Willow Kusumahuantri

Yves Kusumasuntri was born on May 31, 1899 in the western Java city ​​of . After graduating from a Dutch elementary school, he enrolled in the Aboriginal Public Service School (OSVIA; indon. Opleidingsschool Voor Inlandse Ambtenaren, OSVIA ) in Bandung . Being dissatisfied with the fact that the study at OSVIA took place according to European standards, without taking into account the Indonesian traditions, Iva expelled from this school and moved to Batavia , where he entered the local law school ^[1] . In Batavia, he joined the youth national liberation organization ^[2] .

In 1921, Willow graduated from law school and continued his studies at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands ; there he joined the national liberation organization and became one of his activists ^[1] . In his speeches, he called for the consolidation of all Indonesians, regardless of race, creed or class, to achieve their country's independence from the Netherlands, while refusing any cooperation with the colonialists ^[2] . In 1925, Willow came to the Soviet Union , where he studied for a year and a half at the Communist University of Working People of the East in Moscow . In the USSR, he was married for a while to a Ukrainian woman named Anna Ivanova; in this marriage, the spouses had a daughter, Sumira Dingili ( indone. Sumira Dingli ) ^[3] .

In 1927, Willow returned to Indonesia, having got a job there as a lawyer. Then he joined the ranks of the National Party of Indonesia . Later he moved to the city of Medan in the north of Sumatra , where he founded the newspaper Matahari Terbit ( indon. Matahari Terbit - Rising Sun ); In its publications, this newspaper advocated the rights of workers and criticized the policies of the Dutch businessmen who owned extensive plantations in the Medan region. Publications in Matahari Terbit, as well as an attempt to organize a trade union , caused Iva to be arrested by the colonial authorities in 1929 . After spending a year in prison ^[2] , Willow was exiled to Island (the largest of the Banda Islands ) ^[4] . During the ten years spent in exile, Willow became a devout Muslim, while retaining his conviction in the correctness of Marxist teachings. In exile, he met with many prominent figures in the national liberation movement, such as Mohammad Hatta , Sutan Sharir, and ^[5] . After liberation, Willow returned to Batavia; during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, he opened a law firm there ^[1] and gave, with the consent of the occupational administration, several public lectures on nationalism ^[6] .

When the leaders of the national liberation movement began to raise the issue of declaring independence for Indonesia, Yves suggested using the term “proclamation” ( indon. Proklamasi ); This term was used in the Declaration of Independence of Indonesia , adopted on August 17, 1945 ^[7] . Also, Willow participated in the drafting of the Constitution of Indonesia ^[8] .

From August 31 to November 14, 1945, Willow was a member of the , occupying the post of Minister of Social Affairs. In 1946, he became one of the leaders of , a national-patriotic organization headed by Tan Malak ^[9] . After the , when the “Union of Struggle” attempted a coup d'état , it was arrested along with other leaders of the Union ^[1] .

From 1949 , when the United States of Indonesia was proclaimed independence (RShI), and until 1950 , when RShI was transformed into a unitary state , Yves was a member of the RShI parliament, the Council of People’s Representatives ^[9] . From 1953 to 1955, Willow was Minister of Defense in the Ali Sastroamijoyo . In 1957, he became the rector in Bandung. From 1963 to 1964 he was Minister in the ^[1] .

After retiring from politics, Willow wrote several monographs on historical topics: "The Legal Revolution in Indonesia" ( Indonesia. Revolusi Hukum di Indonesia ), "The History of the Indonesian Revolution" in three volumes ( Indonesia. Sejarah Revolusi Indonesia ) and "Principles of Politics" ( Indonesia. Pokok-Pokok Ilmu Politik ) ^[9] .

Yves Kusumasuntri died on November 27, 1971 in Jakarta and was buried in . On November 6, 2002, he was proclaimed the National Hero of Indonesia ^[1] . According to the Indonesian historian , the proclamation of Willow as a national hero did not take place earlier due to the fact that Suharto’s anti-communist policy had a negative attitude to Willow’s ties with communist Tan Malak ^[7] .

• Asvi Warman Adam. Uncovering the Manipulation of History // Membongkar Manipulasi Sejarah. - Jakarta: Kompas, 2009. - ISBN 978-979-709-404-1 .
• Ahmad Junaidi. Indonesia's constitutional history of minefield of confusion . - 2002. - 1st of August. Archived June 24, 2013.
• George McTurnan Kahin. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. - Cornell University Press, 1952. - ISBN 978-0-8014-9108-5 .
• Mirnawati. Most Complete Collection of Indonesian Heroes // Kumpulan Pahlawan Indonesia Terlengkap. - Jakarta: CIF, 2012. - ISBN 978-979-788-343-0 . (indon.)
• JB Sudarmanto. Footsteps of the Heroes: Uniting the Indonesian People // Jejak-Jejak Pahlawan: Perekat Kesatuan Bangsa Indonesia . - Jakarta: Grasindo, 2007. - ISBN 978-979-759-716-0 . (indon.)
• Ben White. Social Science and Indonesia / Vedi R. Hadiz, Daniel Dhakidae. - Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005. - P. 107–42.
• The Fighter Amidst History's Fluctuations: Autobiography of Prof. Mr. RH Iwa Kusuma Sumantri // Sang Pejuang dalam Gejolak Sejarah: Otobiografi Prof. Mr. RH Iwa Kusuma Sumantri. - Bandung: Padjadjaran University, 2008. (indon.)
• Prof. Mr. Iwa Kusuma Sumantri, SH: His Works and Service // Prof. Mr. Iwa Kusuma Sumantri, SH: Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya. - Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1983. (indon.)