State participation in the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Signatories and ratifiers Affiliates or Recognizers Unrecognized State Compliant Signatories but not ratifiers Unsigned
The list of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention covers states that have signed and ratified or acceded to an international agreement that outlaws biological weapons .
The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), also known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) was opened for signature on April 10, 1972. The Netherlands became the first state to deposit the agreement on the same day. The Convention entered into force and was closed for signature on March 26, 1975 after depositing ratification by 22 states. After this date, states that did not sign the agreement can only join it.
A total of 196 states may become members of the Biological Weapons Convention, including all 193 States Members of the United Nations , Cook Islands , the Holy See , and Niue . To date, 170 states have ratified or acceded to the convention. The last state to join on April 2, 2013 was Malawi [1] [2] . The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently recognized by only 21 UN member states, has also submitted ratifications to the BWC with the United States Government pending a decision by the United States to recognize the transition of the unified legal government of China from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Several countries declared a reservation that their consent to the agreement should not imply full satisfaction with the possibility of accumulation of biological agents and toxins for “ preventive , protective or other peaceful purposes”, and that participation in the agreement should not imply recognition of other countries, which they do not recognize.
Summary
- Ratifying and acceding : 170 states and the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- Only signatories : 10 states.
- Unsigned : 16 states.
Ratifying and Accession States
The presence of several dates corresponds to the days when the state submits a signature or deposits, different in location. Each location is marked with the letters: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (B) for Washington (DC).
| State [3] [4] [5] [6] | Signing | Escrow | Entry way |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | October 5, 1977 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Austria | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Aug 10, 1973 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Azerbaijan | February 26, 2004 (M, B) | Joining | |
| Albania | June 3, 1992 (B) Aug 11, 1992 (L) Mar 26, 1993 (M) | Joining | |
| Algeria | Sep 28, 2001 (B) | Joining | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Jan 29, 2003 (L) | Joining | |
| Argentina | Aug 1, 1972 (M) Aug 3, 1972 (L) Aug 7, 1972 (B) | Nov 27, 1979 (B) Dec 5, 1979 (L) Dec 27, 1979 (M) | Ratification |
| Armenia | Jun 7, 1994 (M, B) | Joining | |
| Afghanistan | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 26, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
| Bahamas | Nov 26, 1986 (L) | Joining | |
| Bangladesh | Mar 11, 1985 (M) Mar 12, 1985 (B) Mar 13, 1985 (L) | Joining | |
| Barbados | Feb 16, 1973 (B) | Feb 16, 1973 (B) | Ratification |
| Bahrain | October 28, 1988 (L) | Joining | |
| Belarus | Apr 10, 1972 (M) | Mar 26, 1975 (M) | Ratification as Belorussian SSR |
| Belize | Oct 20, 1986 (L) Nov 25, 1986 (B) Jan 13, 1987 (M) | Succession from Great Britain | |
| Belgium | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 15, 1979 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Benin | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Apr 25, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
| Bulgaria | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Aug 2, 1972 (L) Sep 13, 1972 (B) Sep 19, 1972 (M) | Ratification |
| Bolivia | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Oct 30, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Aug 15, 1994 (B) | Succession from Yugoslavia | |
| Botswana | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | February 5, 1992 (B) | Ratification |
| Brazil | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Feb 27, 1973 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Brunei | Jan 31, 1991 (L) | Joining | |
| Burkina Faso | Apr 17, 1991 (B) | Joining | |
| Burundi | Apr 10, 1972 (M, B) | October 18, 2011 (L) | Ratification |
| Butane | Jun 8, 1978 (B) | Joining | |
| Vanuatu | October 12, 1990 (L) | Joining | |
| Great Britain | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Hungary | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Dec 27, 1972 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Venezuela | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | October 18, 1978 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| East Timor | May 5, 2003 (B) | Joining | |
| Vietnam | Apr 10, 1972 (M) | Jun 20 1980 (M) | Ratification Signing South vietnam and ratification Vietnam [7] |
| Gabon | Apr 10, 1972 (L) | Aug 16, 2007 (W) | Ratification |
| Guyana | Jan 3, 1973 (B) | Mar 26, 2013 (B) | Ratification |
| Gambia | Jun 2, 1972 (M) Aug 8, 1972 (L) Nov 9, 1972 (B) | May 7, 1997 (L) Jun 10 1997 (M) Aug 1, 1997 (B) | Ratification |
| Ghana | Apr 10, 1972 (M, B) | Jun 6 1975 (L) | Ratification |
| Guatemala | May 9, 1972 (B) | Sep 19, 1973 (B) | Ratification |
| Guinea bissau | Aug 20, 1976 (M) | Joining | |
| Germany | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Apr 7, 1983 (L, B) | Ratification as Germany Also GDR Ratification November 28, 1972 |
| Honduras | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Mar 14, 1979 (B) | Ratification |
| Grenada | October 22, 1986 (L) | Joining | |
| Greece | Apr 10, 1972 (L) Apr 12, 1972 (B) Apr 14, 1972 (M) | Dec 10, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Georgia | May 22, 1996 (L, M) | Joining | |
| Denmark | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 1, 1973 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Apr 10, 1972 (M, B) | Sep 16, 1975 (L) Jan 28, 1977 (B) | Ratification as Zaire |
| Dominica | Nov 8, 1978 (L) | Joining | |
| Dominican Republic | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Feb 23, 1973 (B) | Ratification |
| Zambia | Jan 15, 2008 (L) | Joining | |
| Zimbabwe | November 5, 1990 (L) | Joining | |
| India | Jan 15, 1973 (L, M, B) | Jul 15, 1974 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Indonesia | Jun 20, 1972 (M, B) Jun 21, 1972 (L) | February 4, 1992 (M) Feb 19, 1992 (L) Apr 1, 1992 (B) | Ratification |
| Jordan | Apr 10, 1972 (B) Apr 17, 1972 (L) Apr 24, 1972 (M) | May 30, 1975 (M) Jun 2 1975 (B) Jun 27, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
| Iraq | May 11, 1972 (M) | Jun 19, 1991 (M) | Ratification |
| Iran | Apr 10, 1972 (M, B) Nov 16, 1972 (L) | Aug 22, 1973 (L, B) Aug 27, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Ireland | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) | October 27, 1972 (L, B) | Ratification |
| Iceland | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Feb 15, 1973 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Spain | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) | Jun 20, 1979 (L, B) | Ratification |
| Italy | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | May 30, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Yemen | Apr 26, 1972 (M) May 10, 1972 (L) | Jun 1, 1979 (M) | Ratification as North Yemen (L, B) and NDR Yemen (M) |
| Cape Verde | Oct 20, 1977 (M) | Joining | |
| Kazakhstan | May 31, 2007 (M) | June 15, 2007 (M) | Joining |
| Cambodia | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Mar 9, 1983 (B) | Ratification |
| Cameroon | Jan 18, 2013 (B) | Joining | |
| Canada | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Sep 18, 1972 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Qatar | Nov 14, 1972 (L) | Apr 17, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
| Kenya | Jan 7, 1976 (L) | Joining | |
| Cyprus | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) Apr 14, 1972 (M) | Nov 6, 1973 (L) Nov 13, 1973 (B) Nov 21, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Kyrgyzstan | October 15, 2004 (M) | Joining | |
| China | November 15, 1984 (L, M, B) | Joining | |
| Colombia | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Dec 19, 1983 (B) | Ratification |
| Costa Rica | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Dec 17, 1973 (B) | Ratification |
| Cuba | Apr 12, 1972 (M) | Apr 21, 1976 (M) | Ratification |
| Kuwait | Apr 14, 1972 (M, B) Apr 27, 1972 (L) | Jul 18, 1972 (W) Jul 26, 1972 (L) Aug 1, 1972 (M) | Ratification |
| Laos | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 20, 1973 (M) Mar 22, 1973 (B) Apr 25, 1973 (L) | Ratification |
| Latvia | Feb 6, 1997 (L) | Joining | |
| Lesotho | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Sep 6, 1977 (L) | Ratification |
| Lebanon | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) Apr 21, 1972 (M) | Mar 26, 1975 (L) Apr 2, 1975 (M) Jun 13, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Libya | Apr 10, 1972 (M) | Jan 19, 1982 (M) | Ratification |
| Lithuania | Feb 10, 1998 (L) | Joining | |
| Liechtenstein | May 30, 1991 (B) May 31, 1991 (M) June 6, 1991 (L) | Joining | |
| Luxembourg | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M) Apr 12, 1972 (B) | Mar 23, 1976 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Mauritius | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Aug 7, 1972 (B) Jan 11, 1973 (L) Jan 15, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Madagascar | Oct 13, 1972 (L) | Mar 7, 2008 (M, B) | Ratification |
| North Macedonia | Dec 26, 1996 (M) Mar 14, 1997 (L) Apr 23, 1997 (B) | Continuity from Yugoslavia | |
| Malawi | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Apr 2, 2013 (B) | Ratification |
| Malaysia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Sep 6, 1991 (L, M) Sep 26, 1991 (B) | Ratification |
| Mali | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Nov 25, 2002 (B) | Ratification |
| Maldives | Aug 2, 1993 (M) | Joining | |
| Malta | Sep 11, 1972 (L) | Apr 7, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
| Morocco | May 2, 1972 (L) May 3, 1972 (B) Jun 5, 1972 (M) | Mar 21, 2002 (L) | Ratification |
| Marshall Islands | November 15, 2012 (B) | Joining | |
| Mexico | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Apr 8, 1974 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Mozambique | Mar 29, 2011 (L) | Joining | |
| Moldova | Jan 28, 2005 (M, B) | Joining | |
| Monaco | Apr 30, 1999 (L) | Joining | |
| Mongolia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Sep 5, 1972 (B) Sep 14, 1972 (L) Oct 20, 1972 (M) | Ratification |
| Nauru | Mar 5, 2013 (B) | Joining | |
| Niger | Apr 21, 1972 (B) | Jun 23, 1972 (B) | Ratification |
| Nigeria | Jul 3, 1972 (M) Jul 10, 1972 (L) Dec 6, 1972 (B) | Jul 3, 1973 (B) Jul 9, 1973 (L) Jul 20, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Netherlands | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Jun 22, 1981 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Nicaragua | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) | Aug 7, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| New Zealand | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Dec 13, 1972 (B) Dec 18, 1972 (L) Jan 10, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Norway | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Aug 1, 1973 (L, B) Aug 23, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| UAE | Sep 28, 1972 (L) | Jun 19, 2008 (L) [8] | Ratification |
| Oman | Mar 31, 1992 (B) | Joining | |
| Cook Islands | Dec 4, 2008 (L) | Joining | |
| Pakistan | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Sep 25, 1974 (M) October 3, 1974 (L, B) | Ratification |
| Palau | Feb 20, 2003 (B) | Joining | |
| Panama | May 2, 1972 (B) | Mar 20, 1974 (B) | Ratification |
| Papua New Guinea | October 27, 1980 (L) Nov 13, 1980 (M) Mar 16, 1981 (B) | Joining | |
| Paraguay | Jun 9, 1976 (B) | Joining | |
| Peru | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | June 5, 1985 (L, M) Jun 11 1985 (B) | Ratification |
| Poland | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Jan 25, 1973 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Portugal | Jun 29, 1972 (B) | May 15, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Republic of the Congo | Oct 23, 1978 (B) | Joining | |
| Russia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification as the USSR |
| Rwanda | Apr 10, 1972 (M, B) | May 20, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Romania | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Jul 25, 1979 (B) Jul 26, 1979 (L) Jul 27, 1979 (M) | Ratification |
| Salvador | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Dec 31, 1991 (B) | Ratification San marino |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Aug 24, 1979 (M) | Joining | |
| Saudi Arabia | Apr 12, 1972 (B) | May 24, 1972 (B) | Ratification |
| Swaziland | June 18, 1991 (L) | Joining | |
| The Holy See | Jan 7, 2002 (B) | Joining | |
| DPRK | Mar 13, 1987 (M) | Joining | |
| Seychelles | October 11, 1979 (L) October 16, 1979 (B) October 24, 1979 (M) | Joining | |
| Senegal | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Mar 26, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | May 13, 1999 (L) | Succession from Great Britain | |
| San marino | Sep 12, 1972 (B) Jan 30, 1973 (M) Mar 21, 1973 (L) | Mar 11, 1975 (L) Mar 17, 1975 (B) Mar 27, 1975 (M) | Ratification |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Apr 2, 1991 (L) | Joining | |
| Saint lucia | Nov 26, 1986 (L) | Continuity from Great Britain | |
| Serbia | Apr 27, 1992 (M) June 5, 2001 (B) Jun 13, 2001 (L) | Succession from Yugoslavia Signed April 10, 1972 Deposit on October 25, 1973 [9] Continuity from Serbia and Montenegro | |
| Singapore | Jun 19, 1972 (L, M, B) | Dec 2, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Slovakia | Jan 1, 1993 (M) May 17, 1993 (L) Jun 10, 1993 (B) | Continuity from Czechoslovakia Signed April 10, 1972 Deposit on April 30, 1973 | |
| Slovenia | Apr 7, 1992 (L, M) Aug 20, 1992 (B) | Continuity from Yugoslavia | |
| Solomon islands | June 17, 1981 (L) | Continuity from Great Britain | |
| Sudan | October 17, 2003 (L) October 20, 2003 (M) Nov 7, 2003 (B) | Joining | |
| Suriname | Jan 6, 1993 (L, M) Apr 9, 1993 (B) | Joining | |
| USA | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Sierra leone | Nov 7, 1972 (B) Nov 24, 1972 (L) | Jun 29, 1976 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Tajikistan | Jun 27, 2005 (M) | Joining | |
| Thailand | Jan 17, 1973 (B) | May 28, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Togo | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Nov 10, 1976 (B) | Ratification |
| Tonga | Sep 28, 1976 (L) | Joining | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Jul 19, 2007 (L) | Joining | |
| Tunisia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | May 18, 1973 (B) May 30, 1973 (M) Jun 6, 1973 (L) | Ratification |
| Turkmenistan | Jan 11, 1996 (M) Mar 8, 1996 (B) | Joining | |
| Turkey | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Oct 25, 1974 (M) Nov 4, 1974 (L) Nov 5, 1974 (B) | Ratification |
| Uganda | May 12, 1992 (B) | Joining | |
| Uzbekistan | Jan 26, 1996 (M) | Joining | |
| Ukraine | Apr 10, 1972 (M) | Mar 26, 1975 (M) | Ratification as Ukrainian SSR |
| Uruguay | Apr 6, 1981 (B) | Joining | |
| Fiji | Feb 22, 1973 (L) | Sep 4, 1973 (B) October 1, 1973 (L) October 5, 1973 (M) | Ratification |
| Philippines | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) Jun 21, 1972 (M) | May 21, 1973 (B) | Ratification |
| Finland | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Feb 4, 1974 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| France | Sep 27, 1984 (L, M, B) | Joining | |
| Croatia | Apr 28, 1993 (B) | Succession from Yugoslavia | |
| Montenegro | June 3, 2006 (M) | Succession from Serbia and Montenegro | |
| Czech | Jan 1, 1993 (M) April 5, 1993 (L) Sep 29, 1993 (B) | Succession from Czechoslovakia Signed April 10, 1972 Deposit on April 30, 1973 | |
| Chile | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Apr 22, 1980 (L) | Ratification |
| Switzerland | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | May 4, 1976 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Sweden | Feb 27, 1974 (M) Feb 27, 1975 (L, B) | Feb 5, 1976 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Sri Lanka | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | November 18, 1986 (L, M, B) | Ratification |
| Ecuador | Jun 14, 1972 (B) | Mar 12, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| Equatorial Guinea | Jan 16, 1989 (M) Jul 29, 1992 (B) | Joining | |
| Estonia | Jun 21, 1993 (B) Jul 1, 1993 (M) | Joining | |
| Ethiopia | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | May 26, 1975 (L, M) Jun 26, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| South Africa | Apr 10, 1972 (B) | Nov 3, 1975 (B) | Ratification |
| The Republic of Korea | Apr 10, 1972 (L, B) | Jun 25, 1987 (L, B) | Ratification |
| Jamaica | Aug 13, 1975 (L) | Joining | |
| Japan | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, B) | Jun 8 1982 (B) Jun 18, 1982 (L, M) | Ratification |
The status is not clear: see the succession of colonies in the CCD below.
Unrecognized States Complying with the Convention
| State | Signing | Escrow | Entry way |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of China | April 10, 1972 | February 9, 1973 | Ratification |
States that have signed but not ratified
| State | Signing | Ratification status [10] |
|---|---|---|
| Haiti | Apr 10, 1972 (W) | Process started |
| Egypt | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M) | No action expected in the near future |
| Cote d'Ivoire | May 23, 1972 (W) | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Liberia | Apr 10, 1972 (W) Apr 14, 1972 (L) | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Myanmar | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | Process started |
| Nepal | Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | Process started |
| Syria | Apr 14, 1972 (M) | No action expected in the near future |
| Somalia | Jul 3, 1972 (M) | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Tanzania | Aug 16, 1972 (L) | Process started |
| CAR | Apr 10, 1972 (W) | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
Unsigned
| State | Ratification status [10] |
|---|---|
| Angola | Process started |
| Andorra | Process started |
| Guinea | Process started |
| Djibouti | Process started |
| Israel | No action expected in the near future |
| Kiribati | No information |
| Comoros | Process is well advanced |
| Mauritania | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Micronesia | No information |
| Namibia | Process started |
| Niue | No information |
| Samoa | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Tuvalu | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Chad | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| Eritrea | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
| South Sudan | Pending further information, assistance or other priorities |
The status is not clear: see the succession of colonies in the CCD below.
Succession of colonies in the CCD
The status of several former colonies that are States parties to the Biological Weapons Convention, for which administrative authority has ratified the Convention on their behalf, with respect to the Convention after they become independent, is currently unclear.
According to the Vienna Convention on the Succession of States with respect to treaties , “new independent states” (euphemisms for former colonies) will receive a “blank sheet” according to which the new state does not inherit the contractual obligations of the colonial power, but can accede to multilateral treaties in which their former colonialists , in most cases, were participants without the consent of other parties. On the other hand, in “cases of separation of parts of the state” (euphemism for all other new states), the new state remains connected with the contractual obligations of the state that has undergone separation. To date, this Convention has been ratified by only 22 states.
The United Kingdom added a territorial declaration to its instrument of ratification of the UNCCD in 1975, indicating in particular that this applied to [11] :
| ... with respect to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Dominica and territories under the territorial sovereignty of the United Kingdom, as well as the state of Brunei, the protectorate of the British Solomon Islands and, within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, the New Hebrides Condominium [subsequently renamed Vanuatu]. |
This declaration links the territories of Dominica, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu to the terms of the Convention. After gaining independence, none of these states made clear declarations of succession in relation to the BWC [12] .
Notes
- ↑ Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention . United Nations Office at Geneva. Date of treatment March 3, 2013.
- ↑ Disarmament: Latest Information . United Nations Office at Geneva. Date of treatment April 10, 2013.
- ↑ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Date of treatment March 3, 2013.
- ↑ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction . Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Date of treatment July 23, 2013. Archived January 4, 2013.
- ↑ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction . United States Department of State (March 26, 2013). Date of treatment July 23, 2013.
- ↑ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (April 17, 2013). Date of treatment July 24, 2013.
- ↑ Viet Nam: Signature of Biological Weapons Convention . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Date of treatment March 3, 2013.
- ↑ UAE ratifies BWC . United Nations Office at Geneva . Date of treatment July 29, 2008.
- ↑ Serbia: Succession to Biological Weapons Convention . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Date of treatment March 3, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Report on universalization activities (unavailable link) . Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment December 9, 2013. Archived December 13, 2013.
- ↑ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Ratification of Biological Weapons Convention . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Date of treatment July 26, 2013.
- ↑ Building a Global Ban: Why States Have Not Joined the BWC . BioWeapons Prevention Project (April 2009). Date of treatment July 26, 2013.