "Possibilities of Kimmeria", 1999. - 375 p. - 10 000 copies - ISBN 9667676005 .
- ↑ Anatoly Satsky. Professional training of admiralty specialists abroad // Regional Almanac: History, Culture, Osvita: Almanac. - 2004.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Vladimir Usoltsev. The builders of the sailing fleet in Sevastopol. Chernyavsky Stepan Ivanovich // “Marine Archive”: Almanac. - 2012. - № 2 (3) .
- ↑ 90–130-gun ships . Site "Military Russia. Sailing fleet. The appeal date is September 29, 2014.
- ↑ The emergence of shipbuilding education in Ukraine . Site of the National University of Shipbuilding of Ukraine. The appeal date is September 29, 2014.
Literature
- Bykhovsky, I. A. Stories about Russian shipbuilders. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1966. - p. 248. - 284 p. - 17 800 copies
- Skritsky N.V. The most famous shipbuilders of Russia. Stepan Ivanovich Chernyavsky. - M .: Veche, 2002. - p. 126-1133. - 375 s. - 7000 copies - ISBN 5-7838-1124-6 .
- Skritsky N.V. The Ship of the Transitional Period // “Marine Fleet”: Journal. - 2008. - № 5 . - ISSN 0369-1276 .