Republic of Crimea

Transition period

The Republic of Crimea as a subject of the Russian Federation was formed on March 18, 2014, on the basis of the agreement signed on the same day on the annexation of Crimea to Russia , which formalized the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation in February-March 2014 under the laws of the Russian Federation. The agreement provided for a transitional period until January 1, 2015, during which it was required to settle the integration of Crimea into the economic, financial, credit and legal systems of the Russian Federation, into the system of government bodies of the Russian Federation.

March 21, 2014, simultaneously with the completion of the formal inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Federation (the signing by the President of the Russian Federation of the law on ratification of the treaty and the accompanying federal constitutional law ^[17] ), the republic was included in the newly created Crimean Federal District ^[18] . On April 2, the Republic of Crimea was included in the Southern Military District ^[19] , and on April 11 in the list of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation ^{[20] [21] [22]} .

After the Republic of Crimea became part of Russia , the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea ^[23] , adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC on October 21, 1998 and entered into force on January 11, 1999, continued to operate on its territory.

On April 11, 2014, at an extraordinary meeting of the State Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea was approved. The Constitution consists of 10 chapters and 95 articles, its basic provisions are similar to those of the Basic Law of the Russian Federation. According to the new Constitution, the Republic of Crimea (RK) is a democratic, legal state within the Russian Federation and an equal subject of the Russian Federation. The source of power in the Republic of Kazakhstan is its people - part of the multinational people of the Russian Federation. The Republic of Crimea has three state languages ​​- Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar. The highest official is the head of the republic, who is elected by the deputies of the State Council of Crimea for a term of five years and cannot replace this position for more than two consecutive terms ^[24] . On October 9, 2014, the State Council of Crimea unanimously elected Sergei Aksyonov as the head of the Republic of Crimea.

On December 8, 2014, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Kozak, at a meeting with the head of the Russian government, stated that “Crimea is ready to enter the government of the Russian Federation on the vast majority of issues” ^[25] . On July 28, 2016, the Republic of Crimea was included in the Southern Federal District ^[26] , on April 1, 2018 - in the North Caucasus Economic Region ^[27] .

The northern border of the Republic of Crimea coincides with the former administrative border of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea with the Kherson region and is 22 km by land and 146 km by the Sivash estuaries (total 168 km) ^[28] . From the west, south and northeast, the peninsula is washed by the Black and Azov Sea , in the east, the Republic of Crimea has a sea administrative border with the Krasnodar Territory . In the south-west of the peninsula passes the administrative border with the city ​​of federal significance Sevastopol .

According to the Federal Law on March 21, 2014 No. 6-FKZ “On the Admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the Formation of New Subjects — the Republic of Crimea and the City of Federal Significance of Sevastopol” in the Russian Federation, the territory of the Republic of Crimea is determined by the borders of its territory that existed on the day adoption of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the formation of a new subject within the Russian Federation. The border of the Republic of Crimea on land, conjugated with the territory of Ukraine, is the state border of the Russian Federation. Differentiation of the sea spaces of the Black and Azov Seas is based on international treaties of the Russian Federation, the norms and principles of international law ^[29] .

On April 25, 2014, the state border of Russia was established between Crimea and Ukraine ^[30] . The boundaries of the border zone on the territory of the Republic of Crimea were established on November 26, 2014 by order of the FSB of Russia No. 659 ^[31] .

The resident population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 1 911 818 ^[7] people. (2019). The urban population is 50.99 ^[32] % (2018).

Note: until 1987, the population is indicated in the sum with the city of Sevastopol.

According to preliminary results of the population census in the Crimean Federal District as of October 14, 2014, the resident population of the Republic of Crimea amounted to 1,889,400 people ^{[49] [50]} .

According to Krymstat, the resident population of the republic as of January 1, 2014 was 1 958 504 people (including 1 218 730 city dwellers, or 62.23%), of the present population - 1 967 259 people (including 1 233 536 city dwellers, or 62.70%) ^[51] ; as of July 1, 2014 - 1 959 010 people (including 1 218 897 city dwellers, or 62.22%), the present population - 1 967 765 people (including 1 233 703 city dwellers) ^[52] ; as of October 1, 2014 - 1 965 262 people (including 1 223 045 citizens, or 62.23%), the current population - 1 974 017 people (including 1 237 851 citizens) ^{[53] [54]} .

National composition

Main article: National composition of the Crimean population

The national composition of the Republic of Crimea according to the censuses of 2001 and 2014 ^{[55] [56]}

When analyzing the preliminary results of the 2014 census, one should take into account the opinion of the Rosstat leadership that some Crimean Tatars called themselves Tatars during the census (which should explain the statistical phenomenon of an almost four-fold increase in the number of Tatars in the census period compared with a slight decrease in the number of Crimean Tatars), therefore, when the formation of the final results of the census, these groups will be summarized ^[57] .

Languages

The official languages ​​of the Republic of Crimea are Russian, Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian.

According to the census in the Crimean Federal District in 2014 , the vast majority of the population of the peninsula named Russian as their native language - 84%. Crimean Tatar was named native for 7.9%, Tatar for 3.7%, Ukrainian for 3.3%. ^[58] 79.7% of Ukrainians, 24.8% of Tatars and 5.6% of Crimean Tatars named Russian as their native language. For 0.1% of Russians, their native language is Ukrainian. ^[58]

Languages ​​of study at school

Main article: Languages ​​of instruction at a school in Crimea

In the 2012/2013 academic year in Crimea secondary schools (without students from special schools (boarding schools) and special classes organized at secondary schools) 89.32% of students received education in Russian, 7.41% in Ukrainian , 3.11% in the Crimean Tatar language, in addition, 0.15% were educated in English ^[59] .

In the academic year 2014/2015, according to the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Crimea, there was a decrease in the number of students in the Crimean Tatar language from 5,406 to 4,740 people, and the number of students in the Ukrainian language fell especially sharply - from 12,867 to 1,990 people ^{[60 ]} .

In the 2015/2016 academic year, 96.74% of children studied in Russian in general education institutions in the Republic of Crimea, 2.76% (5083 children) in Crimean Tatar, 0.5% (949 children) in Ukrainian; In the republic there are 15 general educational institutions with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction, all in all, in the republic, training in the Crimean Tatar language is organized in 53 educational institutions of 17 municipal districts and urban districts. In the 2015/2016 academic year, 37 first classes were opened with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction. Compared to the 2014/2015 school year, the number of students in classes with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction increased by 188 people ^[61] .

According to the press service of the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of the Republic of Kazakhstan in February 2016, 45 thousand copies of textbooks translated from Russian were first published for students of grades 1–9 of schools (classes) with the Crimean Tatar language of instruction ^[62] .

In the Ukrainian language, training is carried out in 22 educational institutions of 13 municipal districts and urban districts of the Republic of Crimea. In the 2015/2016 academic year, 2 first classes with the Ukrainian language of instruction were opened. Two schools operate from the 1st to the 9th grades with the Ukrainian language of instruction (in the cities of Alushta and Feodosiya ) ^[61] .

Denominations and Religious Organizations

Orthodoxy and Sunni Islam are traditionally widespread. Orthodoxy is organizationally represented by 2 parallel jurisdictions: the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the non-canonical Kiev Patriarchate .

Three dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church in Crimea - Simferopol , Dzhankoy and Razdolnenskaya , Theodosia and Kerch - continue to be included in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) ^[63] . The parishes of the Kiev Patriarchate on the peninsula are united in the Crimean Diocese ^[64] .

In Crimea, there are 13 parishes of the Latin rite of the Catholic Church that are part of the Odessa-Simferopol diocese . Several parishes of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Crimea belong to the Crimean exarchate of the UGCC. The parishes and monastery of Surb Khach of the Armenian Apostolic Church are included in the Ukrainian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church .

In August 2014, Crimean Muslims who were inclined to integrate with Russia, with the assistance of the chairman of the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia, Supreme Mufti Talgat Tajuddin , re-created the Tauride Muftiate ^[65] in Simferopol, as opposed to the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Crimea ^[66] , supported by the Crimean Tatar Majlis ^[67] .

Administratively, the Republic of Crimea consists of 25 administrative-territorial entities:

• 14 districts (mainly rural)
• 11 cities of republican significance ^[68] , within the boundaries of which municipal formations - urban districts ^[69] (with a predominantly urban population) were created with their subordinate settlements.

In the Republic of Crimea, there are 1019 settlements, including 16 urban settlements (16 cities) and 1003 rural settlements (including 56 settlements (counted as rural) and 947 villages and towns). ^[70]

On February 8, 2016, at a meeting of the Commission on the Restoration of the Rights of Rehabilitated Victims of Political Repression under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a list of historical names of the settlements of Crimea was approved ^[71] . Based on this document, 1394 settlements of the Republic of Crimea will receive second historical names. At the borders of these settlements, signs will be installed with second, historical, names ^{[72] [73]} .

Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people

General Map

Settlements:

The main industries are industry (more than 530 large and medium enterprises), tourism ( Western Crimea , Southern Coast of Crimea , Kerch Peninsula ), construction , healthcare , agriculture , and trade .

The Republic of Crimea is part of the free economic zone created on the peninsula in 2014.

Gross regional product

The gross regional product of the Republic of Crimea in 2015 amounted to 248 billion rubles, in terms of per capita - 131 thousand rubles. ^{[76] [77]} The Crimean GRP physical volume index in 2015 increased by 8.5%. ^[78]

Sectoral structure of the GRP of Crimea in 2015: ^[79]

• Agriculture, hunting and forestry - 17.0%
• Mineral extraction - 2.9%
• Manufacturing - 7.1%
• Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 7.9%
• Construction - 3.9%
• Trade - 15.8%
• Hotels and restaurants - 2.3%
• Transport and communications - 10.9%
• Operations with real estate, rental and provision of services - 6.0%
• Public administration and military security; social insurance - 8.9%
• Education - 5.0%
• Health and social services - 10.2%
• The provision of other services - 2.1%

Industry

The main industries are food, chemical, shipbuilding, hydrocarbon production, and electric power.

In 2016, the volume of industrial production in the Crimea amounted to 101 billion rubles, including: ^[80]

• Mineral extraction - 10%
• Manufacturing - 60%
  • Food industry - 26%
  • Chemical production - 15%
  • Engineering - 10%
• Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 30%

Among the largest industrial enterprises in Crimea: More factory (construction of rocket ships), Zaliv factory (construction of ships), Chernomorneftegaz (oil and gas production), Massandra (wine production), Crimean soda factory (soda production) , Crimean Titanium (titanium dioxide production).

Agriculture

The Crimean agriculture specializes in grain growing, animal husbandry, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, and the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, roses, sage).

In the structure of agricultural land, occupying 63% of the territory of Crimea, arable land prevails (63.3% of the total area of ​​farmland). Next are pastures - 22.9%, perennial plantings - 8.7% and hayfields - 0.1% ^[81] .

Production of main agricultural products in the Crimea (according to data for 2016):

• cereals - 1.29 million tons (+1.9% over the previous year) ^[82]
• vegetables - 366 thousand tons (+3.2%) ^[83]
• sunflower - 152 thousand tons (+41.5%) ^[83]
• potatoes - 258 thousand tons (-5.3%) ^[83]
• meat - 141 thousand tons (-4.2%) ^[84]
• milk - 249 thousand tons (+2.3%) ^[84]
• eggs - 518 million pieces (+ 6.3%) ^[84]

The oldest agricultural industry in the Crimea is viticulture . Crimea is famous for its technical grape varieties that are used to produce high-quality wines , cognacs and juices . The sugar content in berries ranges from 15 to 25%. In some farms, the yield of grapes reaches 80 kg / ha (with an average of 50 kg / ha). In 2015, 58 thousand tons ^{[85] of} grapes were harvested in the republic (in 2014 70 thousand tons, in 2013 95 thousand tons ^[86] , in 2011 125 thousand tons, in 1990 316 thousand tons ^{[ 87]} ).

Investments

In 2016, the volume of investments in fixed assets in the Crimea amounted to 40.2 billion rubles, their volume grew by 61% compared to the previous year. ^[88] Of this amount, investments in the construction of buildings and structures amounted to 16.9 billion rubles (41.9% of the total investment), for housing construction - 1.3 billion rubles (3.2%), for the purchase of machinery and equipment and vehicles - 20.2 billion rubles (50.2%), other investments amounted to 1.9 billion rubles (4.7%) ^[89] .

Building

In 2016, the volume of construction in the Crimea amounted to 7.54 billion rubles (+75% from the previous year). In 2017, the growth in the volume of construction work continued. ^[90]

In 2014, 4.5 thousand residential apartments with a total area of ​​634.2 thousand m² were commissioned in the Republic of Crimea. Housing commissioning decreased by 34.2% compared to 2013. A deep decline was noted in the individual sector (the share of this sector in 2014 amounted to 69.4% of all leased space, a year earlier this share was 84.2%), only 1.4 thousand apartments (houses) with a total area of ​​440 were commissioned by individual developers, 1 thousand m², which amounted to 54.2% by 2013. Large developers surrendered 194.1 thousand m², which exceeded the corresponding figure in 2013 (151.8 thousand m²) ^[91] .

Natural resources

The nature reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance). The reserve fund is based on 6 nature reserves with a total area of ​​63.9 thousand ha: Krymsky with the Swan Islands branch, Yalta Mountain Forest, Cape Martyan , Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

The main minerals are iron ore, combustible gas, mineral salts, and building materials.

According to the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy , oil reserves in the Crimea amount to only 47 million tons, gas - 165.3 billion m³, which is quite a significant indicator, and in addition there are 18.2 million tons of gas condensate. According to him, there are 44 hydrocarbon deposits in the peninsula, including 10 oil, 27 gas and 7 gas condensate. In addition, there are 5 gas fields and 3 gas condensate fields on the Black Sea shelf, and 6 gas fields on the Azov shelf ^[92] .

The most important are natural recreational resources: mild climate, warm sea, healing mud, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes.

Tourism

Famous resort areas:

• The southern coast of Crimea - the territory of the urban districts of Yalta and Alushta ;
• West coast - the territory of the urban districts of Evpatoria and Saki ;
• Southeast coast - the territory of the urban districts of Feodosia and Sudak ;
• Kerch Peninsula .

According to Russian statistics, in 2018, 6 million 800 thousand tourists rested in Crimea - a record number for all post-Soviet years. ^{[93] [94]}

Transport

The main types of transport operate in Crimea - automobile, rail, pipeline, sea, air.

The largest airport in Crimea is the international airport of Simferopol . After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, passenger traffic through the airport increased sharply from 1 million people in 2013 to 2.8 million in 2014, 5.0 million in 2015 and 5.2 million in 2016. Currently, it occupies the 6th place among Russian airports in the number of passengers served. ^{[67] [95] [96]} In May 2016, the construction of a new terminal with an area of ​​more than 78 thousand m2 began at Simferopol Airport, and the new terminal will be able to receive up to 7 million passengers. The construction of the first phase of the terminal is scheduled to be completed in 2018. ^[97] . The State Aviation Administration of Ukraine regularly issues fines for flights to Crimea to Russian air carriers - by September 2017 more than 20 thousand fines were issued for a total of $ 103 million (as of September 15, 2017 no fines had been paid) ^[98] .

An important role in the transport of Crimea is played by the Kerch ferry, which connects Crimea with the rest of Russia through the Kerch Strait. In 2015, 4.76 million passengers, 1 million cars, 42 thousand buses, 217 thousand trucks were transported by the Kerch ferry.

The land connection with the Krasnodar Territory is provided by the Crimean Bridge - a transport passage through the Kerch Strait, consisting of a road bridge operating since 2018 and a railway bridge under construction; completion of the latter is expected in December 2019.

Banking system

Prior to the events of 2014, there were 37 banks with 1,200 branches operating on the peninsula ^[99] ; later, all Ukrainian banks (with the exception of two Crimean banks) closed their branches on the peninsula. Only 9 small Russian banks worked in Crimea ^[100] ). The largest Russian banks - Sberbank and VTB - refused to work in the republic because of the threat of imposing sanctions against them ^{[99] [101] [102]} . As of 2017, 10 Russian banks worked in the republic: Verkhnevolzhsky, Genebank , RNKB , Russia , Rublev, Northern Credit, Sevastopol Sea Bank, TAATTA, Tembank "," The BSRD ". ^[103] .

The backbone bank of Crimea is the Russian National Commercial Bank , owned by the state in the person of the Federal Property Management Agency. ^{[104] [105]} RNKB in Crimea has over 180 bank branches, it serves more than 1.4 million individuals and about 42 thousand corporate clients. ^{[106] [107] The} second most important bank in Crimea is the Genbank , owned by the regional authorities of Crimea and Sevastopol. ^[108]

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, the highest and only representative and legislative body of power of the republic is a permanent parliament - the State Council of the Republic of Crimea , elected for a five-year term of 75 deputies ^[109] . The current parliament was elected on September 14, 2014 ^[110] ; Since March 17, 2010, the chairman of the Crimean parliament has been Vladimir Konstantinov , re-elected to this post on September 19, 2014 ^[111] .

The highest official, according to the Constitution, is the head of the Republic of Crimea , elected by the State Council in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea. The current head of the republic is Sergei Aksyonov ^[112] .

The government of the republic - the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea - is headed either directly by the head of the Republic (in combination with the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers) or by the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the head of the republic with the consent of the State Council. Since February 27, 2014, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers has been Sergei Aksyonov , who was elected to this position by the Supreme Council of the ARC.

On March 26, 2014, the State Council of the Republic of Crimea vested the Deputy Speaker of the Crimean Parliament, Sergei Tsekov, and the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Crimea, Olga Kovitidi, with powers of members of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly ^{[113] [114]} .

In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea, its state symbols are the national emblem , state flag and national anthem. The modern state symbols of the Republic of Crimea were first adopted by the Supreme Council of Crimea on September 24, 1992, approved in the current status by the State Council on June 4, 2014 ^[115] .

The national emblem of the Republic of Crimea is a silver griffin in the scarlet shield of Varangian, holding an open silver shell with a blue pearl in his right paw. The shield is crowned by the rising sun and is surrounded by two white columns connected by a blue-white-red ribbon with the motto “Prosperity in unity” ^[115] .

Государственный флаг Республики Крым представляет собой полотнище, состоящее из трёх горизонтально расположенных цветных полос: верхней — синего цвета, составляющей одну шестую ширины Флага; средней — белого цвета, составляющей четыре шестых ширины Флага; нижней — красного цвета, составляющей одну шестую ширины Флага ^[115] .

Государственным гимном Республики Крым является музыкальное произведение композитора А. С. Караманова на слова О. В. Голубевой ^[115] (написан в 1992 году).

В Республике Крым по состоянию на 2017 год действуют 10 вузов ^[116] , в том числе несколько университетов. Крупнейшим университетом республики является Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского ^[117] . КФУ был образован после вхождения Крыма в состав Российской Федерации путём объединения семи самостоятельных учебных заведений, а также филиалов, колледжей и научных организаций, в СГУ также вошло 9 других вузов ^{[117] [118]} . За последние годы в результате объединения вузов, а также закрытия частных институтов и филиалов украинских вузов ^[117] , численность вузов уменьшилась почти в 10 раз — в 2014 году в Крыму было 97 вузов ^[116] . Cамостоятельность сохранили Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет и Крымский университет культуры, искусств и туризма ^[119] . Имеются три филиала вузов ^[116] .

Принадлежность территории республики является предметом спора между Украиной и Российской Федерацией .

Согласно ФКЗ от 21 марта 2014 г. № 6-ФКЗ «О принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов — Республики Крым и города федерального значения Севастополя», пределы территории Республики Крым определяются границами её территории, существовавшими на день принятия в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образования в составе Российской Федерации нового субъекта ^[29] . Генпрокуратура РФ признала произошедшую в 1954 году передачу Крымской области из РСФСР в УССР неправомерной ^[121] . Согласно административно-территориальному делению Украины , на этой территории располагаются входящие в состав Украины Автономная Республика Крым и город Севастополь. Украина не признаёт отделения Крыма и считает установление российской власти в Крыму оккупацией украинской территории. По состоянию на март 2014 года юридическое присоединение Крыма к России признано лишь немногими странами . Большинство государств — членов ООН заявило о поддержке позиции Украины ^[11] .

27 марта 2014 года Генеральная Ассамблея ООН приняла резолюцию 68/262 , в которой было заявлено, что «референдум, проведённый в Автономной Республике Крым и городе Севастополе 16 марта 2014 года, не имея законной силы, не может быть основой для любого изменения статуса Автономной Республики Крым или города Севастополя». За принятие резолюции проголосовало 100 государств из 193 государств — членов ООН, воздержалось — 58, против резолюции проголосовало 11 государств: Армения , Белоруссия , Боливия , Куба , КНДР , Никарагуа , Россия, Судан , Сирия , Венесуэла и Зимбабве ^{[11] [122] [123]} .

19 декабря 2016 года Генеральная Ассамблея ООН приняла резолюцию «Ситуация с правами человека в Автономной Республике Крым и городе Севастополь (Украина)», в которой ситуация в Крыму охарактеризована как «временная оккупация» и «аннексия» Российской Федерацией части территории Украины — Автономной Республики Крым и города Севастополя ^{[15] [16]} . За документ проголосовало 70 стран, против — 26, 77 стран воздержались и 20 стран не голосовало ^{[124] [125]} .

В то же время резолюции Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН не имеют обязательной силы, они носят лишь рекомендательный характер.

21 апреля 2014 года президент РФ Владимир Путин подписал указ «О мерах по реабилитации армянского, болгарского, греческого, крымскотатарского и немецкого народов и государственной поддержке их возрождения и развития». Согласно тексту документа, в ближайшем будущем должна быть разработана отдельная программа экономического развития Крыма до 2020 года, в которой должны быть предусмотрены меры, направленные на национально-культурное и духовное возрождение этих народов ^[126] .

16 мая 2014 года президент РФ Владимир Путин встретился с представителями крымскотатарской общины в Сочи. Президент РФ призвал «осознать, что интересы крымских татар сегодня связаны с Россией и нельзя защищать интересы других, третьих государств, используя крымскотатарский фактор… Это пойдёт только во вред народу. Это нужно осознать. И, наоборот, мы сделаем всё, я хочу это подчеркнуть — всё, что от нас зависит, для того, чтобы люди почувствовали себя полноценными хозяевами своей земли», — заверил президент ^[127] .

18 мая 2014 года временно исполняющий обязанности Главы Республики Крым — председатель Совета министров РК Сергей Аксёнов заявил, что квоты для крымских татар и представителей других национальностей в органы власти Крыма вводить не планируется, все должности будут заниматься исключительно на профессиональной основе. По словам Сергея Аксёнова, признание курултая (общенационального съезда крымскотатарского народа) и меджлиса (формируемого им органа национального самоуправления) может произойти только в случае официальной регистрации этих организаций в соответствии с требованиями российского законодательства и «прямого желания представителей крымских татар идти навстречу» ^[128] .

21 мая в Государственном Совете Крыма была введена ещё одна должность заместителя председателя, на которую был назначен представитель меджлиса Ремзи Ильясов, до февраля 2013 года возглавлявший постоянную комиссию по межнациональным отношениям и депортированным гражданам ^[129] .

В августе 2014 года мусульманами Крыма, настроенными на интеграцию с Россией, при содействии председателя Центрального духовного управления мусульман России верховного муфтия Талгата Таджуддина , в Симферополе был воссоздан Таврический муфтият ^[65] — в противовес Духовному управлению мусульман Крыма ^[66] , поддерживаемому крымскотатарским меджлисом ^[67] .

20 октября 2014 года вице-спикер Госсовета Крыма Ремзи Ильясов, отстранённый от работы в меджлисе крымскотатарского народа за сотрудничество с крымскими властями, сообщил о создании межрегионального общественного движения крымскотатарского народа «Къырым» ^[130] .

Обвинения крымских властей в нарушениях прав крымских татар

В экспертном отчёте ООН от 16 мая 2014 года были отмечены ограничения свободы СМИ в Крыму ^[131] . В отчёте также были зафиксированы факты преследования и притеснения крымских татар, отмечены случаи физического насилия. Также были отмечены опасения практикующих мусульман по поводу возможности преследований по религиозному признаку. По данным ООН, на момент публикации отчёта, более 7200 человек, в основном крымские татары, стали переселенцами в другие области Украины ^[131] .

3 июля 2014 года Комиссар Совета Европы по правам человека Нил Муйжниекс заявил, что в Крыму нарушаются права крымских татар и других меньшинств, отметив серию нападений вооружённых людей в масках на религиозные учреждения, школы, принадлежащие татарам предприятия, частные дома и Меджлис крымскотатарского народа. Согласно оглашённым им данным, на время обнародования доклада полуостров покинули 18 000 крымчан ^[132] .

18 января 2015 года действующий на Украине Комитет по защите прав крымскотатарского народа обратился к ООН, Турции и Украине с призывом «не допустить уничтожения крымскотатарского народа», превратившегося, согласно заявлению, в объект террора и физического насилия. В заявлении отмечались, в частности, случаи похищения крымских татар и нарушения их прав. Комитет призвал Генерального секретаря ООН Пан Ги Муна защитить крымских татар от службы в российской армии, Украину — инициировать проведение Международной конференции по безопасности в Крыму под эгидой ОБСЕ и «изучить возможность предоставления крымскотатарскому народу международного статуса третьей стороны в российско-украинских отношениях с приобретением права самостоятельного обращения органов национального самоуправления Курултая и Меджлиса в международные судебные инстанции» ^[133] .

В ответ на это заявление председатель Государственного комитета по делам межнациональных отношений и депортированных граждан Республики Крым Заур Смирнов заявил, что крымско-татарская тема для украинской стороны — «это тема для манипуляций и спекуляций на международной арене», отметив, что за 23 года «Украиной практически не было принято ни одного политического решения в пользу реабилитации крымских татар, в пользу придания крымско-татарскому языку статуса государственного» ^[134] . Вице-премьер Республики Крым Руслан Бальбек пригласил ООН посетить полуостров и самим убедиться, что заявления о притеснении прав крымских татар в Крыму не имеют отношения к реальности: «Я предлагаю делегации ООН нанести визит в Крым как полноправный субъект Российской Федерации, чтобы лично убедиться, чем живут крымские татары, и впредь не прислушиваться к различным организациям с сомнительной репутацией». Также он отметил, что Комитет по защите прав крымско-татарского народа официально не зарегистрирован, насчитывает лишь несколько десятков сторонников и известен как организация с американским финансированием, чья «основная задача — с помощью подмены понятий делать громкие геополитические заявления якобы от имени народа, которые укладываются в интересы их спонсоров, тем самым открыто и нагло пренебрегая мнением самих крымских татар» ^[135] .

Выступая на информационной встрече неправительственных организаций на тему о нарушениях прав и свобод на Украине, состоявшейся «на полях» 30-й сессии Совета ООН по правам человека 18 сентября 2015 года, Васви Абдураимов заявил: «Права всех жителей Крыма теперь нарушают западные страны, которые ввели ограничения для полуострова, касающиеся, в частности, бизнеса, зарубежных поездок и туризма. Из-за этих ограничений крымчане не могут нормально вести экономическую деятельность, а значит, нарушается их право на развитие» ^[136] .

В сентябре 2015 года Мустафа Джемилев, Рефат Чубаров и вице-президент Всемирного конгресса крымских татар Ленур Ислямов стали инициаторами блокады границы с Крымом ^{[137] [138]} , целью которой, как заявлено, является освобождение задержанных российскими властями «украинских политзаключённых», прекращение преследования крымских татар, создание свободных условий работы для украинских СМИ и иностранных журналистов, а также снятие запрета на въезд в Крым Мустафе Джемилеву и Рефату Чубарову.

20-22 ноября 2015 года неизвестные взорвали опоры четырёх линий электропередач, подающих энергию на полуостров, в результате чего была прекращена поставка электроэнергии в Крым ^[139] .

23 ноября 2015 правительством Украины была введена официальная торговая блокада Крыма.

• Референдум о статусе Крыма
• Декларация независимости Крыма
• Присоединение Крыма к Российской Федерации
• Резолюция Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН 68/262
• Список памятников культурного наследия Республики Крым в Викигиде

Comments

Used literature and sources

• Khalii IA The process of Transformation in the Modern Crimea = Transformation process in modern Crimea // Journal of Siberian Federal University . Humanities & Social Sciences. - 2016. - T. 4 , No. 9 . - S. 978-985 .

• The text of the Constitution on the website of the State Council of Crimea