Pharmaceutical ginger , or medicinal ginger , or real ginger , or ordinary ginger ( lat. Zīngiber officināle ) - a perennial herb ; type species of the genus Ginger of the Ginger family ( Zingiberaceae ). In Russian, simply ginger is often called; raw or processed plant rhizomes are also called ginger .
| Ginger pharmaceutical | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
 General view of a plant with a flower | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Zingiber officinale Roscoe , 1807 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Distribution
Ginger comes from the countries of South Asia . Currently grown in China , India , Indonesia , Australia , West Africa , Jamaica , Barbados .
In the Middle Ages it was introduced to Europe, where it was used as a spice and medicine. In particular, ginger was considered one of the main means for the prevention of plague . Merchants said that ginger grows at the ends of the world in the country of troglodytes , who vigilantly guard it [2] , which further increased the already considerable price for the miraculous root.
At the beginning of the XVI century, one of the first plants was brought to America and quickly spread there.
Biological Description
Roots by origin, subordinate, form a fibrous root system. A modified underground shoot is often taken as a root - a rhizome , from which green aboveground shoots and adventitious roots depart. Rhizome - primary structure: integumentary tissue - cork ; the central axial cylinder is a ring of vascular-fibrous bundles (closed collateral), a parenchyma with numerous vascular-fibrous bundles (closed collateral) and cells with essential oil (yellow-green).
The stem is erect, round, not pubescent. The internodes are more than 1 cm, elongated.
The leaves are alternate simple, whole, lanceolate, one-pointed, with a pointed apex, have a leaf sheath. The base of the leaf is heart-shaped.
The flowers are zygomorphic, located on short peduncles , collected in spike - shaped inflorescences . A green cup consists of five sepals , fused. Corolla separate of three petals of violet-brown or yellow-orange colors. Androecium is multiple, one stamen is fertile, the rest are barren. Gynoecium consists of three fused carpels.
The fruit is a tricuspid box .
Rhizome
Rhizome Appearance
Ginger rhizome has the appearance of roundish, located mainly in the same plane, palm-separated pieces.
Chemical Composition
The content of essential oil in dry rhizomes is 1.5–3%, its main components are α- and β-zingiberenes (zingiberni; sesquiterpenes (group of organic compounds of the terpenes class [3] - up to 70%), also contains camphene , cineole , bisabolene , borneol , citral , linalool . Ginger also contains vitamins C , B 1 , B 2 and essential amino acids . The burning taste is due to the substance [3] .
Application
Cooking
Most often, ginger is used in ground form. Ground spice is a grayish-yellow powdery powder. If it has a strong and lasting aroma, then it is considered better. In the kitchens of different nations, it is used as a seasoning:
- in drinks ( kvass , sbiten , tea , coffee );
- in baking (cookies, muffins , biscuits );
- in canning ( preserves , jam );
- in sauces (for meat, vegetable and fruit marinades ).
- as a snack for sushi ( pickled ginger )
Ginger is also used as an independent product in the form of jam, candied fruit or pickled ginger.
Ginger is part of the Indian curry seasoning.
Ginger with sugar and sparkling water, to which yeast and spices are added, make up the traditional recipe for ginger ale . Often, honey, various fruits or berries, as well as tea petals are additionally used.
Ginger beer is an alcoholic beverage . It is made from ginger, sugar and water with the addition of beer or baker's yeast and lactic acid bacteria . The alcohol content in ginger beer can reach 11%.
In medicine
Ginger rhizome ( lat. Rhizoma Zingiberis ) goes on sale in pharmacies in a peeled or uncleaned form of cork [3] .
Ginger in the form of infusion , tincture , powder is used for diseases of the joints ( arthritis , arthrosis , osteoarthrosis ) [4] [5] , motion sickness , gastric ulcer [6] , to increase appetite and improve digestion, atherosclerosis , impaired fat and cholesterol exchange [7] , to normalize the state of blood vessels.
Ginger broth with honey and lemon is often used for colds .
Compresses are used to relieve headaches , back pain and chronic rheumatism .
Essential oil is widely used in aromatherapy for the treatment of psycho-emotional disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, colds and viral diseases. It is used in hot inhalations , in baths, for rubbing, for massage and inside.
Ginger contains the substance gingerol , which has antidiarrheal activity in mice [8] .
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .
- ↑ Toussaint-Samat M. A History of Food. - 2nd ed. - John Wiley & Sons, 2009 .-- P. 447.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Blinova K.F. et al. Botanical-Pharmacognostic Dictionary: Ref. allowance / Under (inaccessible link) ed. K.F. Blinova, G.P. Yakovleva. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. - S. 191. - ISBN 5-06-000085-0 .
- ↑ Drozdov VN, Kim VA, Tkachenko EV, Varvanina GG. Influence of a specific ginger combination on gastropathy conditions in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip // The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. - 2012. - Vol. 18, No. 6 . - P. 583-8. - DOI : 10.1089 / acm.2011.0202. . - PMID 22784345 .
- ↑ Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis // Arthritis & Rheumatology. - 2001. - Vol. 44, No. 11 . - P. 2531-8. - PMID 11710709 .
- ↑ Haniadka R, Saldanha E, Sunita V, Palatty PL, Fayad R, Baliga MS. A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) // Food & function. - 2013 .-- Vol. 4, No. 6 . - P. 845-55. - DOI : 10.1039 / c3fo30337c . - PMID 23612703 .
- ↑ M. Thomsona, KKAl-Qattana, SMAl-Sawana, MAAlnaqeeba, I.Khanb, M.Ali. The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) As a potential anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic agent // Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. - 2002. - Vol. 67, No. 6 . - P. 475-478. - DOI : 10.1054 / plef.2002.0441 .
- ↑ Jaw-Chyun Chen et al. Ginger and Its Bioactive Component Inhibit Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin-Induced Diarrhea in Mice // Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - 2007. - Vol. 55, No. 21 . - P. 8390-8397. - DOI : 10.1021 / jf071460f . - PMID 17880155 .
Literature
- Ginger // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (Retrieved April 17, 2010)
- Ginger // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Gazizov, M. B. et al. Scientific and trivial names of organic compounds. - Kazan: Kazan. state technol. Univ., 1998.
- Ivanova, O. Horned Spine // Gardener: Journal. - No. 11. - 2006.
- Fedorov, V. S. Plants of Indonesian medicine that contribute to improving brain function. // Pharmacist : journal. - No. 11. - 2003.
- Schroeter, A. I. et al. Natural raw materials of Chinese medicine. - M., 2009 .-- T. 1.
- Pokhlebkin, V.V. All about spices. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009. - ISBN 978-5-9524-4406-5 .