Masorca

A sharp domestic political struggle between groups of different political orientations became characteristic of the young state. Secular humanists like Bernardino Rivadavia tried to turn the country into a liberal European state. At the same time, in the provincial outback, the local conservative leaders, the caudillos , ruled by the existing order. The war with Brazil , the separatism of the provinces led to the resignation of Rivadavia.

Caudillo Roses , who came to power, the leader of the federalists, began to gradually acquire unlimited dictatorial power. His supporters spoke under the slogan “Long live the restoration! Long live religion! ” ^[2] . Opponents of the federalists were harassed and intimidated.

“Terror was already in the air, and although the thunder had not yet struck, everyone saw an ominous black cloud that clouded the sky two days later”

- Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

On April 13, 1835 , after the “ plebiscite ” took place, power was completely in the hands of Roses. One of the darkest periods of Argentinean history came ^[2] , and with it began the physical destruction of caudillo opponents ^[3] .

Spouse of Rosas - Encarnacion Escurra ^{[4] [5]} , together with large metropolitan landowners, as early as 1833 the "Society of Restoration" was formed ^[6] . The original goals of the organization were slightly different. With the rise to power of Roses, the group became significantly radicalized. The society was armed and controlled by Rosas ^[7] . Its symbol was the corncob ( Spanish: Mazorca ) - a symbol of the unity of the group ^[8] , which gave the organization the second name. It was popularly known as the “Mas Orcas” ( Spanish: Más horcas - more gallows ). Under the slogans “Death to the Unitaries!” And “Federation or Death!” The Masorkeros began the systematic destruction of the Unitaries and their sympathizers. Denunciation and surveillance have become commonplace. The appearance of the so-called “opinion-taking” has further aggravated the situation. The list was compiled for all residents of the country according to the relevant headings: unitary, indifferent , federalist or “pure federalist”. The members of the Masorca, using these lists, dealt with the objectionable. Sarmiento compared the system of “taking into account opinions” with the Spanish Inquisition ^[6] .

In the period from 1839 to 1843, more than 20 thousand opponents of Rosas were destroyed ^[6] . Thousands of people were imprisoned or emigrated ^[3] . Executions for “educational” purposes were carried out publicly ^[9] . The population was in constant fear. An armed man in a red poncho was terrifying.

Foreign policy problems, the struggle of the people against the regime under the slogan “Neither Unitarian nor Federalist!” Led to a weakening of the dictator’s power ^[10] . On June 1, 1846 ^[9], Rosas disbanded the People’s Society of Restoration, which became one of the symbols of his reign, and in 1852, after the defeat at the Battle of Caseros, some of the Mascara activists were arrested ^[11] .

Activists of the Restoration Society, including its operational leader, Kiryako Quitinho ( Spanish: Ciriaco Cuitiño ), were executed or imprisoned ^[11] .

• One of the leaders of the “mask” Leandro Antonio Ale n was the father of the founder of one of the first democratic parties in Argentina - the GDS , Leandro Ale m a (due to the reluctance to associate with his father, the latter changed one letter in his last name) ^{[12] [13] [14]} , and the cousin of the Argentinean President Hipolito Yrigoyen .
• The “ Argentinean Anti-Communist Alliance ” (AAA), which arose 140 years later, has traits that are similar to the “People's Society of Restoration” (Masorca). In both cases, the spouses of state leaders (Encarnacion Escurra and Isabel Peron ) played an important role in the creation.

• Novella by Esteban Echeverria - “Slaughter” (El Matadero) 1838
• Gustave Emard's work - “Masorka” (La Mas-Horca) 1867

• National reorganization process
• Argentinean Anti-Communist Alliance

• Ermolaev V. I. Essays on the history of Argentina. - M .: Sotsekgiz , 1961 .-- 588 p.
• Alperovich M. S. , Slezkin L. Yu. History of Latin America: From Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 20th Century .. - M .: Higher School , 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-06-002003-7 .
• John Lynch Argentine Dictator . - Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001 .-- 185 p. - ISBN 978-0-8420-2898-1 .

• Mazorca (Argentine political group ) . Encyclopedia Britannica . Date of treatment March 15, 2014.
• LA MAZORCA (Spanish) . La Gazeta Federal. Date of treatment March 15, 2014.
• Kirill Kobrin . Red and black (unopened) . Polit.ru (September 8, 2010). Date of treatment June 26, 2014.