Morphology in the Bashkir language

Morphology in the Bashkir language is a section of Bashkir linguistics that studies the phonological structure of morphemes of various types that interact in the process of inflection, morphogenesis and word formation.

The basic structure of morphology is morphonem. Morphemes are variants of phonemes of different morphemes, capable of replacing each other depending on the morpheme structure of the word.

Morphones differ in structure, type of phonemes, place in the word and other features.

In the Bashkir language, there are 4 types of morphological phenomena:

• the alternation of phonemes, which combines alternating morphons in the structure of the word; the alternation of vowel morphones is associated with the law of harmonism; the alternation of consonants is presented at the beginning and end of root morphemes: [ҡ — m]: “Yyryn-myryn” (unevenly) [ҡ] yryn- [m] yryn, [n – b]: “yap” (close) i [n] - “I am” (closing) I [b] yu and others, as well as at the beginning and end of affixes, for example, [d- ҙ]: “zamandash” (contemporary) zaman [d] ash - “yaukash” (fellow soldier) yau [аш1ash, [ҡ —k]: “ҡҡ ҙ ҙ постав" (set) ҡ ҡ ҙ [ҡ] - "keyk" (put on) kei [e]; most alternations are the result of assimilation ;
• truncation of the fundamentals, characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in the vowels: “halys” (people) ha [ly] - “halak” (my people) ha [li] ym, “alts” (six) al [you] - “altmysh” (sixty ) al [tm] ysh, “Kary” (yellow) һa [ry] - “Karkyylt” (yellowish) һa [pғ] yylt, etc., for reduplication, parts of the first word, for example, “dull-tula” (absolutely full ) tu [p] -Tu [ly], “yop-yomro” (very round) yo [p] -yo [my], and others; as well as the loss of the final [d], [t] in borrowings, for example, the “train” of [zd] - “poezka” (train) by the [zғ] a, ) vla [sҡ] a and others, and [l], [n] - in pronouns, for example, “ul” (he) y [l] ~ “Uny” (him) y [n] s, “min "(I) mi [n] -" miңә "(i) mi [ң] ә, etc .;
• an increase in morphemes, which is the appearance at the junction of morphemes of an additional phoneme, for example, “ikeshur” (two each) ike- [w] -әр, “oloғai-” (grow old) olo- [ғ] -ai, “keҫәһe” ) keҫәҫә [һ] -e, “әbey-һәbey” (old women) әbey- [һ] әbey, etc .;
• phoneme overlay observed when combining identical phonemes, one of which is omitted, for example, “ҡapҡa artynda” (behind the gate) - ҡapҡ [a] rytynda, “Kara” (black) and “aғas” (wood) - “Karakas” (larch ) Kara [a] Kas, "artist" and -tar (indicator mn. h.) - "artist" (artists) artist [t] ar, etc.