Bogomolets, Alexander Alexandrovich

Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets was born on May 12 ( May 24 ), 1881 in Kiev. It came from the “Chernihiv branch” of the Bogomolets family. Father - Alexander Mikhailovich Bogomolets , son of the judge of the Nezhinsky district court, titular adviser Mikhail Fedorovich Bogomolets ( 1812 - 1895 ), a Zemstvo doctor, collaborated with the Volunteers , was arrested. Mother - Sofia Nikolaevna Prisetskaya ( 1856 - 1892 ), coat of arms "Novina" , retired lieutenant's daughter, was a member of the leadership of the left-wing populist organization South Russian Workers Union . She was arrested in January 1881 , sentenced to 10 years of hard labor .

Alexander Bogomolets Jr. was born in Kiev in the infirmary of the Lukyanovskaya prison , where Sofia was in the process of investigating the case of the South Russian Workers Union. Less than a month later, the gendarmes gave the child to Sophia's father, who took him to his estate in the Poltava region, in the village of Klimovo, Zenkovsky district.

Later, Alexander Mikhailovich took his son to Nizhyn . Sasha Bogomolets saw his mother only in 1891 , when his father, with the assistance of Leo Tolstoy, received permission to visit Sofia Bogomolets in Siberia . Soon she died of tuberculosis. After a difficult trip to Siberia, Alexander Bogomolets contracted tuberculosis from his mother.

He received his elementary education at home, then upon returning from Siberia he entered the male gymnasium at the Historical and Philological Institute of Prince Bezborodko in 1892. For his success in his studies, Sasha Bogomolets was noted with a laudable sheet and a book by Turgenev's “Notes of a Hunter”. From childhood, he was fond of reading.

In 1894, he moved to Chisinau with his father. He continued his studies at the Chisinau gymnasium, but in the penultimate year he was expelled with the official wording "for the dangerous direction of thoughts." With great difficulty, he managed to arrange in the 1st Kiev Men's Gymnasium , which he graduated with honors in 1900 (before that, he had studied at the college of Pavel Galagan for some time). He entered the faculty of law of the University of Kiev , intending to become a criminal lawyer. Soon he became disillusioned with jurisprudence and transferred to the medical faculty, and in 1901, following professor V.V. Podvisotsky, he transferred to Novorossiysk University .

He published his first scientific work, “On the structure and microphysiology of the Brunner glands, ” in 1902 . At the end of the studies of Alexander Bogomolets at Novorossiysk University, there were already five scientific papers in his track record.

At the university, he became interested in the study of endocrinology, the nervous system. More than once I was on the verge of exclusion for political reasons. Despite interruptions in studies associated with student unrest during the first Russian revolution , in 1907 Bogomolets graduated with honors and in the same year became an assistant at the Department of General Pathology, Novorossiysk University.

In 1909, under the guidance of Professor Vladimir Voronin, Alexander Bogomolets defended his doctoral dissertation at the Imperial St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy "On the microscopic structure and physiological significance of the adrenal glands in a healthy and diseased body." The opponent in defense was the famous Russian physiologist, academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov . He praised the work of a young scientist. Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets became the youngest doctor of medicine in the Russian Empire - at the time of doctoral defense he was 28 years old.

In the same year, Alexander Bogomolets was elected a privat-docent of the Department of General Pathology of the Medical Faculty of Novorossiysk University.

In 1910, Alexander Bogomolets married Olga Tikhotskaya, the granddaughter of Major General S. G. Tikhotsky and niece of the sculptor V. A. Beklemishev . In February 1911, the only son was born to the couple - Oleg Alexandrovich Bogomolets (1911-1991).

Soon after the birth of his son, Alexander Bogomolets was sent on a business trip to Paris (to the Sorbonne ) to prepare for the professorship. Upon his return, he was approved as an extraordinary professor at the Department of General Pathology and Bacteriology at Nikolaev University in Saratov .

In Saratov, Alexander Bogomolets and his students laid the foundations for a new industry in medical science - pathophysiology.

Bogomolets himself recruited staff and purchased scientific instruments at his own expense (he brought part of the equipment from France) for the department. He also begins successful teaching activities - his lectures are becoming popular among students.

Alexander Bogomolets organized in the agronomic and veterinary institutes of Saratov the department of microbiology and general pathology. Later he raised the question of opening a special bacteriological institute in Saratov.

He also participated in public life: in 1914, Bogomolets, along with eighteen other professors, published an appeal “On the Fate of Women Left Out of the University Walls”.

In 1917, Dr. Bogomolets headed the Saratov Higher Women's Medical Courses, in the organization of which he took an active part.

At the same time as giving lectures, he conducted research for clinics, took patients, and during the First World War he conducted epidemiological studies. One of the first to indicate the relationship of allergies and immunity.

The son of the Narodnik revolutionaries, always considered "unreliable," he adopted the October Revolution of 1917 immediately. During the civil war, Alexander Bogomolets himself proposed a set of anti-epidemic measures to the new authorities of the Saratov province.

In October 1918, while continuing to head the department at Saratov University, Professor Bogomolets created the first medical research institution in Russia - the State Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology of the South-East of Russia (“Microbe”) . The Microbe Institute inherited the development against plague , cholera , anthrax , which were carried out in St. Petersburg in the so-called " plague fort " - all the equipment and preparations were transported from there to Saratov.

In 1919 he was appointed senior epidemiologist of the Saratov provincial health department, and became a member of the commission to combat typhus . He was also appointed consultant-epidemiologist of the sanitary department of the Southeast Front of the Red Army and the sanitary department of the Ryazan-Ural Railway. He led the Saratov evacuation center, created the country's first railway clinical diagnostic laboratory.

In Saratov, Alexander Bogomolets began work on the world's first pathophysiology textbook. It was based on a course of lectures for university students. Work on the textbook continued until the end of the life of Dr. Bogomolets. The Short Course of Pathological Physiology, published in 1921, eventually grew to a five volume. For this work, Alexander Bogomolets was awarded the Stalin Prize ( 1941 ).

In 1923, Alexander Bogomolets organized the first mobile anti-malaria laboratory in the USSR in Saratov. In the same year, he began to study connective tissue and its role in immune responses.

In Saratov, Alexander Bogomolets made his most important invention - the immune cytotoxic antireticular serum, which accelerates wound healing and activates the human immune system. “Prayer of God” was successfully used to treat infectious diseases and fractures. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. she was in particular demand in Soviet field and evacuation hospitals.

In 1925, Professor Bogomolets was appointed head of the Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Second Moscow University .

Since 1926 - the creator and head of the experimental pathology department at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity at the Communist Academy, as well as the experimental oncology laboratory of the Moscow City Department of Health.

As a consultant to the pathophysiological laboratory at the State Hippodrome in Moscow, Alexander Bogomolets continued to refine the antireticular cytotoxic serum.

Alexander Bogomolets took part in the creation of the First-ever Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion (Nine - the Hematological Scientific Center of Roszdrav), which he headed after the death of its first director, Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov (1873-1928). There, under the guidance of Bogomolets, a unique technique for preserving donated blood was developed, which is still used with virtually no fundamental changes. Then Alexander Bogomolets and his students established the universal donor nature of the first blood group. Bogomolets continued to lead this institute until 1931 - already being the president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

In Moscow, Alexander Bogomolets also took part in the creation of the Institute of Functional Diagnostics and Experimental Therapy.

In Moscow, he wrote the works “The crisis of endocrinology” (1927), “The riddle of death” (1927), “Introduction to the doctrine of the constitution and diathesis” (1928), “On the autonomic exchange centers” (1928), “Edema. Essay on pathogenesis ”(1928),“ Arterial hypertension. Essay on pathogenesis ”(1929). Alexander Bogomolets also significantly revised and expanded the textbook Pathological Physiology (third edition, 1929).

In 1930, Alexander Bogomolets was elected president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (the year before - a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR). Having moved with a group of students to Kiev , he created the Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR and the Institute of Physiology. For the construction of the latter, 2,661 hectares of land were allocated in the center of Kiev. After the death of the scientist, both institutes were combined into the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1953 ).

The newly elected president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR carried out a complete restructuring of the structure of the academy. On the basis of disparate departments and laboratories, entire research institutions (institutes) are being created. Young promising scientists were involved in the work in them. The structure of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which was laid by Alexander Bogomolets, in general terms is preserved to this day.

In Kiev, Alexander Bogomolets founded the Physiological Journal of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He organized annual wide scientific conferences on urgent problems of medicine, participated in editing many scientific collections.

Since 1932 - full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1937 he was elected to the USSR Supreme Council of the 1st convocation.

In 1941 , a few months before the start of World War II , Alexander Bogomolets created the Kiev Dispensary to Combat Premature Old Age. On its basis, the Institute of Gerontology was later formed.

Two years before the establishment of the dispensary, the academician published the brochure, "Extending Life" ( 1939 ). In it, he scientifically substantiated the possibility and reality of the continuation of human life for 100 years or more. Some of the ideas contained in it, Alexander Bogomolets began to develop back in Saratov . As a result, Alexander Bogomolets turned Kiev into one of the most prestigious scientific centers of the USSR.

Bogomolets teachings on the physiological system of connective tissue contributed to the emergence of a number of new sciences, such as allergology, various modifications of studies on immunity, which are now being given special attention. All studies of the Bogomolets also betrayed integrity to other scientific achievements in the field of problems of longevity of the body. The further fate of these teachings was rather complicated, since due to certain ideological campaigns in science against genetics, physiology and pathophysiology, the development of his teachings was suspended and his scientific school on these issues actually stopped. ^[3]

Alexander Bogomolets headed the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR during the difficult years of the Stalinist repressions. The well-known Ukrainian demographer Mikhail Ptukha , the founder of Ukrainian economic geography Konstantin Voblyy , mathematician Nikolai Krylov , nuclear physicist Alexander Leipunsky , who created the first fast-neutron nuclear reactor in the USSR, owed him the salvation from the NKVD. The Bogomolets was also able, although not for long, to delay the arrest of the outstanding Ukrainian historian and orientalist Agafangel of Crimea .

After the war, the academician managed to secure the release of her cousin's husband, actress Natalia Mikhailovna Bogomolets-Lazurskaya ( 1880 - 1958 ), the famous literary critic Vladimir Lazursky, who was friends with the Italian ambassador during the German-Romanian occupation of Odessa .

The civil feat of Academician Alexander Bogomolets also becomes clear because he himself was on the verge of death. The reason for this was his “dysfunctional” from the point of view of the origin of relatives. The cousin of the president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Vadim Mikhailovich Bogomolets ( 1878 - 1936 ), was a coronet general of the Ukrainian State under the hetman Pavel Skoropadsky .

At the beginning of World War II, together with the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, he was evacuated to Ufa. He carried out a massive reorganization of Ukrainian science for the needs of wartime, which allowed achieving outstanding results, and played a large role in the development of the defense industry. In Ufa, organized the release of antireticular cytotoxic serum for the treatment of trophic ulcers and complications of gunshot wounds.

Since 1942 - Vice President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was an active ally of Academician NN Burdenko in the establishment of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In Ufa in 1941-1943 he worked at the Bashkir State Medical Institute . In October 1942, in accordance with the decree of IV Stalin, he participated in the atomic project, supervised the work of F. F. Lange on the design of installations for the enrichment of uranium ore using a centrifuge ^[4] .

In the spring of 1944, Alexander Bogomolets returned to Kiev, where he led the work on the reconstruction of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

Hard work has undermined the health of Academician Alexander Bogomolets. In mid-October 1943, he had a pleural breakthrough and spontaneous pneumothorax against the background of long-standing tuberculosis, which he contracted as a child from his mother in penal servitude. The situation was complicated by the fact that Alexander Alexandrovich, despite tuberculosis, smoked a lot.

Repeated pneumothorax occurred in July 1946 in the country. Attempts by friends and colleagues to stop the disease were unsuccessful. On July 17, 1946, Academician Alexander Bogomolets dictated the last orders to his son, Oleg Alexandrovich , and on July 19 at 10.15 p.m. he was gone.

The academician was buried in the park, planted by him and his students, near the house where he lived. The academician was taken to the burial place through the streets of Kiev, which had not yet been restored after the bombing with military honors - on an artillery carriage.

In the summer of 1950, an away meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences took place in Kiev in Kiev. At it, the teachings of Alexander Bogomolets about the role of connective tissue in the formation of the human immune system was called "unscientific." No scientific arguments were given. The scientist was posthumously accused of planting an idealistic worldview and attempts to fight the teachings of I.P. Pavlov .

The Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology and the Institute of Physiology, founded by Alexander Bogomolets, were in danger of destruction. The situation was saved by the party organizer of the Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology, which turned out to be a decent person and was able to convince the Ukrainian party authorities of the absurdity of the charges. However, the institutes founded by academician Bogomolets did not work all these years. They restored their work only after the death of Stalin .

Alexander Alexandrovich and Olga Georgievna Bogomolets had a single son - Oleg Alexandrovich Bogomolets ( 1911 - 1991 ). Ukrainian pathophysiologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences , honored worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR.

Cousin - Bogomolets Vadim Mikhailovich ( 1878 - 1936 ), military leader of the UPR and the Ukrainian State , naval lawyer, representative of the UPR in Romania.

The daughter of Oleg Alexandrovich, Ekaterina Olegovna ( 1939 - 2013 ) - professor of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the National Medical University named after Pilgrims. She worked as an anesthetist at the Institute of Tuberculosis and Breast Surgery under the guidance of Academician Nikolai Amosov.

Её сестра, Александра Олеговна (род. 1958 ) — детский врач-реаниматолог, ныне на пенсии. Заведует квартирой-музеем Александра Александровича Богомольца.

Дочь Екатерины Олеговны — Ольга Вадимовна Богомолец (род. 1966 ), украинская певица, врач, общественный деятель, меценат, обладатель уникальной коллекции украинской домашней иконы, находящейся в частном замке-музее Радомысль (г. Радомышль ). Заслуженный врач Украины .

Именем А. А. Богомольца названы:

• Национальный медицинский университет ( Украина , Киев ).
• Институт Физиологии им. Богомольца НАНУ
• улица в городе Волгограде ( Россия )
• улица в городе Харькове ( Украина )
• улица в городе Львове ( Украина )
• улица в городе Киеве ( Украина )

• В 1946 году после смерти А. А. Богомольца Советом Министров СССР учреждена премия имени А. А. Богомольца за выдающиеся работы в области медицинских наук в размере 25 тыс. рублей, присуждаемая Академией Наук УССР .
• В 1971 году в его честь была выпущена почтовая марка «Почты СССР».

• Сталинская премия первой степени (1941) — за научный труд «Руководство по патологической физиологии» в трёх томах (1935—1937)
• 4 февраля 1944 года звание Героя Социалистического Труда за выдающиеся заслуги в науке, за создание ценных препаратов для лечения ран и переломов костей.
• два ордена Ленина (22.06.1940; 04.01.1944)
• орден Отечественной войны I степени (10.06.1945)
• орден Трудового Красного Знамени (01.10.1944)
• медаль «За доблестный труд в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» . ^[5]

• Богомолец А. А. Основные направления моих работ. — АП, 1947, № 3.
• Богомолец А. А. Продление жизни. — Киев, АН УССР, 1940
• Виленский Ю. «Неизвестный Богомолец». — «Зеркало недели», № 14\1999 г.
• Кавецкий Р. Е. Послесловие // Богомолец А. А. Избранные труды, т. 3. — К., 1958
• Кот С. Кучерук О. «Національний пантеон». «Зовнішні справи», № 9, 2007 р. — С. 50-52
• Мартич Ю. Олександр Богомолець. — К., 1951
• Нічик В. М. Філософські основи наукових праць О. О. Богомольця. — К., 1958
• Сиротинин Н. Н. Академик Александр Александрович Богомолец. — Киев, 1957 г.
• Хурса В. Славетні у гоголівському краї. — Полтава, 2009

• Пицык Н. Е. Богомолец. — М. : Молодая гвардия , 1964. — 224 с. — ( Жизнь замечательных людей ). — 65 000 экз. (per.)
• Пицык Н. Е. Александр Александрович Богомолец / Отв. ed. И. М. Нейман. — М. : Наука , 1970. — 304 с. - ( Scientific and biographical series ). — 5 200 экз. (region)

• Герои труда. Справочник о Героях Социалистического Труда и кавалерах ордена Трудовой Славы трех степеней из Башкортостана./ сост. Р. А. Валишин [и др.]. — Уфа : Китап, 2011. — 432 с. : ill. - ISBN 978-5-295-05228-6 .

• Богомолец, Александр Александрович (рус.) . Site " Heroes of the country ".
• Профиль Александра Александровича Богомольца на официальном сайте РАН
• Александр Александрович Богомолец в базе данных «История белорусской науки в лицах» Центральной научной библиотеки им. Я.Коласа НАН Беларуси
• Биография на сайте Peoples.Ru
• Богомолец Александр Александрович — Люди — Гордость Украины
• Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• 100 видатних імен України (укр.)
• Богомолець Олександр Олександрович | Українська інтернет-енциклопедія (недоступная ссылка)
• Bogomolets Alexander Alexandrovich Website RAS
• Ukrainian Internet Encyclopedia (inaccessible link)
• Yuri Rudnitsky . Dangerous relatives of academician Alexander Bogomolets