Campha

Campha is located about 200 km from Hanoi and 28 km ^[4] from the city ​​of Halong ^[5] . It borders the counties of , and . The area of ​​the city is 486.45 km², mainly on its territory a hilly terrain: 55.4% hills , 16.29% plateaus , 15.01% plains , 13.3% water bodies . The city is located on Baytalong Bay, which is fenced off by the eponymous archipelago from Bakbo Bay ^[4] . The city also includes hundreds of small islands of the bay, mainly limestone ^[6] . The average annual temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, the relative humidity is 84.6%, the average annual rainfall is 2307 mm, fog often occurs in winter ^[7] .

In the 19th century, Kampa was a part of Tienyen county , but in 1831 the emperor Minh Mang ordered to divide the county and separate Kampa into a separate city ( Vietnamese phố ) . In 1884, the emperor Thu Duc signed an agreement with France to sell the city (together with the cities of Wangby , and the county of ) for 25 thousand dongs ^[8] .

On August 24, 1886, the French company Bavieaupour inaugurated the French Society of Tonkin Coal Mines ( Cam . Société française des charbonnages du Tonkin ) in Campha. Since then, the city has been known as a coal port ^[9] .

April 22, 1955 the French retreated from the city, it was taken by the Communists ^[10] .

During the Vietnam War , there were constantly Soviet warships in Kampa, ensuring the safety of the city ^[9] . The city was subjected to several bombardments by American aviation as a strategic port ^{[11] [12]} .

In Campha, there is a factory for the repair of mining equipment, which appeared as a result of cooperation between Vietnam and the USSR ^[13] .

Since the 1970s, Kiafa Coal Processing Plant ( Cửa Ông ) ^{[14] [15] has been} operating in Kampha, processing 10 million tons of coal per year ^[16] . In 2011, a coal-fired thermal power station with a capacity of 680 megawatts appeared in Campha ^[17] .

Coal, limestone (from which cement is produced), antimony are mined in Campha; there are sources of mineral waters ^[18] . In 2011, the basis of the city’s economy potential was coal mining, the production of building materials, mechanical engineering, including mining and the production of heavy machinery, shipbuilding, trade and tourism ^[19] . In the same year, the economic growth of the city amounted to more than 14%, the income of the city - 751 billion dong, the average income per capita - 2300 US dollars ^[20] , which is approximately twice as high as the national average ^[21] .

Three of the 8.4 billion tons of coal reserves in Quang Nin are located in Campha ^[21] .

On February 21, 2012, Kampa was granted the status of a city of provincial subordination ^[22] .

Quang Ninh Province suffers from deforestation as a result of coal mining: in 1969, 42% of Quangnin was covered by forests, and in 1985, forest areas were reduced to 18–20% ^[15] . The work of industry also led to air pollution with coal and dust ^[23] , their concentration in Kampa is 30–500 times higher than the permissible ^[24] . In 1996, only 10% of forests remained on the territory of the city compared to 1943 ^[24] .

Irrational coal mining is also the cause of pollution of water bodies and the city itself: local residents are periodically forced to move from affected coal lands ^[15] . In 1989, water pollution by coal particles and industrial waste reached such proportions that the work of the local water treatment plant had to be temporarily stopped ^[15] . About 9 million m³ of mine water flows from the mines in Kampa into the sea, and 8 million m³ of wastewater from the city also ^[24] . 82% of households are not connected to the central sewage system , 74% of sanitary facilities do not take out garbage, and the waste is either burned or dumped into canals, sewers, ponds and into the bay ^[25] .

Due to the fact that coal is mined in an open way, during each heavy rain, about 100 m³ of soil is washed off into the sea, and the land is taken from the workings to fertile soils ^[24] , which makes them unusable ^[15] . Thus, the sea sets foot on land at a speed of 60–70 meters per year ^[24] .

UNESCO is worried about the pace of forest loss in the city and water pollution, especially speaking sharply about the construction of a cement plant near the famous Halong Bay world cultural heritage site and is constantly negotiating with the Vietnamese government in an attempt to prevent the destruction of the bay ecosystem ^[23] .

In 2010, the city included 16 administrative units of a lower level, including 13 quarters and three villages:

As of July 30, 2011, the population of Kampa was 176,005 people, the population density of 517 people / km²; national composition: flies 95.2%, sansiu 3.9%; sexual composition: 59% of men, 41% of women ^[27] . Most of the population works in the coal mining industry ^[27] .

Campha is famous for the local variety of traditional Vietnamese soup with snails, vinegar and tomatoes ^[28] .

Every year in the first month of the lunar year, a festival is held at the Denquang Temple, which attracts more than a thousand participants from all over the country ^[29] .

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  Temple

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  Cement plant near the city

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  Coal loading at the port of Camphy, 1917

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  City in 1917