Protests in the South-East of Ukraine in 2014 ( Russian Spring) - massive socio-political actions against the Ukrainian authorities, in defense of the status of the Russian language, under anti-government, federalist [10] , pro-Russian and separatist [5] slogans [11] , covering the cities of the South from late February - early March 2014 - East of Ukraine after a power change of power , exacerbating the contradictions between the West and East of Ukraine [12] [13] and leading to instability and a split in society. This situation highlighted the deep-seated internal contradictions of Ukrainian society [14] , which began to emerge in the mid-1990s and escalated during the Orange Revolution , and then during events that took place after November 2013 [15] .
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The protests of the local population were caused by the rejection of the forceful, unconstitutional nature of the change of power in Ukraine, the refusal of the new leadership to take into account the opinions and interests of significant groups of the South-East population, determined to maintain close ties with Russia [16] [17] [18] , and the intention of ultra-right movements, strengthened their political influence during the Euromaidan [19] , to extend to the Russian-speaking regions of the Southeast the methods and techniques of force pressure, tested during the riots in Kiev and western Ukraine [20] (capture administrative buildings [21] [22] [23] , demolition of monuments of the Soviet era [24] ) [11] [25] [26] [27] [28] .
In the regional centers of the Southeast, the intensity of the confrontation led to clashes between supporters and opponents of the new government, during which the first victims appeared. The report of the OSCE Human Rights Assessment Mission, which worked in Ukraine in March-April 2014, indicated that from the end of February 2014 there was a tendency to hold meetings organized by groups of supporters and opponents of Maidan with the use of violence. Single outbreaks of violence were followed by more severe clashes. Such events took place in all cities visited by the Mission, especially in Donetsk , Lugansk , Nikolaev , Odessa , Sevastopol , Simferopol and Yalta . The methods used by the perpetrators of these acts of violence against their opponents included, inter alia, setting fire to cars, sending threats through social networks on the Internet, intimidation by publishing personal data on the Internet, and harassing individuals on leaflets (accusing them of criminal offenses ) that were posted in their places of residence, aggressive media campaigns, blackmail, and police investigations, not against alleged criminals, but against the victims. Throughout the entire period of the Mission’s work and in all the regions where it worked, the police demonstrated, on the one hand, prejudice against groups of Maidan supporters, and on the other hand, condoned their opponents [15] .
As noted in the report of the OSCE Mission, against the backdrop of increased polarization of Ukrainian society, serious attacks on media freedom and an increased flow of biased information, misinformation and propaganda, intolerance became more frequent, and cases of the use of hate expressions in relation to other ethnic and religious groups were widespread. In particular, in the southeastern regions of Ukraine, a tendency has arisen to connect the political orientation of people (supporters or opponents of Maidan) with their ethnicity. In a number of cases, the Ukrainian symbols became the target of attacks, as well as vehicles with the flag of Ukraine and other national symbols. Maidan’s active supporters were often called “Banderaites”, “fascists” and “Nazis”, and appearances in defense of Ukraine’s territorial integrity and unitarity were presented as a manifestation of nationalism [15] .
As sociological studies show, the purpose of the protests in southeastern Ukraine was not originally a change of power, but a change in the form of government. According to a survey of residents of this part of Ukraine conducted by the International Institute of Sociology (Kiev) on April 8-16, 2014, “the state system of Ukraine should be unitary, but with decentralization of power and expansion of regional rights (45.2%), federal (24.8% ), unitary (19.1%). ” The greatest number of supporters of decentralization was noted in the Kherson , Zaporizhzhya and Dnipropetrovsk regions ; federalization - in the Lugansk , Donetsk and Kharkov regions ; unitary state - in the Odessa region [29] [30] . The data of a sociological survey indicate that the most worrisome among the population of the south-east of Ukraine were: rampant banditry in the country (43.1%), collapse of the Ukrainian economy (39.2%), threat of civil war (31.7%), non-payment of pensions and wages (24.6%), the rupture of economic ties with Russia (19.7%) and the growth of radicalism and nationalism (19.1%) [29] [30] . To the question “What steps do you expect from the central government to preserve the unity of the country?”, Residents of the South-East in early April 2014 answered: disarmament and dissolution of illegal radical groups (37.8%), restoration of economic and political dialogue with the Russian Federation (23 %), a clear perspective on the economy of the South-East, support for regional enterprises (22.4%), dissociation from nationalist and radical rhetoric (16.3%) [30] .
As noted in the report of the OSCE Mission, in the southeastern regions of the country there was an idea of the insufficient representation of its interests in the executive and legislative structures of power. There were three main reasons for this:
- the weakening of the Party of Regions , mainly supported by the population of eastern Ukraine, undermined the ability of the Russian-speaking community to ensure effective representation in political decision-making;
- the government that came to power did not express the interests of all citizens of Ukraine, since it was dominated by members of the Batkivshchyna and Liberty parties, which were believed to mainly represent the interests of Western Ukraine. Many native-speakers of the Russian language from the eastern regions expressed fears that after the change of power their interests were not properly represented or not represented at all in the Verkhovna Rada and in central government structures;
- many of the Mission’s interlocutors referred to the decisions of the new authorities to replace a number of senior officials in the regions (including governors, mayors and police leaders) with party supporters from the new coalition, mostly from Western Ukraine, which further undermined the possibility of their participation in decision making processes [15] .
The report of the OSCE Mission pointed to the presence of “credible allegations” by individual representatives of the Russian-speaking community in elective positions that they or their families are being pressured and intimidated. In some cases, this resulted in the destruction of property - cars and houses. The mission also drew attention to reports of cases of bullying of political representatives of minorities during public meetings, moreover, they were threatened with physical violence and even used physical violence [15] .
The report of the OSCE Mission pointed to the presence of “credible allegations” and “corroborated testimony” that there were people among the participants in the rallies of the Maidan who “incited or sought to aggravate violence, especially in Donetsk , Kharkov and Lugansk ”: “ These people had at their disposal vehicles that delivered them to the city centers where the meetings were held, from neighboring Ukrainian towns or across the border from the Russian Federation. These people arrived by bus or in private cars, some of which had Russian registration numbers, and some were without numbers. Some of these individuals were armed with metal rods. A number of sources noted that they spoke with a Russian accent or that they had a Russian pronunciation ... Reportedly, the people involved in the violence were not activists; their goal was not to hold a counter-demonstration or to express any views, but to disrupt the meetings of opponents and violate their right to demonstrate. Local residents who sincerely opposed the Maidan were often fewer at these meetings than visitors ” [15] .
With the radicalization of speeches and the emergence of new pro-Russian leaders, peaceful protests in the territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions gradually developed into armed confrontation [31] [32] , and the slogans of federalization of Ukraine were replaced by demands for regional independence and led to the proclamation of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics . To suppress separatist protests, the Ukrainian leadership announced the start of an anti-terrorist operation . In other regions, as a result of the authorities' tough stance, open mass protests gradually came to naught.
There is an opinion that to date, the concept of “South-East of Ukraine”, which assumes a single position of the population of the macroregion on key political issues, significantly different from the moods of the population of other regions (West, Center of Ukraine), has lost its meaning due to colossal shifts in public opinion, occurred as a result of events in the Crimea and Donbass [33] [34] [35] [36] .
Southeast of Ukraine and the idea of federalization and decentralization of power
"It is absolutely logical that the protest that erupts in southeastern Ukraine is a natural reaction of a densely populated industrial region to an armed coup ." - Viktor Yanukovych , March 28, 2014 [37] . |
Already in the winter of 2013-2014, some heads of regions of Southeastern Ukraine and political figures expressed the idea of federalization of Ukraine and decentralization of power as a possible way out of the crisis [38] . So, on January 30, MP from the Party of Regions Vadim Kolesnichenko suggested moving from a unitary to a federal model of governing the country [39] . In support of the federalization of Ukraine, the People’s Deputy from the Party of Regions Oleg Tsarev and the communist Leonid Grach spoke out [40] .
On February 12, during the roundtable “Socio-economic and political processes in post-crisis Ukraine” held in Kharkov, the governor of the Kharkiv region and a member of the Party of Regions, Mikhail Dobkin, called the federalization of Ukraine “the most acceptable option for decentralizing power”: “Federalization makes it possible to legislatively and constitutionally consolidate territorial right to wider powers. Federalization is not fear, it is not separatism, it is not treason to the state, but a different form of government. Ukraine as a unitary state did not materialize ” [41] . On February 20, Mikhail Dobkin, during a direct line to the editorial office of the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine, stated that Kiev had exhausted itself as a place of government, federalism was a guarantee of preserving the unity of the country, and democracy in today's Ukraine was impossible. He suggested thinking about moving a number of state institutions from Kiev to Kharkov, where, in his opinion, the capital of the southeast of the country is actually located [42] .
The idea of federalization under the previous government, however, was not developed. On February 14, President Viktor Yanukovych in an interview with journalist Vitaly Korotich stated that “the issue of introducing a federal model of the state system of Ukraine is not relevant at the moment” [39] . However, a week later Yanukovych was actually removed from his post, and on March 11 a criminal case was opened against the former Kharkov governor Mikhail Dobkin on charges of part 2 of art. 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“An encroachment on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine committed by a representative of the authorities”) [43] . As Novaya Gazeta wrote at the time, it was about Dobkin’s statements made on February 12 during the roundtable “Socio-economic and political processes in post-crisis Ukraine”, calls for actions aimed at decentralization of power in the country through federalization and the creation of the Novorossiysk Union [44] . On February 22, in Kharkov, at the initiative of the All-Ukrainian Public Union (OSI) “ Ukrainian Front ”, a Congress of Deputies of all levels of the southeastern regions of Ukraine (mainly Kharkov, Donetsk, Lugansk regions), the city of Sevastopol and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was held. Already on February 20, when the congress was announced, the Security Service of Ukraine warned that it would respond harshly to any manifestations of separatism [45] .
Participants in the congress, however, advocated for peace and unity of Ukraine, as well as for countering fascism. Oleg Tsaryov, deputy head of the Party of Regions of Ukraine’s Party of Regions faction speaking at the congress, said that Ukraine had an armed seizure of power, and therefore he urged congress participants to agree on further actions to prevent the transfer of political destabilization from Kiev to the South-East, primarily it was about Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Crimea. Tsarev emphasized that no one can guarantee that 20 thousand armed people in Kiev will not be sent to the southeastern regions of Ukraine. “We have order here, we don’t need people with weapons,” Tsarev said. “Our main task is to organize and prevent chaos.” The text of the resolution adopted emphasized: “The opposition did not comply with the terms of the agreement on resolving the crisis in Ukraine of February 21, illegal armed groups did not give up weapons, continue to seize central authorities, kill civilians and law enforcement officials. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine works in conditions of terror, a threat of weapons. Decisions of the Ukrainian parliament adopted under such conditions raise doubts about their voluntariness, legitimacy and legality ” [45] .
Having ascertained that “the central authorities were paralyzed,” the congress delegates decided that “for the period until restoration of the constitutional order and the rule of law” “local government bodies of all levels, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council decided to take responsibility for ensuring the constitutional order, legality, rights of citizens and their safety in their territories ”, while regional, district councils, the Sevastopol City Council, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea should“ recall the delegated powers of the state executive authority. ” The delegates called on law enforcement agencies to “ensure close cooperation with local authorities,” the troops “to remain at their places of deployment, to ensure the safety of warehouses with weapons and ammunition and military equipment, not to interfere in confrontation and conflicts”, and the population to “organize themselves to interact with law enforcement local authorities ” [45] [46] [47] .
The actions of the Verkhovna Rada and the first reaction in the Southeast
On February 22, the Verkhovna Rada , where after the mass withdrawal of deputies from the Party of Regions faction [48], the united opposition gained the advantage, adopted a resolution stating that Yanukovych "unconstitutionally withdrew from the exercise of constitutional authority" and did not fulfill his duties, and also appointed early presidential election on May 25, 2014. The resigned speaker of the Verkhovna Rada Vladimir Rybak [49] was replaced by the representative of the "Fatherland" Alexander Turchinov [50] . And about. another deputy from the "Fatherland" Arsen Avakov was elected Minister of Internal Affairs [51] . The Verkhovna Rada expressed no confidence in the Prosecutor General Viktor Pshonka [52] , voted in favor of the dismissal order and. about. Head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Leonid Kozhara, and. about. Heads of the Ministry of Education and Science Dmitry Tabachnik and and. about. Heads of the Ministry of Health Raisa Bogatyryova.
On February 23, the Verkhovna Rada assigned the duties of the President of Ukraine to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksandr Turchynov. On the same day, the Verkhovna Rada, on the initiative of the Freedom Party, announced the Law on the Basics of State Language Policy of July 3, 2012, which provided for the possibility of official bilingualism in regions where the number of national minorities exceeds 10% [53] , according to which the Russian language received regional status in thirteen of 27 regions of Ukraine. In this regard, the OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities expressed concern that the repeal of the Law on Language could lead to new unrest and urged the authorities to hold wide consultations in order to develop a balanced and inclusive approach to language policy. [54] On February 27, Alexander Turchinov vetoed to this decision [55] , and also ordered the formation of a Special Temporary Commission for the immediate preparation of a new language law. Despite the veto, the Verkhovna Rada’s decision to repeal the Law on Language managed to cause concern among ethnic minority communities, and a number of their representatives called for increased protection of minority languages [15] . During protest rallies that began at the end of the week in eastern Ukraine, protesters, in particular, expressed concern about the exclusion of the Russian-speaking population from the government process at the national level and demanded that the Russian language be given the status of the second state language [15] .
On February 24, it was announced that the faction of the Party of Regions would join the opposition; on February 25, the Communist Party of Ukraine announced the same. On February 27, Alexander Turchinov announced the creation of a new parliamentary majority - the European Choice coalition, which included members of the Batkivshchyna , UDAR , Svoboda factions and two deputy groups - Sovereign European Ukraine and Economic Development [56] .
On February 27, Arseniy Yatsenyuk became the Prime Minister of Ukraine, a new government was formed. The day before, candidates for government posts held a presentation on the Maidan [57] .
On Saturday, March 1, rallies against the new leadership of the country swept through Kharkov, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Odessa, Lugansk and other cities of Southeast Ukraine. There were serious clashes with activists of Euromaidan: more than a hundred people were injured and injured only in Kharkov. Over the city and regional administrations of several regions of Ukraine, the protesters raised Russian flags. In Donetsk, protesters for the first time chose for themselves the “people's governor” - the commander of the “Donbass People’s Militia” Pavel Gubarev [58] .
On March 1, at an extraordinary session of the Donetsk City Council, the deputies decided to support the initiatives of local residents voiced at rallies in Donetsk and suggested that the regional council immediately hold a referendum on the future fate of Donbass. The City Council also decided to consider Russian as official on a par with Ukrainian and demand the adoption of appropriate decisions from deputies of the Donetsk Regional Council. It was decided to consider Russia as a strategic partner of the Donbass. “In order to ensure peace of citizens in the territory of Donetsk and to protect against possible aggressive manifestations by radical nationalist forces,” it was decided to create a municipal police, and “until the legitimacy of the laws adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the recognition of new government bodies are clarified, all responsibility for the provision of life to the territories is recognized to assign to local authorities ” [59] .
A similar decision was made by the Lugansk Regional Council, which, moreover, declared “the illegitimacy of the new executive bodies”, demanded to disarm illegal armed groups, prohibit pro-fascist and neo-fascist organizations and said that in case of failure to comply with its requirements, “further escalation of civil confrontation and direct threat to the life and health of the population of the Lugansk region ”reserves the right to“ seek help from the fraternal people of the Russian Federation ” [60] [61] .
As Alexander Khodakovsky , one of the military leaders of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic, later said, “ We believed that we could engage in a fair fight for the minds of people, for the electorate, to show with concrete examples that the old government did not justify itself, that the elite who represented people in official bodies, abandoned their functions and betrayed a huge electoral mass. And therefore, it is not the Party Party of Regions’s party activity that needs to be raised and the flags waving, but all the indifferent people to rise and form a political pool against what happened . ” Already at this stage, according to Khodakovsky, there was a conviction that the United States, which stood behind the participants of the Euromaidan, would provoke Ukraine, even contrary to its own interests, to such actions and decisions that would force Russia to send troops, which would be followed by sanctions. At this stage, local elites, seeing a threat to their interests in the growing political activity of the population, tried to take control of the situation and the leaders of the social movement and manipulate the masses with their help. At the same time, the old regional elites, whose positions were shaken, tried to convince the new authorities in Kiev that the events developing in the Donbass could lead to the collapse of the Ukrainian state and that only they could calm the social movement and reduce the threat to the regime. Having failed to curb public protest, the regional elites ceased to play any significant role [31] .
Events in Crimea
On February 21, pro-Russian residents of the Crimea, refusing to recognize the new leadership of Ukraine, began an unlimited protest rally at the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , demanding the separation of Crimea from Ukraine and the creation of an independent state. When supporters of Euromaidan tried to hold a rally “against the separation of Crimea from Ukraine” near parliament, they were hindered by about a hundred young people who called themselves activists of the “people's liberation movement” [62] [63] .
On February 22, at checkpoints from Sevastopol, roadblocks organized by volunteers from local public groups, the police and the traffic police began to operate [64] . The next day, a rally “People’s Will Against Fascism in Ukraine” was held in the city, the participants of which expressed their distrust of the city administration and elected a “People’s Mayor” [65] - businessman and Russian citizen Alexey Chaly , and proclaimed a resolution that said that Sevastopol does not recognize the latest decisions of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and considers what is happening in the country a coup. The head of the city administration, Vladimir Yatsuba, addressed the meeting, but he was booed by the crowd. The next day he announced his resignation [66] . During negotiations on the transfer of powers, SBU and prosecutor’s office appeared in the administration building with an arrest warrant for Chaly, but activists gathered outside the building forced the security forces to break the order and leave the building [67] .
On February 26, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people organized a rally in order to block the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea and prevent a decision on joining Russia [68] . During the rally, Refat Chubarov said that the Crimean Tatars would not allow tearing Crimea from Ukraine [69] . At the same time, a pro-Russian rally was held here. A conflict broke out between the participants of two rallies, as a result of which 30 people were injured and injured and two people died [70] .
On February 27, fighters of the Russian special forces [71] occupied the buildings of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Council of Ministers of Autonomy [72] , raised Russian flags above them and barricaded the approaches to the buildings; seizures of strategic targets by armed people without insignia occurred in the future. In the building of the blocked Supreme Council, deputies gathered for an extraordinary plenary meeting voted for the resignation of the former Council of Ministers, appointed Sergei Aksyonov as the new head of the government and announced the holding of a referendum in Crimea on May 25, 2014 “on improving the status and powers” of the region [73] ; later date and referendum issue were changed. The new Crimean authorities refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new Ukrainian government and turned for help and assistance to the Russian leadership [74] .
Local authorities, thanks to the support of Russia and despite attempts by the Ukrainian authorities to resist and pressure from Western countries, organized and held a March 16 referendum on the status of Crimea , inviting the Crimean population to answer the question about the possibility of his secession from Ukraine and joining the composition of Russia [75] . On March 17, based on the results of the referendum and the Declaration of Independence adopted on March 11, the sovereign Republic of Crimea was unilaterally proclaimed, which included Sevastopol as a city with special status. On March 18, an agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the adoption of the Republic of Crimea as part of Russia, in accordance with which new entities were formed as part of Russia - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol [76] [77] .
Events in the southeastern regions (until April 6)
Kharkov region
Kharkov
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| Moscow journalist Mikhail (pseudonym - Mika Ronkainen) puts the Russian flag on the Kharkov Regional State Administration, March 1, 2014. According to him, he did this to give a sign to people "who remained in the square and did not go to storm the administration" that "the assault ended successfully" and "the power in the regional administration, which was occupied by Kiev militants, returned to the hands of the population of Kharkov." 15 minutes after that, both the Ukrainian and Russian flags were placed above the administration [78] [79] | |
On February 22, immediately after the Kharkov Congress of Deputies of all levels in the southeastern regions of Ukraine, the head of the Kharkov Regional State Administration Mikhail Dobkin and the mayor of Kharkov, Gennady Kernes, left the territory of Ukraine [80] .
On the evening of the same day, at a rally of Euromaidan supporters at the monument to Lenin on Freedom Square, it was decided to dismantle it. Ivan Varchenko, a deputy of the regional council from Batkivshchyna, persuaded the audience to wait until the Verkhovna Rada adopted a decree on February 25 to dismantle communist symbols in Ukraine, and during this time a project for dismantling work would be prepared [81] .
On February 23, a delegation of Euromaidan supporters who blocked the building of Kharkiv Regional State Administration demanding the resignation of Governor Mikhail Dobkin carried out his “inspection” - up to thirty “Euromaidanites” went into the office of the head of the KHOG, “to make sure everything was in order”, they removed the portrait of Viktor Yanukovich from the wall and carried him to the rest of the rally participants who were waiting on the street. Later, a portrait of Yanukovych was burned in front of the entrance to KHOGA to the cheers of those gathered [82] .
Meanwhile, as a result of a brawl between supporters and opponents of Euromaidan, who held their own rally in the same square, the space around the monument to Lenin was occupied by residents of Kharkov, who opposed its dismantling. They fenced the monument and laundered the inscriptions left by the Euromaidan people. Around-the-clock duty was organized at the monument [81] . A real field camp was set up here, with a field kitchen, a first-aid post and barrels, where bonfires were made to keep warm [83] .
On the same day, Mikhail Dobkin and Gennady Kernes, who returned to Kharkov, spoke to the opponents of Euromaidan gathered in Freedom Square. Dobkin called for "protecting Kharkov from aggressors" and stated that he did not intend to comply with the requirement of the "EuroMaidanites" who had seized the building of the regional state administration and to resign. Kernes, who at the airport announced his readiness to cooperate with the new government to “stabilize the situation”, urged the audience “not to succumb to provocations” and resolve all issues peacefully and legally. Kernes tried to turn to the "Evromaydanovtsy" and go into the building of the regional state administration, but they refused to talk to him, chanting "Get the band!" Kernes stated that he turned to and. about. Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov with a demand to take measures to vacate the building of the Regional State Administration [84] [85] .
On February 24, the Euromaidan Coordination Council in Kharkov announced that it had temporarily abandoned the idea of starting work on the dismantling of the monument [81] .
February 24, Mikhail Dobkin said that he intends to run for president of Ukraine: “Based on the fact that today there is a total run over the rights of the Russian-speaking population, laws are being adopted that threaten everyone who does not accept fascism and nationalism, on the basis that today there are calls to crack down without trial and investigation with many people who have different views than those who came to power, I decided for myself to run for president in the next election campaign ” [86] .
On February 25, the Euromaidanites continued to block the building of the Regional State Administration. Employees were allowed to work, when activists checked their belongings so that they would not take out documents. Two entrances were guarded by self-defense, the rest were barricaded. Ivan Varchenko, a member of the regional council from the Batkivshchyna, who is in the building, said that the activists would not disperse until Dobkin resigned. According to him, and. about. Interior Minister Arsen Avakov spoke on the phone with the governor and mayor Gennady Kernes, and both officials guaranteed that they were interested in the peaceful development of events. Meanwhile, Arsen Avakov said that criminal proceedings were launched against the leader of the Kharkov organization Oplot , Yevgeny Zhilin , on charges of organizing attacks on Euromaidan supporters in Kharkov, which will be investigated by a specially created investigative-operational group [87] [88] .
On February 26, hundreds of opponents of the Maidan and defenders of the monument to Lenin organized a picketing session of the city council. The action was attended by activists of the Communist Party of Ukraine, the public organization "Labor Kharkov Region", representatives of the Cossacks and people in the form of officers of the Soviet army. Many participants came with St. George ribbons, people held posters in their hands: “Kharkovites, we will not let looting in our city!”, “Kharkovites, do not let us smash our city!”, “Benderovets, remember - Kharkov is not your territory!”, “Vandals! Get out of Kharkov! ” [81] . The picketers demanded that the activists of Euromaidan leave the building of the Regional State Administration. The EU flag on the flagpole in front of the city council building was replaced by the Russian one [89] [90] [91] . After negotiations with Kernes, the representatives of the protesters decided to remove the Russian flag [92] . Meanwhile, the representative of the regional administration said that the "Euromaidan" occupying the building of the Regional State Administration, "do not interfere with work" [83] . Meanwhile, Mikhail Dobkin resigned, announcing his intention to run for president.
On March 1, participants in the rally “For Kharkov” stormed the building of the Regional State Administration, breaking through the defenses of the Euromaidan’s, and erected a Russian flag on the roof. The mayor of Kharkov, Gennady Kernes, several times urged the protesters not to succumb to the provocations of the “Euro Maidan”, as, according to him, armed people were in the building of the Regional State Administration, but they did not listen to him [93] . The injured activists were taken out of the building of the Regional State Administration by police officers. During the assault, 97 people were injured. Everyone had bruises on various parts of the body. Two people were injured from traumatic weapons [94] . They wanted to organize a lynching over the captured “Euromaidanites”: they dragged them to the rally stage, forced them to kneel and ask for forgiveness, and beat them. Some of the protesters called on others "not to be like Euro-Maidan." And about. Kharkiv Oblast Prosecutor Volodymyr Sukhodubov, who arrived at Freedom Square, also tried to calm people and urged them not to organize unrest. The victims of the “Euromaidan” and “self-defense” were taken by ambulances, the remaining police were loaded onto buses and taken away [95] .
According to the deputy of the Verkhovna Rada Vitaly Danilov, a fight during a peaceful rally was staged by Russian citizens. According to him, more than two thousand Russians arrived in Kharkov by bus from the Belgorod region, “it was they who began to beat supporters of the Euromaidan and arrange riots. Before their arrival, the rally in Kharkov was extremely peaceful. ” Immediately after the provocation, the Russians allegedly left home [96] . Ukrainian media reported that the Moscow journalist Mikhail (pseudonym Mika Ronkainen) set the Russian flag over the building of the Regional State Administration [97] .
On March 2, at the monument to Taras Shevchenko, five hundred to a thousand people took part in a rally in support of the territorial integrity of Ukraine. As the correspondent of the Interfax-Ukraine agency reports, people came with the state flags of Ukraine and the posters “No Little Russia”, “Kharkov is Ukraine” [98] .
On March 5, a pro-Russian rally was held on Freedom Square near the building of the Kharkiv Regional State Administration, which, according to various sources, gathered from one to five thousand people. The protesters demanded a referendum and the resignation of the new governor of the region Igor Baluta [99] [100] .
On March 8, according to various estimates, from two to 15 thousand activists with the flags of Russia and Ukraine came to the rally. On Freedom Square, people chanted “Russia, help”, “Kharkov, get up”, and also demanded the resignation of local authorities in the person of “illegitimate governor Igor Baluta”. The protesters also called for the release of the "people's governor" of the Donetsk region, Pavel Gubarev. The protest rally ended with an anti-fascist march. About 1.5 thousand people under Russian flags went to the Constitution Square [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] .
On the evening of the same day, about ten activists of the Right Sector attacked the rally participants [104] . Several people were beaten with scraps of metal fittings and baseball bats, three were injured in gunshots [106] .
At the rally, it was decided to hold a referendum-veche on March 16, to which only one question was put forward - on the federalization of Ukraine. According to Yegor Logvinov, a member of the Veche Kharkiv association’s executive committee, ballots will be prepared for the referendum, where people can indicate their last name, first name, middle name, contact phone number and vote. Ballots can be lowered into the ballot boxes installed on the square [107] .
On March 10, a rally of Euromaidan supporters with the participation of Vitali Klitschko was held in the city. The anti-Maidanites lined up behind the stage, which Klitschko performed, chanted “Russia!” And “Fascism will not work!”, And then threw Klitschko with eggs and firecrackers [108] [109] .
Public organizations appealed to the Kharkiv Regional Council with a memorandum, demanding the convening of an extraordinary session, which should appoint a referendum in the region on issues of the federal structure and the state language, but the regional council refused, referring to Article 72 of the Constitution of Ukraine [110] . Kharkiv City Council decided to file a lawsuit to limit the right of citizens to hold public events in the city [111] .
On the evening of March 14, Right Sector activists attacked participants in an anti-Maidan rally in Freedom Square. During the persecution of the attackers, the conflict shifted to the office of the Patriot of Ukraine organization on 18 Rymarskaya Street, where a minibus with the attackers stopped (the militants who beat the participants of the anti-fascist march on March 8, it was allegedly moved on the same bus) [112] . The attackers barricaded themselves in the building; both sides of the confrontation threw Molotov cocktails; there is evidence of the use of light-noise grenades by defending members of the Right Sector. During the confrontation, the "Right Sector" were taken three hostages. Later, fire was opened from the office on Rymarskaya, and two activists of Antimaydan, members of the People’s Militia, Kharkiv Artyom Zhudov and Dnepropetrovsk Alexei Sharov [113] were killed as a result of the shooting, five more were injured, among them a police officer [114] . The mayor Gennady Kernes arrived for negotiations. The barricaded people put forward a demand - to give them the opportunity to freely leave the city. They were led by Andriy Biletsky , the leader of the Patriot of Ukraine movement, who was previously under investigation as a suspect in the beating and attempted murder of a Kharkov journalist, and at the end of February was rehabilitated by the new government as a political prisoner [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] . In the morning, police detained 38 participants in the clashes, seized 3 hunting rifles and 3 sawn-off shotguns from both sides - participants in the conflict [56] . According to the events, the investigating authorities opened criminal proceedings, for 25 people the court ruled on administrative arrest, the latter were taken to jail [121] .
On the eve of the referendum on the status of Crimea held on March 16, the situation in eastern Ukraine sharply worsened. Kharkiv residents, as planned, organized their own referendum, despite the prohibition of the regional court. According to various estimates, from 1,500 to 3,000 people were given special ballot papers for the participants in the “people's veche”. It was proposed to support the federalization of the Kharkov region, the subordination of regional power to the people and the right to use their native language - Russian. Filled ballots were collected in special fiberglass bags. All this happened on Freedom Square, at the monument to Lenin. Participants in the veche chanted: "Crimea, we are with you!" Russia! Russia!". Protesters with Russian flags blocked traffic on Sumskaya Street and broke part of the fence surrounding the square. The approaches to the KHOGA building at that time were blocked by several police chains [122] .
Then the convoy of protesters moved towards the Russian Consulate General on Olminskaya Street, carrying a hundred-meter Russian flag above them. Activists read aloud and handed over to the consulate an appeal on behalf of the Kharkov “veche”, in which Russia was asked to “protect the rights” and “guarantee freedom” of the Kharkiv, as well as “to send peacekeeping troops to the territory of Kharkov and the Kharkov region”. Then, the demonstrators marched to the nearby Consulate General of Poland, where they also held a rally, demanding to stop Western interference in the affairs of Ukraine [122] .
From here the convoy proceeded to the SBU building, where the protesters urged the SBU employees not to submit to the new government. Then the convoy went to Rymarskaya Street, where the offices of three nationalist organizations — Right Sector , Enlightenment , and Patriot of Ukraine — were located. The protesters picketed the building, chanting: “Fascism will not work!” And “The right sector to punish!”. After that, they broke into the courtyard, turned over and smashed a Volkswagen minibus parked there, knocked out the front door, smashed the nationalist offices, took out the symbols and books of the Right Sector and burned them in front of the building. Police officers did not intervene in what was happening [122] .
At a rally on March 22, demands were heard for broad autonomy for the southeastern region [59] .
On March 30, several thousand people gathered for a demonstration under the banner of creating autonomy from eight southeastern regions of Ukraine, demanding the release from house arrest of Ignat Kromsky , who was detained on charges of "organizing mass riots" for participating in the liberation of the Kharkiv administration on March 1 from those who seized it Maydanovtsev [123] .
Chuguev
On February 22 at 22:00 local time, a spontaneous rally of about 300 opponents of Euromaidan gathered, which lasted until 2 a.m. on February 23 [124] .
Donetsk region
Donetsk
On February 28, the commander of the Donbass People’s Militia movement, created at the end of February, Pavel Gubarev came to the city council session and put forward an ultimatum to the deputies, demanding to recognize the illegitimacy of the Verkhovna Rada, the government of Yatsenyuk and the governor of Donetsk region. Having been refused, he set about organizing a rally of his supporters [125] .
On March 1, from 7 to 10 thousand people gathered for a pro-Russian anti-government rally. They stormed and occupied the administration building [126] . There were also clashes between supporters of Euromaidan and a meeting of pro-Russian rallies. In front of the regional administration building, the Russian flag was hoisted. Participants in a pro-Russian rally chanted “Russia” and “Glory to the Golden Eagle ” [127] . At the rally, a resolution was adopted on the election of Pavel Gubarev, leader of the Donbass People’s Militia as the head of the regional state administration, and on holding a referendum on the fate of the Donetsk region. The mayor of Donetsk, who came to the rally participants, Alexander Lukyanchenko, announced that the session of the Donetsk Regional Council agreed with the demands of the protesters [128] [129] .
At a national gathering, Pavel Gubarev was elected the “people's governor” of Donetsk [130] . On the night of March 2, Gubarev was attacked.
On March 2, about 4 thousand people gathered for a rally near the building of the Donetsk Regional State Administration under the flags of Russia, the Soviet Union and several organizations, in particular, the Russian Block party. People opposed the central and local authorities [131] .
On March 2, Alexander Turchinov fired Andrei Shishatsky, governor of the Donetsk region, and appointed businessman Sergey Taruta to this post.
On March 3, about 1.5 thousand people attended a rally against this decision [132] . Representatives of pro-Russian protesters spoke at a session of the regional council and demanded to recognize the illegitimacy of the current central government [133] . The collection of signatures for the referendum on the status of Donbass has begun [132] .
Participants in a pro-Russian rally in Donetsk stormed the building of the Donetsk Regional State Administration after the regional council refused to recognize the power of the “people's governor” Pavel Gubarev [134] . Then, some protesters attacked the former head of the Donetsk regional administration, Andrei Shishatsky [135] . Local police refused to support these demonstrators. [125]
Gubarev at his press conference announced the issues that were proposed to be submitted to the Donetsk referendum: on the future state system, elections of the governor of Donetsk region and the future state language in the region [136] . Gubarev himself said that he favored the inclusion of the Donetsk region in the Russian Federation, but did not exclude the region being part of a unitary or federal Ukraine [125] . Sergei Taruta subsequently noted that, according to him, at that time more than a third of the Donetsk people supported joining Russia [137] .
March 4 on the square in front of the Transfiguration Cathedral was a rally of supporters of the unity of Ukraine, bringing together about 1,500 people [138] .
On the morning of March 5, Donetsk police expelled the protesters from the premises of the regional administration under the pretext of an allegedly bomb [125] . On the same day at 16:00, pro-Russian activists, whose number in different media coverage ranged from 1 [139] [140] [141] to 15 thousand, gathered at a rally in front of the regional administration building, again occupied the building of the Donetsk Regional Council, in which The regional state administration [142] , the buildings of the state treasury and the shopping and entertainment center Donbass are located [143] . During the clashes, 7 people turned to doctors, one was hospitalized [144] . Gubarev decided to suspend the work of the Treasury in order to stop the transfer of money to the Ukrainian treasury, but also. about. The chief of the treasury refused to comply with his requirements [141] . Then the pro-Russian activists of Ukraine attacked the participants of the rally "For United Ukraine". Ukrainian media reported that there were 5,000 supporters of the new Ukrainian government and 1,000 opponents, but the protesters managed to disperse the rally and beat its participants [139] [140] . The actions of pro-Russian activists in the building of the Regional State Administration in the Donetsk police were called “outright vandalism” [145] .
At 6:45 a.m. on March 6, police asked to vacate the Treasury and regional administration buildings, on the square in front of which there were no more than two hundred people [141] . As a result, they again cleaned the building of the Donetsk Regional State Administration, detaining about 70 activists. The officers of the SBU and special forces in the evening of the same day managed to detain Pavel Gubarev at a safe house in Donetsk (the detention was made on the basis of a court decision in the framework of an open criminal proceeding under the articles “Attack on the territorial integrity of Ukraine”, “Actions aimed at forcibly changing or overthrowing the constitutional system ”and“ Capture of state or public buildings or structures ”) [146] [147] at the time when he was interviewing BBC correspondents [148] . Subsequently, the SBU reported that the Shevchenkovsky District Court of Kiev arrested Pavel Gubarev for two months [149] .
On March 7, the media reported that the soldiers of the Donetsk "Golden Eagle" refused to comply with the order to disperse the protesters against appointing Sergei Taruta as the head of the regional administration and for releasing the detained "people's governor" of the Donetsk region Pavel Gubarev [150] . The press service of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Donetsk region stated that this information was incorrect and called it a provocation [151] .
The Ukrainian authorities did not let the film crews of the Russian channels Russia-1 , NTV and TVC into the city. After an interview at the Donetsk airport, film crews were forced to board and return to Moscow [152] [153] [154] .
On March 8, 2-3 thousand participants attended a rally on Lenin Square. The protesters, holding Russian flags in their hands, demanded a referendum on the status of Donbass. Earlier, the author of this initiative was Pavel Gubarev. On March 7, a Kiev court arrested him for two months on suspicion of separatism and an attempt to forcibly overthrow the government [101] [155] .
On March 13, a pro-Russian rally was held in Donetsk during the day. People held Russian flags , posters against political repression, entry into NATO and the EU . In the evening, a rally for the unity of Ukraine began [156] . Clashes took place between the rally participants, during which 50 people were injured, 2 people died [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] . Activists of the pro-Russian rally [162] and activists of the “ Right Sector ” who were present at the rally for the unity of Ukraine [ specify ] [163] were armed with traumatic weapons, gas cartridges, bits and pieces of armature.
On March 14, the Russian Foreign Ministry made a statement about the events. It stated that the Ukrainian authorities did not control the situation and Russia was ready to take protection of compatriots in Ukraine [164] [165] . On the same day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine called the statement of the Russian Federation about the tragedy in Donetsk “cynical and irresponsible” and once again called on the Russian Federation to stop escalating tensions in Ukraine and organize unrest and return to the international legal framework - above all, strictly adhere to the requirements of the UN Charter , which prohibits interfering in the internal affairs of other states [166] [167] .
March 15-16, in Donetsk, actions were held in support of the referendum on the status of Crimea . On March 15, participants in a rally of ten thousand, which began as a march in support of the Crimean referendum, blocked the SBU building, demanding the release of Pavel Gubarev and 70 other detainees for participating in pro-Russian protests [122] [168] .
Some of the protesters moved to the building of the regional prosecutor's office, demanding the oath of Nikolai Frantovsky, recently appointed to the post of prosecutor of the region. He, however, refused to comply and, getting into the car, drove away. The last target of the protesters was the office of the metallurgical corporation Industrial Union of Donbass. One of its co-owners is the new governor of the Donetsk region, billionaire Sergey Taruta [122] [169] .
On March 17 near Donetsk, the tank nearly crushed people who blocked the movement of Ukrainian military equipment [170] . In addition, local residents organized pickets at military units and bridges leading towards the Russian-Ukrainian border. According to local residents, this was caused by the reluctance of the war, as well as fears that local border guards will be replaced by nationalists [171] .
Governor Taruta reported that a ditch four meters wide was dug at his own expense and that of his brother along the entire stretch of the Ukrainian-Russian border [172] .
On March 19, employees of the Security Service of Ukraine detained one of the leaders of the public organization "Donetsk Republic" Andriy Purgin.
- Play media file
March 1 rally in Donetsk.
Replacing the flag of Ukraine with the flag of Russia at the building of the State Administration in Donetsk on March 1, 2014.
The rally in Donetsk on March 1, 2014.
The rally in Donetsk on March 8, 2014.
Freedom to Gubarev!
Flowers at the place where people suffered March 13, 2014.
The rally in Donetsk on March 15, 2014.
On March 20, the Ukrainian state border service at the Donetsk airport did not let four Russian journalists into Ukraine, the correspondent of Rossiya-1 TV channel Alexander Buzaladze was sent from the country (a 3-year ban on entering Ukraine was put on his Russian passport) and a journalist for Today .ru »Alexey Khudyakov [173] [174] .
On March 22 and 23, mass rallies took place demanding the release of Gubarev and a referendum on the status of the region, as well as in support of Viktor Yanukovych as the legitimate president [175] [176] .
On March 30, thousands of residents took part in a rally in support of a referendum on the status of Donbass [177] .
On April 4, the Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Donetsk region reported that during March, about 200 actions were held in the region, in which more than 130 thousand people took part. 46 criminal proceedings were opened against rally participants regarding “violations committed during the rallies”, which fall under the wording of the Criminal Code articles on riots, hooliganism, group violations of public order, seizure of state or public buildings or structures, obstruction of professional activities of journalists, violence in relation to law enforcement officers and others [178] [179] .
Mariupol
A rally was held in the city against a change in central authority on February 21-22. The protesters came out with banners "Mariupol - Crimea - Russia", "Forever with Russia", "There is no fascism!", "Sevastopol is a hero city!" Near the administration building, the Russian flag was hoisted [180] .
On March 8, a new rally and demonstration was held in Mariupol against the new Ukrainian authorities. The local branch of the Communist Party of Ukraine participated in their organization and conduct. Participants in the rallies, as well as in other cities in the South-East of Ukraine, refused to consider the government of the country legitimate. The main slogans of the rally and demonstration were “Southeast, get up!”, “Russia!”, “Referendum!” And “Fascism will not pass!”. Also, protesters advocated the release of the detained SBU Pavel Gubarev, chanting "Gubarev!" [181] [182] [183] [184] . The total number of protesters was about 5 thousand people [185] [186] .
On March 9, the rally in Mariupol was repeated, but was less numerous. Its participants spoke under the same slogans as on March 8. The participants decided to continue the protest rally at the City Council on March 10 [187] .
On March 10, an automobile race with Russian flags took place (as a symbol of friendly relations with a neighboring country). The purpose of the run was a protest against repression and for the release of the "people's governor" of Donbass Pavel Gubarev [188] .
A rally was held on March 22, whose participants advocated the return to power of Viktor Yanukovych [189] .
March 29 was a demonstration against the policy of the new government and for the referendum [190] .
On April 5, about a thousand [191] pro-Russian activists, after holding rallies near the buildings of the City Council [192] and SBU [191] for a referendum and against the appointment of a new governor of the region and Ukraine’s accession to the European Union, went to the prosecutor’s office. The protesters demanded a meeting with the city prosecutor, as well as the release of the “people's mayor” of the city Dmitry Kuzmenko [194] elected at the rally on March 23 [193 ] . During the rallies, the buildings of the City Council [192] and the prosecutor's office [194] were temporarily occupied.
Kramatorsk
In Kramatorsk, rallies took place on March 1, 2 and 5. The protesters demanded that the government of Ukraine not be recognized and that all tax revenues be left in the budget of the Donetsk region [195] [196] . Among the main demands of the protesters were: to recognize the Verkhovna Rada and the new Cabinet of Ministers as illegitimate, to convene an extraordinary session of the Kramatorsk City Council, at which to decide on a referendum on the accession of the Donetsk region to Russia [5] . The largest rallies, held on March 1 and 2, gathered more than 2 thousand people.
A new rally was held in the city on March 8. Its participants chanted “Russia”, “Fascism will not work”, “Kramatorsk for Gubarev” [197] [198] . Statements were made about the illegitimacy of the Ukrainian government and the need for a referendum on the accession of the Donetsk region to Russia .
Horlivka
On March 1, 2014, one of the largest rallies in the Donetsk region took place in Gorlovka [199] . Here from 3 to 5 thousand people became its participants. The protesters opposed the government of Ukraine, recognizing it as illegitimate, criticized the mayor and called for a referendum on the federalization of the country [200] [201] .
On March 8, a new rally was held in Gorlovka. In the course of it, the Ukrainian government was called nothing more than a “gang,” statements were made about the need for a referendum on the issue of joining Donbass to Russia. Residents of the city obstructed the attempts of local media journalists to remove the rally held in support of the integrity of Ukraine [202] . Also, the protesters announced their intention to take part in the rally in Donetsk on March 9 [203] .
The governor of Taruta, who arrived in Gorlovka on April 2, met with the residents of the city. At the meeting, all residents demanded a referendum and the resignation of Taruta. In the hands of people were posters with the inscription “Taruta, hands off Donbass”, “referendum!” [204] .
Makeevka
On March 22, a rally was held in Makeevka , whose participants advocated the return to power of Viktor Yanukovych [205] .
Other cities
Also on March 1, 2014, rallies were held in Enakiev , Shakhtyorsk [206] , Artyomovsk , Konstantinovka [207] .
On March 16, near the city of Volnovakha, Donetsk Region, local residents tried to block the way for military equipment and tanks [208] .
Since March 19, 2014, in the village of Paraskovievka, Artyomovsky District, residents blocked the entrance to a military warehouse located at one of the mines. They blocked the exit of official vehicles and carried round-the-clock duty near the arsenal under the Russian flags, preventing the export or seizure of weapons and ammunition [209] .
Odessa
The confrontation between opponents and supporters of Euromaidan in Odessa initially (November 2013 - January 2014) took place in a civilized framework, without manifestations of violence. In mid-January 2014, a short-term surge in tension in the city was caused by the aggravation of the situation in Kiev, mass clashes between protesters and law enforcement officials, and a wave of seizures of administrative buildings in Western Ukraine. The formation of “people's squads” by anti-Maidan organizations dates back to this time.
The confrontation escalated in late February - early March, when the arrival of the former opposition to power led to a change in the political atmosphere in the country, and the administration and law enforcement agencies of the Odessa region were headed by representatives of the new leadership. This was facilitated by the development of the protest movement in southeastern Ukraine as a whole and, in particular, the separation of Crimea from Ukraine and its annexation to Russia. The first steps of the new leadership of Ukraine to revise the political decisions made under President Yanukovych, and the freedom of action that right-wing groups have received in this situation have led to a change in the requirements of the anti-Maidan forces - the requirements for maintaining the status of the Russian language, federalization, and protecting the rights of the Russian-speaking minority have come to the fore , taking into account the interests of southeastern Ukraine in national policy, restoring good neighborly relations with Russia, repelling right-wing extremism.
In Odessa, as in many other cities, mass actions of opponents of Euromaidan were held in parallel with similar actions of Euromaidan. So on February 23, on the day of the Soviet Army, several thousand opponents of Euromaidan marched from Cathedral Square to the monument to the Unknown Sailor on the Walk of Fame. Among the participants are representatives of the organizations "Youth Unity", "Watch", "Civic Conscience" and "People's Alternative", ordinary citizens. People chanted “Odessa and Moscow are one family”, “Fascism will not work”, “Freedom to Igor Markov ” [210] . At the same time, about 2,000 people took part in the “March of the Free” in support of the Euromaidan organized by the local DemAlliance unit. The participants in the march chanted the slogans “One United Cathedral of Ukraine”, “Odessa and Kiev Together”, “Glory to the Heroes of the Maidan”, “System Change”. During the march, a group of radicals tried to call on those gathered to storm the Odessa regional state administration. Most of the gathered did not succumb to provocation [211] .
Since February 24, the Kulikovo Field has become the permanent venue for mass anti-Maidan rallies (“popular gatherings”, “popular assemblies”). Among the organizers of the rallies are the coordinator of Youth Unity and the People’s Alternative, Anton Davidchenko and Grigory Kvasnyuk , activists of the Rodina party , the public organization United Odessa, and the Union of Afghanistan Soldiers. On February 25, activists of the “People’s Alternative” set up a tent camp on the square. According to representatives of the “People’s Alternative,” they are in favor of the Russian language, against chaos in the Verkhovna Rada and early elections. Activists consider the change of power in Ukraine to be a coup d'etat [212] .
On February 27, the fourth “national veche” was held here, in which about 4 thousand citizens took part [213] .
At the People’s Party on March 1, organized by activists of the “People’s Alternative”, “Resistance” and “Youth Unity”, Anton Davidchenko read out the list of demands of the rally participants to the central and city authorities:
- adoption of a law on the status of the Russian language as a second state;
- administrative-territorial reform, i.e. federalization;
- preservation of monuments of historical and cultural heritage and criminal liability for their damage and destruction;
- use for the needs of the city up to 70% of local budget revenues;
- the solution of all the crucial domestic and foreign political issues through referenda;
- introduction of the election of governors, judges;
- holding elections of regional and city councils [214] .
Meanwhile, the flag of Odessa was raised above the House of Trade Unions, and on the flagpole in front of it were three flags of Odessa, Russia and Ukraine [215] . In total, about seven thousand inhabitants of Odessa [216] [217] took part in the rally.
On March 3, at the building of the Odessa Regional State Administration, where the regional council gathered for an extraordinary session, many hours of confrontation between opponents and supporters of Euromaidan took place. Opponents of Euromaidan insisted that the deputies of the regional council listen and discuss the requirements of the central and city authorities, adopted at the people's council on March 1. These requirements were presented to deputies by Anton Davidchenko. In the appeal, in particular, the regional council was asked to take full power and responsibility, reassign all the law enforcement agencies to itself and, on the basis of the dismissed Berkut unit, form a police department reporting directly to the Odessa regional council. At some point, people gathered outside the administration building, dissatisfied with the deputies' refusal to listen to their demands, broke into the courtyard and from there into the building itself. Activists of the "People’s Alternative" called on Odessa residents to join the rally. At the same time, the Odessa Right Sector announced a gathering of its activists. The protesters blocked the exits and refused to let deputies out of the building until they accept their appeal. The flag of Ukraine on the flagpole in front of the regional administration building was lowered, and instead the Russian flag was hoisted next to the flag of Odessa. Meanwhile, the situation was heating up - gradually, up to one and a half hundred supporters of Euromaidan, who were equipped for a violent confrontation, were gradually pulled up to the building. By four o'clock about a hundred fighters of internal troops in full uniform arrived between the opposing sides to the building of the regional state administration. After some time, several more trucks arrived with fighters of the internal troops. By evening, officials nevertheless agreed to consider the submitted requirements and began negotiations with the initiative group. The protesters were divided by two lines of fighters of internal troops, police officers guarded the entrance to the RSA. Euromaidan supporters with batons lined up along Shevchenko Avenue. At seven in the evening, Anton Davidchenko went to the protesters and representatives of the press and said that the initiative group had managed to come to an agreement with the regional authorities on some points. The regional authorities agreed to support the referendum initiative and the administrative-territorial reform [218] [219] [220] [221] [222] .
Meanwhile, on March 3, in the Odessa region, the change of leadership of the administration and law enforcement agencies was completed. The appointees of the new Ukrainian authorities are:
- Chairman of Odessa Regional State Administration Vladimir Nemirovsky
- prosecutor of Odessa region Ihor Borshuliak
- Head of USBU in Odessa region Sergey Kurosh
- Head of the Internal Affairs Directorate Peter Lutsyuk.
In connection with the March 3 events, activists of the Odessa "Euromaidan" demanded the arrest of the leader of "Youth Unity" and "Alternative People" Anton Davidchenko [223] .
On March 6, a meeting of opponents of the Euromaidan took place near the building of the Odessa Regional State Administration. The representative of the Rodina party, Grigory Kvasnyuk, called on the audience to refrain from unnecessary violence and wait for the results of the referendum in Crimea, after which Odessa will be able to put forward the same demands. MP Igor Markov called for decentralization of power exclusively by peaceful means: “I ask everyone to stop talking about leaving, entering and splitting the country. We will achieve a referendum, but those who call for the seizure of buildings are provocateurs ” [224] [225] . The rally was attended by up to 2 thousand participants [226] .
On March 9, a rally was held in Kulikovo Field, in which up to 10 thousand people took part. Odessans came out with the flags of Odessa and Russia [227] . Speaking to the audience, the leader of the “People’s Alternative” Anton Davidchenko again outlined the range of demands that the participants of the rallies on the Kulikovo Field put forward: a referendum on the decentralization of the country, the state status of the Russian language, lustration of power, etc. According to him, over the coming week activists intend to focus on collecting signatures for the referendum. The representative of Crimea, speaking at the rally, urged the inhabitants of Odessa to form self-defense units and stated that Crimea was ready to provide asylum to all residents of Odessa who would suffer as a result of political repressions by the Ukrainian authorities. Grigory Kvasnyuk, a deputy of the Odessa City Council from the Rodina party, said that the Crimean situation arose as a result of the fact that the Ukrainian authorities for many years did not pay attention to the problems of Crimea and denied the needs of the Russian population of the peninsula. “We agree to maintain the unity of the country, but this unity should be on our terms!” Said Kvasnyuk. His colleague Sergey Bovbalan announced the bill on “overcoming the consequences of the Soviet occupation” submitted to the Verkhovna Rada, according to which all monuments to the leaders of the Soviet regime should be eliminated in Ukraine, and the streets named after them should be renamed. The representative of the Luhansk region expressed the view that the regions of the South-East should coordinate their actions and jointly fight for the protection of their rights [228] .
Several thousand supporters of the Odessa Euromaidan held their traditional Sunday rally at the Duke monument. In their hands were posters calling to drive Putin away from Ukraine. The protesters chanted: “Odessa is not Russia!” And the traditional “Glory to the Heroes!” [229] .
On March 10, the SBU began interrogating the most active protesters in Kulikovo Field, while as witnesses in the proceedings under Art. 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine ("Attack on the territorial integrity of Ukraine"). The corresponding subpoenas were received by the deputy of the city council from the Rodina party Alexander Vasiliev, the deputy of the regional council Alexei Albu, the leader of Youth Unity Anton Davidchenko [230] . Several hundred people organized a picket outside the SBU building on Yevreyskaya Street, demanding to stop the persecution of the leaders of the “Russian Spring” [231] .
On March 16, a rally of many thousands took place and a march (according to various sources, from 5 to 10 thousand people took part) for a referendum on the federalization of Ukraine. The demonstrators carried the symbols of Russia, Ukraine, Crimea [232] [233] [234] .
On the evening of March 17, the leader of the People’s Alternative and the Youth Unity organization Anton Davidchenko was detained at the exit from the office [235] . He was later charged with assault on the territorial integrity of Ukraine (Article 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). Davidchenko pleaded guilty and agreed to cooperate with the investigation. The result of this was the so-called. plea agreement, under which Davidchenko agreed to a five-year sentence of imprisonment, and the investigation agreed to release him with a probationary period of three years. On July 22, 2014, the Shevchenkovsky court of Kiev issued a verdict in his case. The court approved a deal with the investigation and decided to release Anton Davidchenko from the courtroom. Immediately after his release, Anton Davidchenko left Ukraine [236] [237] [238] .
On March 20, information was circulated about the alleged detention by SBU officers of the chairman of the Union of Orthodox Citizens of Ukraine , the chairman of the United Fatherland organization and the head of the Odessa regional organization of the Russian Block party, Valery Kaurov [239] [240] . On March 21, it turned out that he was only officially summoned to the SBU, where they issued an official warning about responsibility for separatist statements and appeals [241] .
March 23, 8-9 thousand people gathered for an anti-fascist rally in Kulikovo Field, demanding to stop the persecution of political opponents, to release the leader of anti-fascists Anton Davidchenko; protesters turned to Yanukovych as a legitimate president [242] .
On March 30, a pro-Russian rally was held, numbered from 2.5 [243] to 20 thousand people [244] . The organizers announced the creation of a regional territorial community, which will control the local authorities. Participants protested against the usurpation of power in Ukraine and the ongoing political repressions and demanded the release of the arrested Anton Davidchenko and an end to the persecution of other activists accused of separatism [245] .
At the same time, supporters of Euromaidan held their own rally on Primorsky Boulevard, which brought together up to five thousand people (the organizers of the rally estimated the number of participants at twenty thousand). During the rally, participants burned St. George ribbons in the Eternal Flame [246] . Supporters of federalization organized a demonstration along the streets of Odessa, including walking along Primorsky Boulevard, where, near the Duke monument, a brawl took place between them and representatives of the Odessa right sector, ending without serious injuries for its participants, limiting themselves by throwing eggs [247] [248 ] ] .
On April 4, 2014, rallies of supporters of federalization and a united Ukraine were held near the city council building, in which, according to UNIAN, the number of participants on both sides was the same - 300 people. Odessans also protested against the possible return of a member of the UDAR party, Eduard Hurwitz, to the seat of the mayor [249] .
On April 13, 2014, a traditional rally of supporters of the federalization of Ukraine took place on Kulikovo Field. Despite the ban on holding mass meetings in Odessa, local anti-Maidan gathered on Sunday at Kulikovo Field. As soon as the protesters began to gather in the square, the bailiff handed the organizers a court order prohibiting the rallies this weekend. The city authorities announced this ban in connection with mourning - Odessa said goodbye to Boris Litvak, Hero of Ukraine, who created a free rehabilitation center for disabled children, the funeral of which took place on April 13, 2014. The participants rejected this decision, mentioning that the Odessa Euromaidanites gathered unhindered for their own mass events on April 12 and 13, 2014, making the following decision directly at the rally:
“... according to the Constitution, the bearer of power is the people. In accordance with this, the people decided to invalidate the ban on the rally. "
Several thousand participants with Soviet, Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian and other flags began the action with a moment of silence in memory of Boris Litvake. The slogans of the rally were “Referendum”, “Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - together we are holy Russia”, “Donbass, Lugansk, we are with you!” And “Fascism will not pass!” [250] [251] [252] .
On April 20, 2014, a mass pro-Russian rally was held, the participants of which voted for the creation of the Odessa People’s Republic of Novorossia (ONR) [253] .
Lugansk region
Lugansk
On March 1, a rally against the new Ukrainian authorities took place in Lugansk, in which about 10 thousand people took part [254] . The flag of Russia was hoisted on the building of the regional state administration. Meanwhile, the Lugansk regional organization of the party “Freedom” demanded that the SBU and the Ministry of Internal Affairs hold the organizers of these actions accountable: “We demand the involvement of the organizers of today's anti-Ukrainian Sabbath under the flags of a foreign state, and the direct participation of the Russian tricolor on raising the flagpole near the Lugansk Regional State Administration ... We demand opposition to the manifestations separatism not in words but in concrete actions ” [255] .
On March 2, another rally was held near the regional council building, the participants of which demanded that the deputies pass a resolution not to recognize the new government, as well as a ban on political parties and public organizations of a pro-fascist and neo-Nazi nature that violate the laws of Ukraine: UNA-UNSO, VO Svoboda , SNA , " Right Sector ", "Trident", "Patriot of Ukraine", "White Hammer" and others [256] [257] . Deputies under pressure from the protesters who stormed the building of the regional council adopted a resolution with a number of requirements for the Verkhovna Rada - giving the Russian language the status of the second state, holding a referendum on the federal structure of Ukraine, ending the persecution of former employees of the Berkut special forces, banning UNA-UNSO, Freedom organizations , “Right Sector”, etc. In case of non-fulfillment of these requirements, deputies reserved the right to ask for help from “fraternal Russia” [258] . Deputies also demanded to prevent a decrease in social guarantees and increase tariffs, to prevent the cessation of the work of Russian television channels in Ukraine. The regional council declared recognition of the “central executive bodies formed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in violation of the law” illegitimate, and demanded that the Verkhovna Rada “restore the rule of law” [259] . Meanwhile, Alexander Turchinov appointed Mikhail Bolotskikh, who replaced Vladimir Pristyuk, as the new head of the Lugansk region [258] .
On March 5, a new rally of many thousands was held, where the “People’s Governor of the Luhansk Region” was elected - Alexander Kharitonov, who proposed electing his government — the People’s Council of the Luhansk Region. It was also decided to announce on March 30 a national referendum on federalization on the basis of the Law on Local Referendums [260]
On March 9, a rally was held, which brought together about 3 thousand people under Russian flags demanding a referendum on self-determination of the Luhansk region. Captured the building of the Regional State Administration. It raised the Russian flag. Governor Mikhail Bolotsky, appointed by the Ukrainian authorities, was forced to write a letter of resignation. By evening, the number of protesters reached 10 thousand [261] .
On March 10, Oleg Lyashko , who arrived in the city , detained one of the organizers of pro-Russian protests, the head of the Young Guard organization, deputy of the Lugansk Regional Council Arsen Klinchaev. Lyashko and his comrades-in-arms twisted Klinchaev, handcuffed them and forced them to appeal to the participants of the storming of the Lugansk Regional State Administration with a demand to vacate the building [262] . However, towards the evening of the same day, Klinchaev was already at large and promised Lyashko that next time he would receive a bullet in the forehead [263] . On March 11, Klinchaev was detained and taken to a pre-trial detention center by SBU officers. According to the SBU, he planned, together with a group of 500 supporters, to seize the regional departments of the SBU, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Treasury in Lugansk [264] .
On March 13, the SBU detained Alexander Kharitonov [265] .
March 22 was a mass rally. People held posters “Yanukovych is our president”, “We are not aunts . We are the people, “No to Chauvinism” [266] .
On the night of March 29-30, unknown persons attacked the tent camp of anti-Maidan. The town was defeated, activists of the Lugansk Guard were beaten, several people were hospitalized [267] .
On March 30, a large-scale pro-Russian rally was held in Lugansk in the city center, where about 2 thousand people gathered (according to UNIAN). The participants of the action with the flags of the Russian Federation, the posters “Ukraine is Russia”, “Europe is Sodom and Gomorrah ”, “Russian is the state language” chanted “Lugansk, get up!”, “Russia!”, “Ukraine is Russia. " Activists came from different points of the city, according to the organizers, this gives a real idea of the number of adherents of the idea of federalizing the country and Ukraine’s annexation to Russia in Lugansk. The protesters also demanded that deputies of all levels recognize the new Ukrainian government and the governor of the Luhansk region illegal, opposed lowering social standards, demanded the release of Arsen Klinchayev and Alexander Kharitonov [268] [269] .
Other cities
On March 1, 2014, rallies against the government of Ukraine were held in Alchevsk , Anthracite [270] , Sverdlovsk , Krasnodon , Severodonetsk , Krasniy Luch , Kirovsk , Popasnaya and Stakhanov [207] . A number of rallies were organized by the local branches of the Communist Party. In particular, the meeting in Anthracite was begun by the secretary of the local city committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Anatoly Tolstopyatov. In most cities, the number of street protesters ranged from 2 to 5 thousand people. The main requirements of their participants are holding a referendum on the federalization of Ukraine, refusing to integrate with the European Union, withdrawing the illegitimate leadership of Ukraine, maintaining allied relations with Russia, providing the Russian language with the status of the second state language.
On March 5, approximately 150 people gathered in Alchevsk under the slogans of nationalization and social equality, participants chanted: “Russia, Russia!” [271] .
Nikolaev
March 1, 2014 in Nikolaev there was an anti-fascist rally against the new government, in which more than 5 thousand people took part. The rally participants passed with St. George ribbons, under the flags of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and Nikolaev, and also honored the memory of the dead employees of the "Golden Eagle" with a minute of silence [272] [273] .
On March 2, in response to the events of the previous day, a rally “Ukraine is single and indivisible” was held, which also brought together about 5 thousand people [274] . On the same day, opponents of the new government blocked the entrance to the city and several tractors with tanks turned in the opposite direction [275] .
On March 5, meetings were held both for federalization and for preserving the integrity of Ukraine; each totaled up to 1 thousand participants [276] . The regional prosecutor's office opened a case against distributors of leaflets about a rally for federalization under Part 2 of Art. 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (encroachment on the territorial integrity and integrity of Ukraine) [277] .
On March 9, next to the monument to “Heroes Olshantsam”, another rally was held against the government of Ukraine [278] .
On March 16, a "popular referendum" was held, where participants were asked to vote for or against the federal structure of Ukraine and the entry of the Nikolaev region into the federal district of New Russia. As a result, 5700 people voted in favor and 17 voted against [279] .
March 23 was a rally in support of the Crimea and Sevastopol. The speakers criticized the information war against Russia and the Crimea, called for establishing ties between the communities of Nikolaev and Sevastopol [280] .
March 30 was a traditional anti-Maidan rally, the goals of which were called the federalization of the country and economic cooperation with Russia [281] .
On April 6 in Nikolaev about 300 demonstrators tried to break into the regional administration building, however they met resistance of security officers. As a result, 23 participants in the clashes were detained, 15 people were injured [282] .
Dnipropetrovsk region
Dnepropetrovsk
March 1 afternoon in Dnepropetrovsk 3-4 thousand people gathered in front of the Opera and Ballet Theater for an anti-fascist rally [283] [284] . There were calls for an alliance between Ukraine and Russia and Kazakhstan [285] . At the end of the official part of the rally, several thousand people went to the Heroes of Maidan Square in the city center, deciding to wash the pedestal, which previously housed the monument to Lenin, from the slogans left by Euromaidan activists, while leaving all the funeral attributes: photographs of Heavenly Hundred, candles flowers [283] . Chanting “Lenin Square!” (The name of the square was until the end of February), activists tore off the recently installed “Heroiv Maidanu Square” plaque, women put down a tent where Maidan activists were on duty, and despite calls from the speaker of the rally, several men tried to smash the makeshift memorial "Heavenly Hundred." The flags of Russia and the Ukrainian SSR were hoisted near the city council building next to the flag of Ukraine [286] . At this time, supporters of Euromaidan, "Right Sector", "Freedom" and "Blow" held an alternative meeting near the building of the Dnipropetrovsk regional administration. Self-defense activists of the Maidan and the "Right Sector" strengthened the security of the administrative building, on which they were on duty since February 23 [287] .
On March 2, Alexander Turchinov replaced the head of the Dnipropetrovsk regional administration: he fired Dmitry Kolesnikov and appointed the Ukrainian businessman Igor Kolomoisky to this position [288] .
On March 5, two rallies took place in the city simultaneously - a pro-Russian rally and a rally of supporters of the Euromaidan.
On March 9, a new rally was held in the city under the general slogan "Power to the people." Among its organizers were the Union of Soviet Officers, the Communist Party of Ukraine, and the Russian Bloc party. About 2 thousand people participated in the action. After the rally, its participants staged an Anti-Fascist march along the central avenue of the city [289] .
The SBU opened criminal proceedings against activists who disseminated information containing the ideas of separatism on social networks. One of the suspects on an anonymous page “called the current government fascist and called on the media to support the desire of Ukrainians to join Russia” [290] . Computers and "destructive propaganda materials" were seized from people. On March 16, several people were also detained, “who planned to carry out separatist-provocative acts.” [291] .
On March 22, about 1,000 people came to a rally against the new government. As symbols were used St. George, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian flags. Participants opposed fascism, unfair arrests and a federal referendum [292] .
On March 30, a pro-Russian rally was held in honor of the dead law enforcement officers, 40 days have passed since the day of their death. There were voiced demands for a referendum, which would raise the issue of expanding the powers of local councils, rapprochement with the Russian Federation and Ukraine’s entry into the Customs Union [293] .
April 8 and. about. President of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov thanked the law enforcement officers of the Nikolaev and Dnepropetrovsk regions, announcing that on April 6 they managed to localize “the attempts of the separatists to organize provocations”. In Dnepropetrovsk, the authorities managed to agree on cooperation with the protesters in exchange for a promise to “refrain from calls for separatism” [282] .
Other settlements
In the city of Pavlograd on March 1, about 200 people attended the rally. A column of protesters with carnations and St. George ribbons shouting "Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - it's all holy Russia!" Came to Cathedral Square. The march was led by the chairman of the public organization Russian Union of Donbass Vladimir Bogatyryov [294] . On March 5, about 100 people took part in the rally [295] .
In Krivoy Rog on March 1, near the city executive committee, about 300 people gathered under Russian flags. Requirements - a federal referendum .
Kherson region
Kherson
On February 26, the relatives of the deceased police captain, who was stabbed while trying to detain offenders during the Euromaidan rallies in Kherson, came out to protest because of an amnesty as a “political criminal” suspected of killing him [296] .
On March 1, more than 400 protesters in Kherson were outraged by the “unrest and lawlessness that swept the streets of the city,” the actions of extremist groups, the stoppage of the state apparatus, and total anarchy. They formed a list of requirements, including the disarmament of Right Sector and Self-Defense groups, the regional status of the Russian language, non-recognition of a change of power in Ukraine, an alliance with Russia and Belarus [297] .
At the same time, Euromaidan activists came to the square in front of the Kherson Regional State Administration and held a rally in support of the integrity of Ukraine. However, physical contact between the opponents did not reach the point: the organizers of the pro-Russian rally soon called on its participants to stop the verbal skirmish and disperse in order to prevent provocations [298] .
The speaker of the Crimean parliament said that representatives of pro-Russian organizations of Kherson, Nikolaev and Odessa expressed a desire to join the Crimea, when its powers as autonomy will be expanded [299] .
Kahovka
On March 1, about 50 people came to the rally. Members of the Kakhovka military-historical club, members of the Communist Party of Ukraine and other Kakhovites gathered to protest to the new government [300] .
On March 14, Ukrainian media reported that residents of the Kherson region united in popular squads to “patrol the streets and fight the Russian invaders,” created a checkpoint near the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Station to protect the strategic object from provocations and provide protection until the military arrived, as well as “separatist moods ”are present only among pensioners and aggressive youth who“ went to anti-Maidan for money ” [301] .
Rifle
On March 19, the Strelkovsky village council of the Kherson region decided to transfer the Ukrainian checkpoint from the south of the village to the north, thereby trying to de facto attach the village to the Crimea [302] . On the same day, the decision of the village council was annulled at an offsite session in Genichesk [302] , and prosecutors of the Kherson region instituted criminal proceedings on the fact of an illegal decision of the village council [303] .
Zaporozhye region
Zaporozhye
On February 23, an anti-Maidan rally of the People’s Militia took place, after which the organizer Alexander Pataman was kidnapped. After 5 days, he managed to establish a connection with him, he needed treatment [304] .
On March 1, a rally of many thousands was held near the monument to Lenin, which adopted a manifesto appeal, demanding a refusal to obey the illegitimate "self-proclaimed government", recognition of unconstitutional laws adopted with violations [305] , a ban on fascist ideology and the bearers of this ideology, disarming paramilitary groups, and ending the persecution of employees of the "Golden Eagle" and internal troops, giving the Russian language the status of a second national language and holding a referendum on the status of Zaporozhye [306] .
On March 2, near the regional state administration, a rally of many thousands was held without party symbols, the participants of which spoke out against the introduction of troops of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, the prevention of bloodshed and the split of Ukraine [307] .
On March 5, about 1,000 (according to UNIAN, 200) people gathered for a pro-Russian anti-government rally [308] Participants said they did not recognize the new government, demand that Governor Peklushenko be returned and consider Yanukovych the legitimate president [309] . The appeal of the mayor of Sina to disperse under the pretext that the rally “unauthorized” was met with indignation [310] , a discussion with the mayor took place. People shouted “Russia” and “referendum”; there were several flags of countries that are members of the Customs Union [311] . In connection with the rally, Euromaidan’s Igor Artyushenko, chairman of the Zaporizhzhya regional socio-political association “Ukrainian Business”, filed a statement with the SBU, demanding that an investigation be initiated under part 1 of Art. 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine [258] .
On March 8, about 300 citizens went to the “March of Polite Cossacks”.
On March 9, a rally was held in support of the friendship of Ukraine and Russia. Among the requirements: a referendum, the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada, the adoption of a law on the status of the Russian language as the second state [312] .
On March 23, several dozen people from the Maidan Self-Defense, armed with hammers, axes and shoulder blades, stones, fittings, sticks and bottles, attacked the Melitopolites, who made the Friendship rally with Russian flags. Several people were injured, about 10 cars were wrecked [313] . On the same day, more than 3,000 people gathered at the rally of the Southeast Front. One of the organizers, Artyom Timchenko, announced the collection of signatures for an appeal to Viktor Yanukovych with a demand to return to Ukraine; a proposal was also made to rename one of the streets in honor of the deceased Berkutov [314] .
March 30 was an anti-Maidan rally and march. The participants called for a boycott of the upcoming early elections, the slogans “Fascism will not work,” “Down with the junta,” “Zaporozhye!” Also sounded. Crimea! Russia ”,“ Referendum! ” [315] .
Melitopol
On March 1, several thousand people gathered for a march in support of the Crimea and South-East of Ukraine. Among the slogans were: “We are with Russia and Belarus”, “Golden Eagle Hero!”, “We do not obey the new government!”, “We are for the Customs Union”. On the building of the city council, the march participants set three flags: Ukraine, Russia and St. George's [316] .
On March 5, about 100 participants gathered for a small rally. The issues of foreign policy and self-determination of regions were again discussed [317] .
On March 9, protesters against the new government under Russian and Ukrainian flags discussed holding a referendum. Some talked about the need for a referendum on federalization, some about joining the EU or the CU [318] .
On March 15, people gathered for an anti-fascist rally, and signatures were collected for a referendum on joining the Customs Union and non-aligned status of Ukraine [319] .
March 16 was a rally of opponents of the new government, which was attended by more than 1000 people [320] [321] .
Berdyansk
On February 23, rallies of opponents and supporters of the new government took place. Both rallies brought together several hundred participants [322] .
On February 27, rallies of opponents and supporters of the new government took place. Both rallies gathered a small number of participants [323] .
On March 1, rallies of opponents and supporters of the new government took place, and much more opponents gathered. Both meetings were held without incident [324] .
Events in the southeastern regions (from April 6)
Since April 6, protesters in the South-East of Ukraine have taken action, capturing a number of administrative buildings in Donetsk, Lugansk and Kharkov regions [325] [326] [327] .
The Donetsk People's Republic was proclaimed in Donetsk, and a referendum was scheduled for May 11. Following the regional center, the flag of the DPR was raised in Kramatorsk, Mariupol, Slavyansk. The Ukrainian authorities announced an anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine and brought troops into the Donetsk region.
Donetsk and Lugansk regions
Donetsk
On April 7, the creation of the Donetsk People's Republic was announced. Residents of Donetsk read out a declaration of sovereignty of the Donetsk People’s Republic [328] [329] [330] .
The center of government of the republic was the building of the Donetsk Regional Council, over which the Russian flag was hoisted [330] . According to some media reports, the sovereignty declaration was adopted by the deputies of the regional council [331] ; other sources, however, denied this information and reported, with reference to the video from the building of the regional council, that there was a “Republican People's Council” in the building, the composition and origin of which was unknown [332] . This council has already made a number of decisions, one of which is the decision to hold a referendum on May 11 . Deputies said that the date was agreed with the Lugansk and Kharkov regions [333] .
Kharkov region
Kharkov
On April 6, a rally was held on Freedom Square, the participants of which demanded a referendum on federalization and the provision of the state language to the Russian language [334] . During the rally, a brawl broke out between its participants and several dozen Euromaidan activists (according to other sources, the “Right Sector” [335] ), during which several people were injured [336] . According to police, about 3 thousand people took part in mass events in Kharkiv that day, almost 400 law enforcement officers provided public order protection [337] . In the course of further events, supporters of federalization seized the YEAH, over which activists hoisted the Russian flag, which was later replaced with the flag of Kharkov [338] [339] .
On April 7, two rallies took place on Sumskaya Street: pro-Russian and for Euromaidan. Pro-Russian protesters stood near the building of the Regional State Administration, some of them again occupied the building. An initiative group of activists filed a statement addressed to the chairman of the regional council, Sergei Chernov , demanding the convening of an extraordinary session of the regional council [340] . Activists held a “meeting of the regional community”, at which there was a lack of confidence in the deputies of the Kharkiv Regional Council and the list of “alternative deputies” was announced. These “alternative deputies”, right on the steps before the HOGA, took the oath of office [341] , “having assumed all the powers of state institutions of power” [342] . Later, “alternative deputies” held a “session” in the building of the Regional State Administration, at which they proclaimed the sovereign state “Kharkov People's Republic” [342] , which “will build relations with other states in accordance with international law” [341] . It was stated that this decision would enter into force after approval by a general referendum [341] [343] . In addition, a decision was made to “appeal to the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych” with a request to legitimize the meeting and the adopted documents, as well as to the Government of the Russian Federation with a request to act as mediators and ensure the peaceful holding of the referendum in the Kharkov region. After that, clashes between pro-Russian protesters and representatives of Euromaidan again began on the square, police officers ousted the protesters from the lobby and from the porch of the Kharkov Regional State Administration [344] . The soldiers of the Kharkov division of "Golden Eagle" refused to use force against the Kharkiv, who occupied the regional administration, which caused anger and. about. Minister of the Interior Arsen Avakov [345] .
Quickly responding to events, the authorities announced the start of an anti-terrorist operation. In the evening, armed people stormed the regional administration (according to the statement of the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Vinnytsia “ Jaguar ” took part in the assault). The residents of Kharkov and the region were detained in the amount of 64–70 people [346] [347] .
On the morning of April 8, Arsen Avakov announced an anti-terrorist operation in Kharkov. As part of the operation, the city center and the metro station were blocked [348] [349] [350] [351] .
On the same day, protests continued in the city. The meeting near the building of the regional state administration resumed. On the street adjacent to the YEAH, activists blocked a bus with cadets of internal troops [352] , tried to swing it, threw sticks and stones at the bus, smashed windows, and teared shields from those inside [353] . According to Natalya Zakharova, the head of the Center for Public Relations of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Kharkiv Region, none of the cadets was injured, they were transferred to another bus and taken to duty on Freedom Square [352] . Several dozen activists tried to storm the building of the Regional State Administration [354] [355] . Campaign tents appeared near the building of the Regional State Administration, in which everyone was handed out leaflets and other materials in support of federalization [356] , with the help of audio equipment everyone could speak to the audience [357] . A fundraiser was organized for the needs of activists [356] [357] .
On April 9, about a hundred people gathered near the building of the Kiev District Court of Kharkov, which was supposed to consider the issue of choosing a preventive measure for detainees that day [358] . The protesters attached St. George ribbons to their clothes, held banners with the slogans: “Release the innocent!”, “No to repression!” And “Freedom for the fighters for justice!” [358] .
On April 10, the court banned the rally, guided by "the interests of national security and civil order" [359] .
Despite the authorities’ ban on holding any actions in Kharkov, on April 12, two rallies took place in the city - supporters and opponents of the federalization of Ukraine [360] . April 12 at the Shevchenko monument, and then a procession along Sumskaya Street was a mass rally of supporters of a united Ukraine. [361]
On April 13, pro-Russian activists with bats attacked Euromaidan supporters at the Shevchenko monument. After the rally of supporters of the new Ukrainian authorities, several hundred young people from different sides attacked the protesters. As a result, more than 5 people were injured [362] . After that, pro-Russian protesters occupied the building of the Kharkiv City Council [363] , but after a few hours they were forced out by the police. As a result of these events, one policeman received moderate injuries [364] .
April 27, before the planned football match between Dnipropetrovsk Dnipro and Kharkiv Metalist , ultras fans with joined Right Sector activists organized a procession of at least 5,000 people “For United Ukraine”, which grew into clashes with pro-Russian activists [365] . As a result, eight victims were taken to the hospital, six were provided on-site assistance. .
Odessa region
Odessa
On April 13, 2014, a traditional rally of supporters of the federalization of Ukraine took place on Kulikovo Field . Despite the ban on holding mass meetings in Odessa, local anti-Maidan gathered on Sunday at Kulikovo Field. As soon as the protesters began to gather in the square, the bailiff handed the organizers a court order prohibiting the rallies this weekend. The city authorities announced this ban in connection with mourning - Odessa said goodbye to Boris Litvak , Hero of Ukraine, who created a free rehabilitation center for disabled children, the funeral of which took place on April 13, 2014. The participants rejected this decision, mentioning that the Odessa Euromaidanites gathered unhindered for their own mass events on April 12 and 13, 2014, making the following decision directly at the rally:
“... according to the Constitution, the bearer of power is the people. In accordance with this, the people decided to invalidate the ban on the rally. "
Several thousand participants with Soviet, Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian and other flags began the action with a moment of silence in memory of Boris Litvake. The slogans of the rally were “Referendum”, “Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - together we are holy Russia”, “Donbass, Lugansk, we are with you!” And “Fascism will not pass!” [83] [251] [252] .
On April 20, 2014, a mass pro-Russian rally was held in Odessa on Kulikovo Field, the participants of which voted in favor of the creation of the Odessa People’s Republic of New Russia (ONR) [253] .
Nikolaevkskaya area
Nikolaev
From the beginning of March, pro-Russian activists set up tents in front of the regional state administration building. On March 16, a gathering of activists and sympathizing citizens took place near the tent camp. About 300 people came to him, mainly the elderly. Over time, cases of hooliganism and drunken brawls became more frequent on the part of the inhabitants of the "town". In particular, the city’s veteran organizations expressed indignation at the fact that young people with St. George ribbons played football in the square in front of the monument to the heroes of Alshans [366] .
On April 7, a group of pro-Russian activists of about 300 people made an attempt to storm the Nikolaev RSA. Activists came close to the building of the Regional State Administration and demanded that the police let them inside. The activists made two attempts to storm the Regional State Administration, but by 22:30 the police managed to push the protesters to the monument to the heroes of Alshans . Here, pro-Russian activists were attacked by representatives of the Right Sector [367] , the latter demolished the tent town of anti-Maidanites at the monument to the heroes of Olshans. More than 10 people were injured on both sides [368] [369] . On the night of April 8, the Ukrainian police detained 23 people after the riots, according to the regional health department, 15 people suffered in skirmishes. Of these, 11 were hospitalized with injuries of varying severity, the police seized about 30 clubs, several pistols and knives on the site of the separatist tent camp [370] .
Dnipropetrovsk region
Dnepropetrovsk
On April 6, a rally of pro-Russian forces took place near the Opera House. It was attended by several hundred people under the red flags with the symbols of the "Russian Bloc" and the Communist Party. The protesters called for supporting the initiative regarding a referendum on determining the status of each of the regions of Ukraine. They also opposed mobilization in Ukraine. The participants of the event, applauding, burned the flag of the European Union [371] .
On April 7, representatives of pro-Russian left forces (Narodnaya Volya, Russian Bloc, and the Communist Party of Ukraine) gathered near the Dnepropetrovsk Regional State Administration with the intention of setting up an indefinite tent camp. The approach to the regional administration was blocked by the police and pro-Ukrainian activists [372] . The administration made a proposal on the participation of left forces in the public council at the Regional State Administration along with pro-Ukrainian organizations with the provision of premises and access to the media. After signing the relevant agreements, the picket was dissolved [373] [374] .
On April 13, after the seizure of administrative buildings in Slavyansk, the “National Defense Headquarters” of the Dnipropetrovsk region intensified the construction of checkpoints to control arriving in the region [375] , and the next began the formation of the Dnipro battalion, the creation of which was aimed at “preventing the Crimean-Donetsk scenario from Dnepropetrovsk ". The battalion is formed of volunteers - residents of the Dnipropetrovsk region, who have combat experience and service practice in the armed forces and law enforcement agencies, and experienced “Afghan” officers have been appointed commanders [376] .
The authorities of the Dnipropetrovsk region, headed by businessman Igor Kolomoisky, offered financial rewards for the return of arms, the transfer of power to the "green men" - mercenaries and the liberation of buildings with their subsequent transfer to the local administration. This was announced by Deputy Chairman of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration and businessman Boris Filatov [377] .
Zaporozhye region
Zaporozhye
On April 6, more than five thousand people marched on the “March of Polite Cossacks” demanding the removal of the Ukrainian government from power, a referendum on the status of the Zaporizhzhya region, federalization of Ukraine, direct election of the governor, the Russian language as the second state language [378] .
On April 9, joint efforts by police, internal troops, local Cossacks, and Maidan Self-Defense activists began to build roadblocks to counter the penetration of "paid separatists" into the city [379] .
On April 13, two rallies took place in the city: supporters and opponents of the current government [380] . At about two in the afternoon, Maidanites with bats and symbols of the Right Sector set off for the Walk of Fame, where an anti-Maidan rally was held. There were clashes, pro-Russian protesters were surrounded and bombarded with food and firecrackers [381] , then they were forced to go through the “corridor of shame” [382] , and they were taken by the police to the local Organized Crime Control Department [383] .
The origin of the name "Russian Spring"
The term “Russian Spring” was one of the first [384] proposed and used in relation to pro-Russian protests in Ukraine by political scientist and publicist Yegor Kholmogorov, first in his live journal [385] , and then in the eponymous article on protests in the South-East of Ukraine on February 24 2014 year [386] .
On February 26, the slogan “Russian Spring” was chanted by demonstrators in Kharkov [387] .
On March 1, bikers from the Night Wolves club used the name “Russian Spring” for their rally in the eastern regions of Ukraine [388] , and the leader of the surgeon bike club noted that the “Russian Spring” followed an attempt to make “ Arab Spring in Ukraine” " [389] . From this day, many media began to use this name for protest rallies in the cities of Southeast Ukraine [11] [390] [391] [392] . Since March 2, the name has been used by regional government bodies [393] .
The politicized term "Russian Spring" (Russian Spring) began to be used at the end of 2011 in a number of Western media [394] [395] [396] and Russian opposition [397] . This name suggested a possible association with the Arab spring , when mass protests were held in many North African and Middle Eastern countries, in some cases leading to a change in the country's leadership ( Tunisia , Yemen , Egypt , Libya ) and / or civil war ( Libya , Syria ) .
Question of Russian participation in the organization of protests
At the beginning of March, many thousands of rallies were held in many cities of Russia in support of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine and the soldiers of the Berkut special forces. The participants expressed solidarity with the residents of Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, who oppose the actions of the new Ukrainian authorities [398] . In a number of publications it was reported that budget rallies were ousted at rallies by state employees [399] [400] .
Ukrainian media reported that on March 1, Donetsk buses "drove buses and cars with Russian license plates" and that "part of the militants with St. George's ribbons arrived on such buses" [401] . The authorities of Ukraine have repeatedly stated that Russian citizens [402] [403] [404] are brought in by bus to rallies in the eastern regions of the country from Russia.
According to the Ukrainian Security Service, the Commander-in-Chief of the DPR forces Igor Strelkov is an officer of the Russian GRU , and in his own words, a retired FSB officer. In an interview, Strelkov himself admitted that he launched the “flywheel of the war in the Donbass”: “But I still pressed the trigger of the war. If our detachment had not crossed the border, in the end everything would have ended, as in Kharkov, as in Odessa. There would be several dozen killed, burned, arrested. And that would be the end. And practically the flywheel of the war, which is still going on, launched our squad ” [405] .
According to Strelkov’s statement, not all participants in the “militia” are citizens of Ukraine (two-thirds of the participants, according to him, are citizens of Ukraine) [406] .
In April 2014, the Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine opened a criminal case against the Russian Sberbank , which is suspected of financing terrorism in Ukraine [407] .
Based on the analysis of the intercepted telephone conversation between the representative of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Lukin and Strelkov, the SBU concluded that “the official Russian side coordinates the actions of the militants and has a direct influence on their decisions” [408] . After the recording was made public, Lukin confirmed that there really was such a telephone conversation, however, according to him, “its content has nothing to do with the statements of the SBU that the Russian side is coordinating the actions of the militias” [409] .
On April 17, 2014, the commander of NATO forces in Europe, General Philip Breedlove wrote on his blog that the behavior of armed people allows us to indicate their connection with the Russian army. According to him, what is happening in eastern Ukraine is a well-planned and organized military operation [410] .
The reaction of the Ukrainian authorities
On March 1, the National Security and Defense Council made a decision “On urgent measures to ensure national security, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine” and instructed the National Council on television and radio broadcasting to disconnect Russian channels in Ukraine for distorting information about events in the country. The National Council ordered providers to do this before March 11, but not all providers agreed with this decision. Since March 25, 2014, by decision of the Kiev Administrative Court, broadcasting of the RTR, First Channel, Russia 24, and NTV television channels was stopped . Earlier, deputies from the Freedom party proposed to ban the broadcast of Russian channels [411] .
The Ukrainian state will find all the instigators of separatism and split, which are now trying to destroy Ukrainian independence under the guise of the Russian military. We will find everyone, in a year, in two, we will bring to trial and will be tried in Ukrainian and international courts. The ground under your feet will burn. There will not be a single place in the world where they can feel free and Russia will not protect them.
- Arseniy Yatsenyuk , March 16, 2014 [412]
On March 12, the Federal Air Transport Agency issued a statement stating that border guards of Ukraine did not let out pilots of Russian airlines from aircraft to Ukraine. Such cases took place at the airports of Donetsk and Kharkov . Ukrainian border guards do not allow passengers who do not have return tickets to the territory of Ukraine [413] [414] . The entry to Ukraine of residents of Transnistria with Russian passports is restricted [415] .
The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine closed the entry and exit of male citizens with Russian passports on the Transnistrian section of the Moldovan-Ukrainian border, did not miss trains with food, clothing and fuel intended for the Russian military contingent in the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic [416] .
On March 16, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDC) Andriy Parubiy announced the disruption of a large-scale operation by Russian separatists to invade Ukraine under the name “Russian Spring”. According to him, the separatists planned a seizure of power in the south-east of the country according to the Crimean scenario [417] [418] .
On March 19, the National Security and Defense Council put forward an initiative to introduce visas for Russian citizens, and then the National Security and Defense Council secretary Paruby suggested issuing permits to travel to Russia, using the experience of the USSR, explaining: “Those who work in Russia will not be our allies anyway, so we don’t give a damn on their interests ” [419] .
April 6th and. about. Arsen Avakov wrote on his page in social networks that the Interior Ministry’s units were instructed to take control of the situation without using weapons, “a tough approach will be applied to everyone who directly attacks state buildings, law enforcement officers, and other civilians ". The website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine posted a reminder to citizens of the criminal responsibility for organizing riots, accompanied by violence and other unlawful acts: “Organizers and instigators of riots face five to eight years in prison” [420]
On April 8, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a law on toughening criminal liability for separatism - in particular, actions aimed at forcibly changing the constitutional system and seizing state power will be punished with imprisonment for up to 15 years with confiscation of property. Intentional acts committed with the aim of changing the borders of the territory or state border of Ukraine will be punishable by imprisonment for a term of nine to 12 years with confiscation of property. Punishment for treason involves imprisonment of 14 to 15 years or life imprisonment with confiscation of property. The document also provides for increased criminal liability for sabotage and espionage. These violations will be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of 14 to 15 years. Deputies also supplemented the Criminal Code of Ukraine with an article that provides for liability for obstructing the activities of the Armed Forces of the country and other military units [421] .
April 10 and. about. President Alexander Turchinov said the authorities would not prosecute protesters who took control of administrative buildings in the east of the country, provided that they lay down their arms. Turchinov also said that the country's authorities are ready to immediately consider the issue of reforming local self-government in terms of expanding the rights of local councils, including the formation of executive power by the councils [422] .
On April 11, Arseniy Yatsenyuk held an extended meeting in Donetsk on the situation in the southeast of the country with the participation of appointed heads of regional administrations, city mayors, heads of security agencies and representatives of industry in the eastern regions. Yatsenyuk called on activists to free the captured buildings. However, he refused to meet with the protesters and in his television interview called them separatists, who say " with a harsh Russian accent and with the support of Russian special services, they seize buildings ." “ I understand the political requirements. But those who take up arms and say that he represents the interests of a particular territory, they do not represent interests, they are criminals, ”Yatsenyuk said in an interview with the First National Channel and the local Donbass TV channel [423] .
On the night of April 11-12, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine announced its intention “to react harshly to manifestations of deliberate destabilization of the situation, disturbances in public order and riots throughout Ukraine and especially in areas where special operations are carried out to resolve the situation and overcome the manifestations of separatism: Donetsk, Lugansk , Kharkov. " The ministry called on all parties not to call for violent and aggressive actions, not to bring fighters to the streets and not to provoke clashes. Otherwise, the Ministry of Internal Affairs promised to detain all violators of the law, "regardless of the declared slogans and party affiliation" [424] .
On April 13, the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine announced the decision to launch a large-scale anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine with the involvement of the armed forces. In his video message to the Ukrainians and. about. President Turchinov said that if citizens lay down their arms and leave the occupied premises before the morning of April 14, they will not be punished [425] . The Russian Foreign Ministry called the order and. about. President of Ukraine to use the army against criminal rally [426] .
On April 14, A. Turchinov invited UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to bring peacekeeping forces into the eastern regions of the country. The joint operation of peacekeepers and Ukrainian security officials and the military, according to Turchinov, will allow "to testify to the legitimacy and legitimacy" of the actions of the new Ukrainian authorities in the east of the country. He also emphasized that the Ukrainian authorities are ready to establish a constructive dialogue with everyone, but will oppose "terrorism and Russian aggression." Ban Ki-moon said that Ukraine can fully rely on the UN as a partner, and promised to do everything in its power to resolve the situation peacefully [427] .
On April 15, Alexander Turchinov announced the start of an anti-terrorist operation in the north of the Donetsk region [428] [429] .
Opinions on Financing Protests
According to the First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine Vitaliy Yarema , “separatist sentiments” in Ukraine are financed with funds that the former President Viktor Yanukovych and his supporters took out from Ukraine [430] .
Acting Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Arsen Avakov on April 6 expressed the view that the organization and financing of pro-Russian performances is a joint initiative of Vladimir Putin and the exiled President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych [431] .
According to the head of the US State Department press service Jennifer Psaki, the United States has “serious evidence” that some of the participants in the April pro-Russian actions in eastern Ukraine were not local residents and received money to support protest sentiments [432] . A similar statement was also made by Carney White House official representative. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov commented on the statements made by the US representatives: “It sounded as if he had returned five months ago and voiced what was happening on the Maidan in the center of Kiev” and “If you speak Russian, you don’t have to blame it on your health” [ 433] .
According to Forbes Ukraine magazine, more than $ 248 million was spent on militants operating in the eastern regions of Ukraine for two months of maintaining a military conflict. According to the publication, funding comes from both Russia and Ukraine [434] [435] [ 436] .
Harassment of protesters
On March 6, the SBU arrested for 2 months the leader of the Donetsk protest movement Pavel Gubarev .
On March 11 and 13, the SBU detained Arsen Klinchaev and Alexander Kharitonov in Lugansk . The day before the arrest, MP Lyashko arranged for unauthorized detention and interrogation of Klinchaev.
On March 17, the leader of Odessa Antimaydan, Anton Davidchenko , was detained on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity of Ukraine. At the end of the summer, he appeared in court and left Ukraine immediately after his release.
In Dnepropetrovsk, the SBU has opened criminal proceedings against users of social networks that disseminated information about planned demonstrations. They seized computer equipment and “propaganda materials” on March 16, several people were also detained “who were planning to carry out“ separatist-provocative actions ” [437] . People were arrested for having their St. George ribbons, the arrest was allegedly carried out by nationalists patrolling the city [70] .
At the end of March, Ignat Kromsky was detained in Kharkov on suspicion of organizing riots in connection with the events of March 1 on Freedom Square. The court appointed a measure of restraint “house arrest”, but the prosecutor's office requires detention in a pre-trial detention center. Kromskoy said during the court session that he ensured the public order of the Kharkovites, who were on March 1 in the square [438] .
As of March 31, 140 detained Donetsk residents were reported. According to human rights activist Vladimir Rogov, “... people burn apartments, burn cars, burn houses, pour greenery over” [439] . According to the head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the Donetsk region Konstantin Pozhidaev, 46 criminal cases have been opened against participants for various violations [178] .
Вечером 1 апреля 2014 года в Донецке СБУ был арестован активист африканского происхождения Айо Бенес («тёмный Ленин»), приехавший на Украину «защищать русских от бандеровцев» [440] .
3 апреля суд приговорил 19-летнего учащегося ПТУ к двум годам заключения с условным испытательным сроком 1 год за поднятие российского флага вместо украинского на флагштоке возле здания горсовета [441] , также проводилось расследование по 3 случаям поднятия флага России на административных зданиях в Луганске [442] .
4 апреля в Донецке СБУ задержала Роберта Дони — заместителя «народного губернатора» Донецкой области Павла Губарева [443] .
5 апреля СБУ задержала и возбудила уголовное дело в отношении «народного мэра» Мариуполя Дмитрия Кузьменко, ему избрали меру пресечения в виде содержания под стражей и доставили в следственный изолятор СБУ в Киеве [193] [194] [444] [445] .
В Луганске СБУ задержала и возбудила уголовное дело в отношении лидера Луганской гвардии Александра Харитонова, который ожидает суда в СИЗО СБУ в Киеве [446] .
7 апреля СБУ вместе с пограничниками в пункте пропуска «Красная Таловка» (Луганская область) задержали гражданина РФ Романа Банных, по документам являвшегося военнослужащим военной части № 13204, которая входит в состав ГРУ Генерального штаба ВС России. По мнению силового ведомства, он планировал пересечь границу, чтобы организовывать и координировать сепаратистские акции в Луганске [447] .
8 апреля в центре Харькова были задержаны 65 человек [348] , находившихся в здании областной государственной администрации. Большинство из задержанных — жители города Харькова и области, среди них также жители Запорожья и Донбасса [448] . Трёх подозреваемых суд постановил отпустить под домашний арест, в отношении 59 избрана мера пресечения в виде содержания под стражей на 60 суток [348] . В большинстве случаев при избрании меры пресечения суд также определил залог [348] .
8 апреля СБУ сообщила об задержании в Херсонской области члена российской провластной молодёжной организации «Россия Молодая» 22-летней Марии Коледы. По данным силовиков, она прибыла в Херсон 4 апреля, провела ряд встреч с местными пророссийскими активистами, а затем отправилась в Николаев. Там Коледа приняла непосредственное участие в уличных столкновениях у здания областной государственной администрации, в ходе беспорядков россиянка якобы применяла огнестрельное оружие, которым ранила троих человек. У задержанной был изъят травматический пистолет , переделанный для стрельбы боевыми патронами, а также методические рекомендации для формирования диверсионных групп [449] . Депутат Госдумы от КПРФ Валерий Рашкин попросил МИД РФ защитить задержанную российскую студентку, он считает заявления СБУ о том, что «близорукая девочка-отличница», студентка является диверсантом и шпионкой, «публичной демонстрацией идиотизма» [450] . 15 сентября адвокат Дмитрий Аграновский сообщил о том, что Коледа вместе с гражданами РФ Романом Банных и Вячеславом Негриенко были выпущена на свободу в рамках обмена военнопленными между Украиной и сторонниками самопровозглашенных республик ДНР и ЛНР [451]
16 апреля пресс-служба Генпрокуратуры Украины объявила об открытии уголовного производства в отношении экс-председателя апелляционного суда Луганской области Анатолия Визира, именующего себя президентом Юго-Восточной Украины. Следователь управления СБУ в Луганской области внес в Единый реестр досудебных расследований сведения с предварительной квалификацией уголовных правонарушений по ч. 3 ст. 109 (действия, направленные на насильственное изменение или свержение конституционного строя или на захват государственной власти), по ч.1 ст. 110 (посягательство на территориальную целостность и неприкосновенность Украины) и ч. 1 ст. 353 (самовольное присвоение властных полномочий или звания должностного лица) УК [452] .
25 апреля Андрей Парубий заявил о том, по его данным, в Одесской, Днепропетровской, Херсонской, Николаевской и других областях Юго-Востока в период майских праздников, в том числе, 1-го и 9 мая, ожидаются провокации со стороны федералистов [453] .
28 апреля СБУ задержала Игоря Перепечаенко — заместителя «народного мэра» Славянска Вячеслава Пономарёва по обвинению в организации сепаратистских мероприятий и массовых беспорядков в Донецкой области. Был задержан после возвращения из Москвы, при нём было найдено 9000 долларов и устройство для шифрования телефонных разговоров [454] .
5 мая стало известно что 42 задержанных во время беспорядков , произошедших 2 мая в Одессе, этапированы в одну из центральных областей Украины [455] .
В мае 2017 на 6 лет колонии был осуждён один из лидеров харьковского «Антимайдана» Юрий Апухтин [456] .
Реакция международных организаций
13 апреля специальная наблюдательная миссия ОБСЕ посетила Харьков, Луганск, Донецк и Славянск, и оценила ситуацию как «напряжённую» и чреватую ухудшением [457] [458] .
17 апреля Совет безопасности ООН провёл очередную встречу по ситуации на Украине. В ходе встречи обсуждался доклад помощника секретаря СБ ООН Ивана Шимоновича . В докладе Шимонович написал, что ситуация с правами человека на Украине значительно ухудшилась по сравнению с мартом [459] . Вместе с тем, по его мнению, российские СМИ преувеличили единичные несистематические нападения на этнических русских с целью «посеять страх и неуверенность среди этнической русской общины». Представитель США при ООН Саманта Пауэр заявила, что Россия «хорошо оркестрирует профессиональную кампанию подстрекательства, сепаратизма и саботажа украинского государства», сопровождаемую «постоянной дезинформацией и пропагандой». Эту позицию поддержали другие члены Совбеза. Представитель России при ООН Виталий Чуркин назвал доклад однобоким и предвзятым [460] .
В НАТО заявили о нарушении Россией достигнутых в Женеве договорённостей по Украине, заместитель генерального секретаря альянса Александра Вершбоу рекомендовал Москве вернуть войска в казармы и публично осудить насилие со стороны вооружённого ополчения на востоке Украины [461] .
24 апреля генсек ООН Пан Ги Мун призвал «избежать военных действий любой ценой».
On April 24, OSCE Secretary General Lamberto Zannier said: “What we see in Donetsk is the result of a lack of trust. People believe that there is no inclusive dialogue on the part of the new government ” [462] .
On May 2, the OSCE’s emissary for Ukraine, Tim Guldimann, said that most Ukrainians in the eastern regions did not want to join Russia, although “they continue to maintain good relations with Russia because of cultural and economic proximity” and, according to reports of the OSCE commissars, demand a safe life [463] .
On July 2, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the 23rd session of the OSCE PA held in Baku adopted a resolution “Obvious, flagrant and uncorrected violation of the Helsinki Principles by the Russian Federation” in which it condemned “flagrant and uncorrected violation of the Helsinki Principles” by Russia with regard to Ukraine, including violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine [464] [465] .
US reaction
US Ambassador to Ukraine Jeffrey Payette said that the US condemns the actions of protesters to seize premises in Lugansk: “We condemn the terrorist actions of rebels in Lugansk” [466] . He stated that the United States called the actions of pro-Russian activists, who seized administrative buildings in the eastern regions of Ukraine, terrorist [467] .
On April 12, during a telephone conversation with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, Kerry accused Russia of organizing attacks on government agencies in the east and expressed concern that the attacks of armed men in eastern Ukraine were carefully organized and synchronized, as well as previous attacks in the east Ukraine and the Crimea. The US Secretary of State said that, in his opinion, “Russia is behind the organization of these attacks,” and said that “the militants were equipped with Russian weapons and uniforms worn by Russian troops invading Crimea” [468] .
On April 14, the US State Department issued a statement entitled “The Sequel to Russian Fiction: Another 10 False Allegations about Ukraine,” designed to expose Russian military propaganda. The previous theses illustrating statements about the situation in Crimea made by Vladimir Putin, the agency published on March 6. This time, the list of false statements, according to the State Department, included allegations of non-participation of Russian agents in the conflict, exclusive participation of only Ukrainian citizens in the rallies, widespread support for separatism in eastern Ukraine, a possible civil war, non-recognition by the Donetsk population of Ukrainian authorities, and withdrawal of Russian troops from borders with Ukraine, threats to ethnic Russians and the persecution of national minorities, the nationalist nature of the new government, not using the RF trade and energy as a weapon against Ukraine [469]
On April 14, US White House spokeswoman Jay Carney confirmed the CIA Director John Brennan’s trip to Kiev last weekend [470] [471] . On April 13, Russian media, and then the ousted president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych at a press conference in Rostov-on-Don, said that the decision on a military operation in eastern Ukraine was made by Ukrainian authorities after a meeting with Brennan. The CIA believes that the allegations that the director of the department, John Brennan, influenced the decision of the Ukrainian authorities to conduct a special operation in the east of the country [472] are not true.
On April 17, a meeting was held in Geneva to resolve the crisis in eastern Ukraine by representatives of the United States , the European Union , Russia and Ukraine . The authorities of the DPR called for an assessment of the “act of aggression against the DPR” and declared the political senselessness of the meeting without the participation of representatives of the DPR and Eastern Ukraine [473] . A joint statement following the meeting in Geneva said [474] [475] [476] :
| All parties pledged to refrain from any form of violence, intimidation or provocative acts. The meeting participants strongly condemned and rejected all manifestations of extremism, racism and religious intolerance, including manifestations of anti-Semitism. All illegal armed groups must be disarmed; all illegally seized buildings must be returned to their rightful owners; all illegally seized streets, squares and other public places in Ukrainian cities must be freed. All protesters and those who vacate buildings and other public places and voluntarily lay down their arms will be guaranteed an amnesty, with the exception of those found guilty of serious crimes. |
On April 18, representatives of the DPR stated that the Ukrainian side did not comply with the Geneva agreements. According to Pushilin, a dialogue between Ukraine and the DPR is possible only after the liberation of the buildings seized by the Ukrainian side, the disarmament of the National Guard of Ukraine and the Right Sector , as well as the release of political prisoners [477] .
On April 24, US President Barack Obama announced that the Russian side is not fulfilling its part of the agreements reached in Geneva on Ukraine, because it does not use its influence to ensure that armed activists in the east of the country stop resisting the authorities. While maintaining the current position, Russia will “impose further sanctions [478] ”.
On April 27, Obama accused Russia of destabilizing actions in southeastern Ukraine, also pointing out that it "did not hit a finger on a finger to help resolve the conflict." In this regard, the introduction of the next package of sanctions is undoubtedly, in this matter, the United States will act in concert with the European Union [479] .
EU response
Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt said that the EU should demand that Russia withdraw its mandate issued by the Federation Council on March 1 for the possibility of using troops in Ukraine. The Russian Federation must demand the immediate disarmament of illegal armed groups that seized buildings in Ukrainian cities [480] .
German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said that Germany expects “clear de-escalation signals” from Moscow. The Minister appealed to the Russian Federation with a call not to cancel participation in the negotiations scheduled for April 17 and to withdraw his troops from the borders with Ukraine [481] .
On April 13, OSCE representatives arrived in Slavyansk to independently see what was happening in the city and provide objective information at the international level [482] .
Catherine Ashton praised the balanced operations carried out by the Ukrainian authorities to ensure law and order in the south-east of the country and called for abandoning attempts to destabilize the situation inside and outside [483] .
The deputy official representative of the government of Germany, Georg Streiter, said on April 16 that the new authorities of Ukraine cannot endlessly put up with the seizure of police stations and other government infrastructure facilities by armed men. In his opinion, the Ukrainian government has so far behaved "very reasonable and restrained [484] ."
A spokeswoman for the EU’s High Representative for Foreign Policy said the Ukrainian authorities should refrain from using force in eastern Ukraine [485] .
On April 24, the speaker of the EU High Commissioner for Foreign Affairs, Michael Mann, announced that the EU, while recognizing Ukraine’s right to take legitimate measures to protect Ukraine’s sovereignty, also calls on the authorities to refrain from using violence. He also expressed confidence that Ukraine will soon fulfill its obligations under the Geneva accords [486] [487] .
The reaction in Russia
On March 22, 2014, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov made an appeal to the people of Ukraine, in which he expressed support for the protesters against the illegitimate government [488] .
On June 14, a rally in support of the rebellious Donbass was held in Moscow. The main demands of the protesters were the recognition of the Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics , as well as the cessation of the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine. During the rally, Denis Pushilin , Chairman of the DPR Supreme Council, LDPR party leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky , leader of the International Eurasian Movement , professor of Moscow State University Alexander Dugin and other figures addressed the meeting. During the rally, fundraising and humanitarian assistance for the militia and residents of the rebellious Southeast were carried out. 2,900 signatures were also collected under a petition to the President of Russia Vladimir Putin demanding "to stop the genocide of the peaceful Russian-speaking population of the South-East of Ukraine" [489] [490] .
The reaction in Belarus
President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko recognized Turchinov as well. about. President of Ukraine and opposed the federalization of Ukraine [491] :
| You understand very well why federalization is necessary. And you perfectly understand what this federalization can lead to. If we fix legally, practically by the hands of the Ukrainians, the split of Ukraine to the east and west, tomorrow it is possible that someone from this federation will want to chop off part ... No, we want Ukraine to be a single, integral, non-aligned country ... Perhaps our Russian brothers do not like the position I took against federalization. But I would be a dishonest person if I went around this topic ... |
Information Lighting
Ukrainian media
Many Ukrainian media reported that the rallies were not Ukrainian citizens, but allegedly Russian separatists , militants and special services of Russia [492] [493] [494] [495] . To confirm this information, the media refer to an audio recording of a conversation in which Igor Strelkov talks with Vladimir Lukin about the release of OSCE representatives in the Donbass and the statement of the SBU that GRU special forces are operating in Ukraine} [496] .
British political scientist Richard Sakva , commenting on the naming of anti-government armed groups as “pro-Russian separatists,” writes that although “some of them” fit this definition, the “rebellion” reflected a “wider concern” about the “lack of constitutional and political protection of the lifestyle” of its members and their historical, economic and cultural ties with Russia [497] .
Russian media
On July 2, 2014, the leader of the self-proclaimed LPR, Valery Bolotov, noted that the Russian media had a “good attitude” towards the self-proclaimed republic, which they helped “break through the information blockade” [498] .
The Medialogia company, which monitors broadcasts, based on the data received, concluded that after the election of Petro Poroshenko in May 2014 as president of Ukraine, the rhetoric against the authorities of this country on state television channels softened. The use of the terms “junta”, “punitive operation”, “Right Sector” and “fascists” to negatively describe the policies of the Ukrainian authorities began to decline, and from the end of April they began to call the opposing side instead of “supporters of federalization” “militias” [499] .
Opinion Surveys
From February 8 to February 18, 2014, the Kiev International Institute of Sociology conducted a survey “How would you like to see Ukraine’s relations with Russia?”, The distribution of answers in Ukraine as a whole:
- They should be the same as with other states - with closed borders, visas, customs - 14.7%
- Ukraine and Russia should be independent, but friendly states - with open borders, without visas and customs - 68.0%
- Ukraine and Russia should unite in one state - 12.5%
Supporters of unification with Russia in the Crimea amounted to 41.0%, in the Donetsk region - 33.2%, in the Lugansk region - 24.1%, in the Odessa region - 24.0%, in the Zaporizhzhya region - 16.7%, in the Kharkov region - 15 , 1%, in Dnepropetrovsk - 13.8% [500] .
According to a poll conducted by the Crimean Republican Institute of Political and Sociological Studies on March 8-10, 2014 commissioned by the Pan-Crimean Referendum portal [501] , 77% of Crimean residents planned to vote in a referendum for Crimea to become part of Russia, 8% for restoring the constitution of Crimea 1992 year. In Sevastopol, 85% of respondents spoke for joining Russia [214] . A referendum on the status of Crimea held on March 16 confirmed the survey data from March 8-10, 2014.
According to a survey by GfK Ukraine, in March 42% of respondents did not support “the direction Ukraine is moving in” and 29% supported it. In Kiev, the central, western and northern regions of the country, support was 36% or more, while in the southern regions - 12%, and eastern - 9%. At the same time, 67% of respondents in the east and 73% in the south have not decided on their candidate in the upcoming presidential election and plan to vote against all or not to participate in the election. In Ukraine, in general, 48% of respondents support the change of government that took place in February 2014, and 34% are negative about it. In the southern and eastern regions, 20% support a change of power, in the rest - 57% or more [502] .
From March 16 to March 30, 2014, the Ukrainian Sociology Service company commissioned by the Gromadska Varta public union conducted a nationwide survey, the results of which were announced by the head of the service, Alexander Veshnyak, at a press conference on April 11. According to the survey, less than 6% of respondents support the branch of a region. The ideas of separatism are supported by 0.5% of the inhabitants of the western regions, 2% - of the central, 7% - of the southeastern. “Most of all such an idea is supported in the Donbas: in the Lugansk and Donetsk regions - 18%,” said Alexander Vishnyak. According to the survey, a significant part of the population - 32% believes that there are profound differences between the western and eastern regions of Ukraine and in the long run they may become disconnected [503] [504] .
A poll in early April conducted by the Institute for Social Research and Political Analysis in Donetsk showed that 32% of the region's residents support increased regional control over local economies and taxes, 16% support federalization of the country, and 27% support the unification of the Donetsk region or Ukraine with Russia as a whole [505] .
From April 8 to 16, 2014, the Kiev International Institute of Sociology conducted a sociological study “Opinions and Views of the Population of Southeast Ukraine: April 2014” in Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson, Kharkov, Lugansk, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya and Donetsk Regions. According to it, only 15.4% of residents want to join Russia, another 12.5% find it difficult to answer. Most of the supporters of the branch are in Lugansk (30.3%) and Donetsk (27.5%) regions. 74.5% of respondents would like to see Ukraine and Russia as independent but friendly states with open borders and without visas. In the Nikolaev region, the opponents of the idea of separating the region are 85.4%, in the Kherson region - 84.6%, in the Dnipropetrovsk region - 84.1%, in the Kharkov region - 65.6%, in the Donetsk region - 52.2%, in the Lugansk region - 51, 9 %. 46.8% of respondents support joining the Customs Union, 24.7% join the European Union. The authority of Viktor Yanukovych is recognized as legal by 20%, Alexander Turchinov - 30%, the government of Arseniy Yatsenyuk - 33%, the Verkhovna Rada is recognized by the legal authority 41%. 46% of citizens consider the events on Maidan in Kiev to be a protest of citizens against corruption and arbitrary rule of the dictatorship of Yanukovych, and 41% call it "a state armed coup organized by the opposition with the help of the West." Approximately the same number of those who recognize the referendum in Crimea (43%), and those who consider it illegal (44%) [30] [506] [507] .
see also
- Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation
- Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
- Protests and seizure of administrative buildings in Ukrainian cities (winter 2014)
- Armed conflict in eastern Ukraine
Notes
- ↑ Is there a chance to keep Russian-speaking Ukraine? // Christian Science Monitor , translation of InoSMI.ru
- ↑ Donetsk put forward demands to Kiev on behalf of the entire South-East of Ukraine - IA REGNUM
- ↑ Tsarev: the south-east of Ukraine will join forces in the struggle for federalization
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 The Pretender converted Southeast Ukraine to the ruble and the 1996 Constitution
- ↑ 1 2 3 A rally under the Russian flag was held on the main square of Kramatorsk | Eastern project - Kramatorsk news Archived on March 10, 2014.
- ↑ East Ukraine separatists seek union with Russia "BBC", 05/12/2014
- ↑ Risen Southeast
- ↑ Unrest in southeastern Ukraine
- ↑ "You would be silent, Obama." Interview with the self-proclaimed mayor of Slavyansk, Vyacheslav Ponomaryov
- ↑ The Nikolaev court refused to ban mass rallies of supporters of federalization Archived on July 12, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Skvortsov, S. “Russian Spring” in the South-East of Ukraine , RIA Novosti — Ukraine (March 3, 2014). Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ Deputy of BP: the western regions of the country are to blame for the destabilization of Ukraine
- ↑ Weekend in the Donetsk Republic, or How citizens are struggling with the "junta"
- ↑ John-Paul Himka. The History behind the Regional Conflict in Ukraine // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. - Volume 16 (New Series). - Number 1 (Winter 2015). - P. 130.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Situation in the field of human rights and the rights of national minorities in Ukraine (ODIHR report of May 12, 2014)
- ↑ Is there a chance to keep Russian-speaking Ukraine? // Christian Science Monitor, translation of InoSMI.ru
- ↑ Member of Parliament: the main problem of Kiev is the lack of dialogue with the people
- ↑ Expert: situation in the east of Ukraine - continuation of the crisis in the country
- ↑ Klußmann Von Uwe. Konflikt mit Russland: Die fatalen Fehler der Regierung in Kiew (German) // Der Spiegel -online: Online Journal. - 2014-03-03.
- ↑ Richard Sakwa . Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands : [ eng. ] . - IBTauris. - 2014 .-- P. 149. - 220 p. - ISBN 9781784530648 . :
A poll by the Pew Research Center in May 2014 found that ... some 60 per cent of Donetsk residents feared 'Banderovtsi' and 50 per cent dreaded the Kiev authorities, while 71 per cent of Donetsk and 60 per cent of Lugansk residents believed that the Maidan events represented an armed coup organized by the opposition and the West ...
- ↑ Map of classes of regional state administrations in Ukraine: eight regions were under the control of demonstrators // TSN (Ukrainian)
- ↑ In Zhitomir they created the “People’s Rada” // Rosbalt , 01/29/2014
- ↑ Happy to replace . Details.ua.
- ↑ In the Lviv region, a bust of Kutuzov was removed from the pedestal. Interfax, 04/25/2014
- ↑ Crimean deputies announced cases of pressure from those who seized power in Ukraine. Interfax, 04/25/2014
- ↑ Right-wing sector sends “friendship train” to Crimea to eliminate separatism
- ↑ In the east of Ukraine, units of the extremist movement “Right Sector” are being created. ITAR-TASS, 03/12/2014
- ↑ Situation in the field of human rights and the rights of national minorities in Ukraine (report of the OSCE Mission to assess the situation in the field of human rights in Ukraine of May 12, 2014) :
During the protests that led to the fall of B. Yanukovych’s regime, as well as in the subsequent period, the actions of extreme right-wing nationalist organizations, including those that coordinated their actions through the Right Sector movement, became more organized, and their voice sounded louder. The Russian-speaking population in eastern Ukraine is particularly concerned about the activation of extreme right-wing organizations and their prominent role in organizing protests on the Maidan, including their participation in clashes with security forces with the use of violence and in the seizure of office buildings. Many representatives of the Russian-speaking population said that they were afraid of ultranationalist ideology, anti-Russian rhetoric, paramilitary organizations and the threat of violence.
- ↑ 1 2 Lomko I. G. Background and features of the protest movement in modern Ukraine // News of Saratov University. New series. Series Sociology. Political Science, Issue No. 1 / Volume 15/2015
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Research “Opinions and Views of the Population of Southeast Ukraine: April 2014” // Kiev International Institute of Sociology
- ↑ 1 2 Alexander Prokhanov. “I took the airport” // “Tomorrow”, December 4, 2014.
- ↑ End call program. In the studio, guest Evgeny Zhilin, head of the Oplot militia unit . Says Moscow (08-09-2014). Date of treatment September 22, 2016.
- ↑ Pіvdennogo Descent more than dumb
- ↑ Three myths about the Ukrainian southeast
- ↑ Weekly Review: The Southeast Unity Myth
- ↑ The Washington Post study destroyed the myth of the split of Ukraine and the pro-Putin "southeast"
- ↑ ITAR-TASS: International panorama - Yanukovych addressed the Ukrainian people
- ↑ Extraordinary session: “HOMELAND” called for the federalization of Ukraine. Timer, 12/02/2013
- ↑ 1 2 The President believes that the issue of federalization is not relevant now, but is subject to study. Zn.ua, 02/14/2014
- ↑ Kuchma: federalization threatens Ukraine with collapse and loss of independence. Glavred, February 10, 2014
- ↑ Dobkin called for the federalization of Ukraine, bypassing the Verkhovna Rada. Zn.ua, 02/12/2014
- ↑ Kharkiv Oblast Governor Mikhail Dobkin denies the possibility of democracy. Kommersant.ru, 02.20.2014
- ↑ Former governor of Kharkov region placed in jail. Kommersant.ru, 03/11/2014
- ↑ Ex-governor of the Kharkiv region Dobkin was detained after interrogation. New newspaper, 03/11/2014
- ↑ 1 2 3 In Kharkov, they decided to give power to local councils. Kommersant.ru, 02.22.2014
- ↑ Southeast of Ukraine took upon itself the maintenance of constitutional order. Interfax, 02.22.2014
- ↑ The southern and eastern regions of Ukraine took upon themselves the maintenance of order (February 26, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ The parliament was elected on Saturday. Regional and distant occurrences of fractions // Ukrainian Truth (02.22.2014, 10:04) (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Parliament of Rybak and Kaletnik’s rules at the news stand // Ukrainian Truth (02.22.2014, 12:29) (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Verkhovna Rada addressed the speaker // "Ukrainian Truth" (02.22.2014, 12:31) (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Avakov headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs | UKRINFORM
- ↑ Verkhovna Rada hung up the lack of Pshontsi // "Ukrainian truth" (02.22.2014, 13:29) (Ukrainian)
- ↑ Parliament repealed the law on languages of national minorities. Polemika.com.ua Archived on July 17, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.osce.org/hcnm/115643 Restraint, responsibility and dialogue needed in Ukraine, including Crimea, says OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
- ↑ Turchinov explained why he did not sign the language law
- ↑ 1 2 Lenta.ru: Former USSR: Ukraine: Parliamentary coalition created in Rada
- ↑ Maidan nominated Yatsenyuk to the post of Prime Minister of Ukraine - Interfax
- ↑ The Donetsk City Council demanded an immediate referendum on the fate of the region. Kommersant.ru, 03/01/2014
- ↑ 1 2 Eastern Ukraine was swept by the “war of flags” - Kommersant. Korrespondent.net, 03/03/2014
- ↑ Lugansk deputies “for” the referendum on the federal structure of Ukraine (March 2, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ The southern and eastern regions of Ukraine took upon themselves the maintenance of order (February 26, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ There was a brawl near the Crimean parliament building . Lenta.Ru (February 21, 2014). Date of treatment February 28, 2014.
- ↑ In Simferopol, rallies began to come with weapons
- ↑ At the entrances to Sevastopol, roadblocks made of concrete blocks were established
- ↑ upon the fact of the chairman of the coordination council on the organization of the Sevastopol city Administration for ensuring the vital functions of the city, since only a citizen of Ukraine can be the mayor
- ↑ Regional News , Press Service of the Sevastopol City State Administration (February 24, 2014). Archived February 25, 2014. Date of treatment November 14, 2014.
- ↑ "People's" mayor of Sevastopol started work
- ↑ Tatars under the Supreme Council of Crimea chant “Glory to Ukraine!”
- ↑ Tatars dispersed to create self-defense in order to defend the Crimea // Ukrainian Truth , 02/26/2014.
- ↑ 1 2 In Simferopol, two people died during rallies .
- ↑ Author: Andrey Kondrashov . VIDEO. Documentary film “Crimea. Way to the Homeland. " The premiere took place on March 15, 2015. TV channel " Russia 1 " // russia.tv
- ↑ On the fact of the seizure of the buildings of the Council and the Council of Ministers of Crimea, a criminal case was initiated under the article “terrorist act” // RBC , 02.27.2014
- ↑ Online broadcast of events in Crimea after the night seizure of parliament buildings and the Council of Ministers of autonomy
- ↑ Address by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the ARC, Sergei Aksyonov , Press Service of the Supreme Council of the ARC (March 1, 2014). Archived on November 8, 2014. Date of treatment November 8, 2014.
- ↑ Crimean parliament decided to join Crimea in Russia
- ↑ Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the formation of new entities in the Russian Federation
- ↑ Putin, Konstantinov, Aksyonov and Chaly signed an agreement on the adoption of the Republic of Crimea in the Russian Federation .
- ↑ Flag over Kharkov: Russian about his adrenaline rush . Russian service of the BBC (March 5, 2014). Date of treatment March 29, 2014.
- ↑ Ageeva, Yu. The Russian flag over the RSA in Kharkov was raised by a guest from Moscow . Vesti.ua (March 1, 2014). Date of treatment March 29, 2014. Archived March 2, 2014.
- ↑ The leaders of the Kharkiv region left the territory of Ukraine. Interfax, 02.22.2014
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Defenders of the Lenin monument in Kharkov went on a picket. Interfax, 02.26.2014
- ↑ A portrait of Yanukovych was burned before the Kharkiv Regional Administration. Interfax, 02.23.2014
- ↑ 1 2 3 Protests in Kharkov. Today.ua, 02.26.2014
- ↑ Kernes and Dobkin returned to Kharkov. Accidents news 02/23/2014
- ↑ In Kharkov, barricades are being strengthened. Russian service of the BBC, 02.24.2014
- ↑ Dobkin decided to go to the presidency of Ukraine. Interfax, 02.24.2014
- ↑ How activists of Euromaidan protect regional state administrations in Kharkov. Today.ua, 02/25/2014
- ↑ Avakov promises to deal with the "Bastion". Today.ua, 02/23/2014
- ↑ Kharkov raised the flag of Russia. MK, 02.26.2014
- ↑ The mayor of Kharkov tried unsuccessfully to remove the Russian flag from the building of the City Council. Interfax, 02.26.2014
- ↑ Kernes is trying to remove the Russian flag. Facts ICTV, 02.26.2014
- ↑ Kernes agreed. In Kharkov, the Russian flag was removed in front of the City Council. Correspondent.net, 02/26/2014
- ↑ "Now they are on their knees." Supporters of the Maidan were driven out of the Kharkov Regional State Administration. Korrespondent.net, 03/01/2014
- ↑ "Now they are on their knees." In Kharkov, during the assault on the building of the Regional State Administration, 97 people were injured. Korrespondent.net, 03/01/2014
- ↑ Police opened a criminal investigation into the assault on the Kharkov Regional State Administration. Korrespondent.net, 03/01/2014
- ↑ A fight at a rally in Kharkov was staged by pro-Russian activists from Belgorod - people's deputy. Korrespondent.net, 03/01/2014
- ↑ The flag of Russia on the building of the Kharkov Regional State Administration was raised by a Muscovite (photo) // Today.ua
- ↑ In Kharkov, a rally is held in support of the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Korrespondent.net, 03/02/2014
- ↑ In Kharkov, on the Freedom Square, a pro-Russian rally is held // UNIAN
- ↑ The number of those gathered at a rally in Kharkov rose to 5 thousand people . ITAR-TASS (March 5, 2014). Date of treatment March 5, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Residents of Donetsk and Kharkov rallied for a referendum. Participants of the rally advocated for a change in the status of the south-eastern regions of Ukraine // Kommersant of 03/08/2014
- ↑ Harkov’s sprouting activism included the “anti-fascist move” (Ukrainian) // Ukrainian BBC Service
- ↑ Pro-Russian rally in Kharkov ended with an anti-fascist march // Rosbalt
- ↑ 1 2 In Kharkov, about 10 fighters of the “Right Sector” attacked peaceful protesters // LifeNews
- ↑ About 7 thousand people spoke in favor of granting autonomy to the Kharkiv region // Iskra News - March 9, 2014
- ↑ In Kharkov, unknown persons fired on people returning from a peaceful rally .
- ↑ In Kharkov, pro-Russian organizations will hold a referendum on Sunday on Sunday // UNIAN
- ↑ In Kharkov, supporters of the Russian Federation threw Klitschko with eggs and firecrackers // UNIAN
- ↑ Vitali Klitschko threw eggs at a rally in Kharkov
- ↑ Kharkov Regional Council refused to call a referendum
- ↑ The City Council filed a lawsuit in order to prevent a referendum on federalization // “City Watch” (Kharkov)
- ↑ Park page of Imena.UA (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 17, 2014. Archived March 17, 2014.
- ↑ Two people were killed in clashes in Kharkov, 25 people were arrested for the riots , Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine (03/15/2014). Date of treatment April 7, 2014.
- ↑ The names of the dead and wounded in Kharkov became known // vesti.ua
- ↑ Chronology of the bloody confrontation in Kharkov // vesti.ua
- ↑ Radicals of the “Right Sector” took hostages in Kharkov // Russian newspaper
- ↑ The operation to free the hostages in Kharkov is completed // ITAR-TASS
- ↑ In Kharkov, militants seized three hostages // Gazeta.Ru
- ↑ The headquarters of the "Right Sector" in Kharkov took hostages // Radio "Mayak".
- ↑ Likhomanov P. The militants who captured people in Kharkov departed in an unknown direction // Russian newspaper. 03/15/2014.
- ↑ In Kharkov, 25 participants in the riots on Rymarskaya were sent to jail // vesti.ua.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Kharkov and Donetsk pulled to the Crimea. Demonstrations in eastern Ukraine turned into riots // Kommersant newspaper No. 43 of 03/17/2014
- ↑ Participants in pro-Russian rallies in Ukraine demanded autonomy for the southeastern regions of the country // RT .— 03.30.2014
- ↑ Kharkov region: Monument to Lenin in Chuguev - to be! | Communist Party of Ukraine
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 “My popularity is their stupidity.” Interview with the "people's governor" of the Donetsk region Pavel Gubarev, Lenta.ru, 03/05/2014.
- ↑ Thousands rally against 'illegitimate govt', raise Russian flags in eastern Ukraine - RT News
- ↑ In Donetsk, they raised the Russian flag in front of the regional administration building . Pravda.ru (03/01/2014). Date of treatment March 2, 2014.
- ↑ Donetsk was covered by the “Russian Spring” . New newspaper (03/01/2014). Date of treatment March 1, 2014.
- ↑ "Russian Spring" in Donetsk: the leader of the national militia became the governor, a referendum will be held in the Donbass . On the eve of .RU (03/01/2014). Date of treatment March 1, 2014.
- ↑ Related comments: People’s Governor of Donetsk called for resistance to the oligarchs | Forum KM.RU
- ↑ Rallies in Donetsk: tent camp “for Russia” and battered journalists - Korrespondent.net
- ↑ 1 2 VIEW / Residents of Donetsk rally against the governor appointed by Kiev
- ↑ In Donetsk, aggressive protesters broke into a metal grate and burst into the courtyard of the regional council . UNIAN (03.03.2014). Date of treatment March 3, 2014.
- ↑ In Donetsk, pro-Russian separatists stormed the RSA | Ukrainian truth
- ↑ Pro-Russian activists attacked the ex-governor of Donbass
- ↑ Donbass announced the issues of the referendum, the people's governor is published “on the light”, on the eve of.ru.
- ↑ Taruta: “The east must definitely accept the new president” - A meeting took place in the Verkhovna Rada on the night of the second to the third of March - LB.ua
- ↑ A mass rally for the unity of Ukraine was held in Donetsk, March 4, 2014 - UNIAN, 03/04/2014
- ↑ 1 2 Pro-Russian activists attacked civilians in Donetsk and provoked a fight
- ↑ 1 2 In Donetsk, protesters against the new government occupied the building of the Regional State Administration, Polemika.com.ua Archived on April 2, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Russian and meaningless. The last day of the "people's governor" of Donetsk region: report "Lenta.ru"
- ↑ In Donetsk, they stormed the RSA with shouts of “Golden Eagle” and “Russia”
- ↑ Pro-Russian activists in Donetsk broke into the state treasury and at the Donbass shopping center
- ↑ Seven people injured during clashes in Donetsk
- ↑ The police said that pro-Russian activists routed the room of veterans in the regional council
- ↑ SBU detained the self-proclaimed governor of Donetsk region
- ↑ The "people's governor" of the Donetsk region was detained Lenta.ru 03/06/2014
- ↑ Newman D. Donetsk: how the "people's governor" Gubarev arrested . Russian service of the BBC (March 9, 2014). Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ The court arrested the Donetsk “people's governor” Lenta.ru 03/07/2014
- ↑ Donetsk "Golden Eagle" sided with the people
- ↑ In the Donetsk police headquarters, information about the ex-Berkut’s revolt was called a provocation // OstroV Information Agency, 03/07/2014
- ↑ Border guards prevent Russians and journalists from entering Ukraine // NTV.Ru
- ↑ The group of the “Events” program of TVC channel was not allowed into Ukraine | RIA News
- ↑ The Russian Foreign Ministry considered the inadmissibility of Russian television journalists in Ukraine “a violation of the freedom of the press”
- ↑ Donets'k is going through a sprout meeting
- ↑ March 13 bloody rally in Donetsk - one dead, one in very serious condition, dozens of victims, 62.ua - Donetsk News
- ↑ 2 DIED I CLOSE TO 50 OSIB SUGGESTED AT THE SUTICH IN DONETSK , Ukrainian Truth (March 13, 2014). Date of treatment April 10, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.donzdrav.gov.ua/index.php/reforma/zahodi/povidomlennya-departamentu-ohoroni-zdorovya-doneckoyi-oblder/ Archived March 15, 2014 at Wayback Machine Information about the victims of March 13 at city rallies on the website of the regional department of health
- ↑ http://dn.vgorode.ua/news/215093-shokyruuischee-vydeo-na-koleny-tvary-yly-kak-prokhodyla-travlia-ukraynskykh-aktyvystov Donetsk News website Details March 13
- ↑ http://novosti.dn.ua/details/220135/ News of Donbass: "Activist Dmitry Chernyavsky was killed in Donetsk"
- ↑ Man died in clashes in Donetsk
- ↑ Pro-Russian activists received reinforcement from cars without license plates that stood near the square - information on the events of March 13, 2014 in Donetsk on the website www.62.ua
- ↑ Information about the events of March 13 in Donetsk
- ↑ Russian Foreign Ministry declared Moscow's right to protect compatriots in Ukraine - Interfax
- ↑ Statement by the Russian Foreign Ministry in connection with the tragic events in Donetsk
- ↑ Information from UNIAN news agency
- ↑ Commentary by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in response to a statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation regarding events in Donetsk on March 13 on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ↑ Residents of Donetsk stopped storming the building of the Security Service of Ukraine - First on breaking news - LIFE | NEWS
- ↑ About 3 thousand people take part in a pro-Russian rally in Donetsk - local media - Korrespondent.net
- ↑ Ukrainian tanks hit the participants of the anti-war rally (VIDEO) | VERB
- ↑ Frightened residents of Donetsk region did not miss Ukrainian military equipment | Donbass | News
- ↑ Governor of Tarut for two with his brother dug a special ditch ... - Interfax
- ↑ News. Ru: Correspondent of “Russia 1” sent from Ukraine
- ↑ News. Ru: Four Russian journalists were not allowed into Ukraine
- ↑ Five Thousand Pro-Russians Protest in Donetsk, Ukraine - One News Page [US]
- ↑ More than four thousand people have already gathered for a rally in Donetsk - March 23, 2014 - Spark News
- ↑ News of Ukraine, Crimea and Euromaidan today March 30, 2014
- ↑ 1 2 46 criminal cases instituted in riots at Donetsk rallies - Donetsk.comments.ua
- ↑ The head of the Donetsk police spoke about the arrests of participants in pro-Russian rallies
- ↑ Mariupol residents support Sevastopol (Inaccessible link) . Mariupol life (03/01/2014). Date of treatment March 2, 2014. Archived on April 27, 2014.
- ↑ In Mariupol, a rally of thousands declared a referendum (PHOTO) | 0629.com.ua - Mariupol News
- ↑ Protest rally in Mariupol (photo, video) (inaccessible link) . One Motherland . Date of treatment March 8, 2014. Archived March 8, 2014.
- ↑ March 8, a demonstration and rally took place in Mariupol
- ↑ Pro-Russian rallies took place in Donetsk, Mariupol and Kharkov - Nasha Niva
- ↑ Native Priazovye - In Mariupol, five thousand residents rallied for a referendum
- ↑ Today in Mariupol a rally of many thousands took place
- ↑ Rallies in Mariupol continue
- ↑ Native Sea of Azov - An rally under Russian flags was held in Mariupol
- ↑ Rallies in the Donetsk region March 22 - March 22, 2014 - Spark News
- ↑ Meeting in Mariupol. March 29 (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 1, 2014. Archived on April 7, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 In Mariupol, they rally again. First, at the walls of the City Council, then at the SBU building, and now near the Mariupol city prosecutor’s office . // Mariupol News (April 5, 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 The prosecutor's office of Mariupol reacted to the assault on the building of the City Council . // Mariupol News (April 6, 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 Smirnova E. The detained self-proclaimed mayor of Mariupol was transported to Kiev . // "Facts and Comments" (Ukraine) (April 6, 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 3 Law enforcement officers investigate the seizure of the building of the prosecutor's office in Mariupol . // RIA Novosti (April 5, 2014).
- ↑ Kramatorsk.INFO - Kramatorsk news. A rally under the Russian flag was held on the main square of Kramatorsk
- ↑ Kramatorsk. Meeting on 03/02/2014 | FotoCamers.Info - photo site for amateurs and professionals
- ↑ A meeting of supporters of federalization was held in Kramatorsk (photo) (inaccessible link) . Eastern project . Date of treatment March 10, 2014. Archived March 10, 2014.
- ↑ Another rally was held in Kramatorsk
- ↑ Meeting in Gorlovka, the most “bright” moments , Gorlovsky Media Portal (March 1, 2014). Archived on September 30, 2016. Date of treatment April 9, 2017.
- ↑ Gorlovchanka criticized the speech of the mayor of Gorlovka at the rally: “If you can’t lead people, leave” , Gorlovsky Media Portal (March 2, 2014). Archived on April 6, 2016. Date of treatment April 9, 2017.
- ↑ The demand of the protesters in Gorlovka: “Immediately return the best accountant of Ukraine, which everyone laughs at,” Gorlovka.ua (March 2, 2014). Archived March 9, 2016.
- ↑ Gorlovsky Media Portal. The Gorlovsk residents impede the work of a videographer at a rally . YouTube (March 8, 2014). Date of treatment April 9, 2017.
- ↑ Gorlovsky rally travels to Donetsk to find out there: “This gang will not put Horlivka on its knees” , Gorlovsky Media Portal (March 8, 2014). Archived on April 7, 2016. Date of treatment April 9, 2017.
- ↑ Taruta's visit to Gorlovka was tried to disrupt by residents calling for a referendum , 122.ua (April 2, 2014). Archived March 4, 2016.
- ↑ City Council deputy hiding from political persecution in Crimea. Timer, 03/22/2014
- ↑ Russian Time: Exclusive: “Russian Spring” (Unavailable link) is raging in southeastern Ukraine . Date of treatment March 8, 2014. Archived March 8, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Russian spring
- ↑ In the Donetsk region blocked the convoy of Ukrainian military equipment - Events in Crimea | KP.UA
- ↑ Residents block military warehouse in Artyomovsky district - OstroV
- ↑ In Odessa, a march against Euromaidan took place. Timer, 02/23/2014
- ↑ In Odessa, a rally and march of Euromaidan supporters took place. Timer, 02/23/2014
- ↑ A tent camp of opponents of Euromaidan unfolds on Kulikovo Field. Timer, 02/25/2014
- ↑ The fourth national veche was held in Odessa. Public Information Center in Odessa
- ↑ 1 2 Russian language, airport, federalization and slopes: Odessa residents have compiled a list of requirements for the authorities. Timer
- ↑ Under the glee of the protesters in Odessa, they raised the flag of Russia - Odessa. KP.UA
- ↑ Thousands of inhabitants of Odessa gathered at a national meeting
- ↑ Russian spring: thousands of Odessa residents went to Kulikovo field to declare their rights
- ↑ Assault and onslaught: confrontation near Odessa Regional State Administration. Timer, 03/03/2014
- ↑ Protesters burst into the Odessa Regional Council
- ↑ Confrontation under the Regional State Administration: the governor was fired, and the Russian flag was removed
- ↑ In Odessa, pro-Russian protesters continue to block the regional council
- ↑ Odessa Regional Council - Turning to the community (notes from the 29th session of the regional council)
- ↑ Odessa "Euromaidan" requires the arrest of its opponent. Timer, 03/04/2014
- ↑ A rally gathered under the building of the Regional State Administration: people are unhappy. Timer, 03/06/2014
- ↑ Many Odessa protestors seek alliance with Russia . CNN YouTube (March 6, 2014). Date of treatment March 7, 2014.
- ↑ Odessa residents protest under the RSA . The first Odessa portal (March 6, 2014). Date of treatment March 6, 2014.
- ↑ International panorama - Participants in a rally in Odessa demanded a referendum on decentralization of power . ITAR-TASS
- ↑ A mass rally was held at Kulikovo Field. Timer
- ↑ Odessa "Euromaidan" sang the anthem of Ukraine on the Potemkin Stairs. Timer, 03/09/2014
- ↑ SBU took up the leaders of the “Russian Spring” in Odessa. Timer, 03/10/2014
- ↑ Odessa residents picketed the building of the SBU. Timer
- ↑ Thirty thousand inhabitants of Odessa marched for a referendum (photo) (video). Public Information Center in Odessa.
- ↑ Pro-Russian activists marched around the city
- ↑ “March for the referendum” gathered more than 10 thousand inhabitants of Odessa. Timer, 03/16/2014
- ↑ Anton Davidchenko is arrested, - eyewitnesses. Timer, 03/17/2014
- ↑ Anton Davidchenko sentenced to 5 years, but released from punishment. Timer, 08/08/2014
- ↑ Media: Anton Davidchenko left Ukraine. Timer, 08/10/2014
- ↑ [Anton Davidchenko: I was silent so as not to anger the Maidan and the Right Sector. Timer, 08/12/2014]
- ↑ SBU continues to trap separatists in Odessa, - now they have reached Kaurov (Inaccessible link) . NR2 Ru (March 20, 2014). Date of treatment April 13, 2014. Archived on April 13, 2014.
- ↑ Valery Kaurov detained for separatism in Odessa | Ukraine uncensored
- ↑ Kaurov was warned in the SBU that they would put him in prison (inaccessible link) . One Motherland . Date of treatment April 13, 2014. Archived on April 13, 2014.
- ↑ Odessans gave the authorities a week to fulfill their requirements. Archived March 23, 2014 at Wayback Machine Polemika.com.ua.
- ↑ In Odessa, participants in a pro-Russian march attacked supporters of the unity of Ukraine , UNIAN (March 30, 2014). Date of treatment March 30, 2014.
- ↑ Odessans will fight the “palace coup” (inaccessible link) . Website Odessit.ua (March 30, 2014). Date of treatment April 4, 2014. Archived on April 7, 2014.
- ↑ Participants of the rally in Odessa demand a referendum on the federalization of Ukraine , ITAR-TASS (March 30, 2014). Date of treatment March 30, 2014.
- ↑ An anti-Putin march takes place in Odessa . Timer (March 30, 2014). Date of treatment March 30, 2014.
- ↑ Collisions in Odessa were accompanied by egg throwing . Russian service of the BBC (March 31, 2014). Date of treatment March 30, 2014.
- ↑ Dibrov S. “Meeting Day” in Odessa ends: tragedy was avoided . Dumskaya.net (March 30, 2014). Date of treatment March 30, 2014.
- ↑ In Odessa, Russian nationalists and supporters of Euromaidan simultaneously rallied
- ↑ Vorontsova O. Participants in the rally on Kulikovo Field decided on common tactics (inaccessible link) . Website Odessit.ua (April 13, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014. Archived on April 13, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Vorontsova O. Rostislav Barda urged the rally participants not to pay attention to provocateurs (inaccessible link) . Website Odessit.ua (April 13, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014. Archived on April 13, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Again at Kulikovo Field, a rally (inaccessible link) . Website Odessit.ua (April 13, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014. Archived on April 14, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Portal "Antifascist"
- ↑ In Lugansk, a ten-thousand-man rally was held against the new government in Ukraine. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 17, 2014. Archived July 17, 2014.
- ↑ The Russian flag was hoisted above the administration building of Lugansk
- ↑ Decision of the Lugansk Regional Council “On the appeal of deputies of the Lugansk Regional Council” | Lugansk Regional Council
- ↑ In Lugansk, participants in the “Russian spring” captured the RSA and ask Putin to send troops
- ↑ 1 2 3 Residents of Lugansk demand the separation of Donbass and the introduction of Russian troops. Top.rbc.ru
- ↑ Lugansk refused to recognize Kiev until Ukraine became a federation. Timer, 03/02/2014
- ↑ In Lugansk, at the rally, a “people's governor” was elected
- ↑ По «коридору позора». Жители Луганска захватили ОГА и отправили в отставку назначенного из Киева губернатора Архивировано 10 марта 2014 года.
- ↑ Ляшко 10 марта в Луганске задержал лидера пророссийской организации ВИДЕО « Информинг. Информируем о главном
- ↑ Клінчаєв після ночі з Ляшком: наступного разу він отримає кулю в лоб — Korrespondent.net
- ↑ СБУ затримала лідера луганських сепаратистів Клінчаєва | Українська правда
- ↑ ИТАР-ТАСС: Международная панорама — На Украине задержан лидер организации „Луганская гвардия“ Александр Харитонов
- ↑ Как в Луганске проходил пророссийский митинг (ФОТО) | 0642.ua — Новости Луганска
- ↑ B1721 Unknown persons attacked the Lugansk Guard campground at night Archived on July 2, 2014.
- ↑ “No” to the presidential election! “Yes” to the referendum! ”: Large-scale rally takes place in the center of Lugansk (photo) - Lugansk News
- ↑ In Lugansk, about 2 thousand people came to a rally of separatists
- ↑ Anthracite rally March 9, 2014 Archival copy on Wayback Machine // Anthracite News Portal
- ↑ In the Luhansk region, pro-Russian activists mixed up flags (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment November 7, 2018. Archived on April 7, 2014.
- ↑ [PHOTO] In Nikolaev, on the site of the monument to Lenin, the Russian flag and the flag of the city were installed. News of Nikolaev Archived on March 5, 2014.
- ↑ Pro-Russian separatists organized in Nikolaev a rally of many thousands
- ↑ In Nikolaev, a rally of thousands against the Russian occupation took place
- ↑ Participants of a proprietary rally blocked entry to Nikolayev
- ↑ In the center of Nikolaev pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian rallies gathered
- ↑ Distributors of flyers-invitations to yesterday's pro-Russian rally will be searched by Nikolaev News (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 12, 2014. Archived March 13, 2014.
- ↑ Nikolaev in details: Nikolaev "anti-Maidan" drove from the stage of the speaker from his opponents in order to avoid provocation
- ↑ At the "popular referendum" in Nikolaev, most of the participants supported a federal structure | Nikolaev site
- ↑ In Nikolaev, a rally was held in support of the Crimea and Sevastopol.
- ↑ March 30, an anti-Maidan rally "For Nikolaev!" (Inaccessible link) was held in Nikolaev . Date of treatment April 1, 2014. Archived on April 7, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Ukraine protected the territory by law. Calls for separation are being fought on the ground and in Rada // Kommersant newspaper No. 60 of 04/09/2014
- ↑ 1 2 4 thousandth anti-fascist march took place in Dnepropetrovsk | Bridge-Dnepr - latest news from Dnepropetrovsk
- ↑ A controversial rally gathered in Dnepropetrovsk - Dnepropetrovsk.comments.ua
- ↑ Pro-Russian residents of Dnepropetrovsk rally
- ↑ In Dnepropetrovsk, the city council raised the flag of the Russian Federation and broke the lamps of the Heroes of the Maidan | Ukrainian truth
- ↑ Two rallies took place in Dnepropetrovsk: for and against the new government (inaccessible link) . Ukrinform (03/01/2014). Date of treatment March 5, 2014. Archived March 5, 2014.
- ↑ Ukrainian oligarchs are appointed governors of the Donetsk and Dnipropetrovsk regions. Interfax 03/02/2014
- ↑ Anti-fascist march passed in Dnepropetrovsk - Korrespondent.net
- ↑ Security Service of Dnipropetrovsk oblast wool social networks: accuses of “friend” Oleg Tsarev of seperatism
- ↑ In the Dnipropetrovsk region, the SBU found separatists on social networks: UNIAN News
- ↑ In Dnepropetrovsk, at a rally against the new government: “Enough to feed the western regions”
- ↑ A pro-Russian rally was held in Dnepropetrovsk in honor of the dead law enforcement officers, 40 days have passed since the day of their death (PHOTO) | Bridge-Dnepr - the latest news Dnepropetrovsk ...
- ↑ “Russian Union” grabs Vladimir Putin, Pavlograd news
- ↑ Hundred Pavlograd residents refused to recognize Ukraine, Pavlograd news
- ↑ Whoever killed is the national hero of Ukraine? (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 21, 2014. Archived March 11, 2014.
- ↑ A pro-Russian rally was held in Kherson
- ↑ Participants of two rallies in Kherson sorted out relations through a police cordon | UKRINFORM
- ↑ Odessa, Kherson and Nikolaev want to join the Crimea - TRUST.UA
- ↑ 50 people gathered at the “anti-Maidan” rally in Kakhovka “Kakhovskiye Novosti (inaccessible link) . Date of appeal March 14, 2014. Archived March 10, 2014.
- ↑ Meshkantsi Khersonshchiny became the zahist of strategic objects in the form of Russian occupation (video) - “Facts” unopened (unavailable link) . Date of treatment March 21, 2014. Archived March 21, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Scandalous decision of the Strelkovsky Village Council canceled Kherson Online social and political online publication
- ↑ In Strelkovo today they tried to organize some kind of referendum KERSON Online socio-political online publication
- ↑ In Zaporozhye, brother Alexander Pataman declared that the leader of the People’s Militia was kidnapped | 061.ua - News of Zaporizhia
- ↑ Spark News
- ↑ Meeting in Zaporozhye: We do not recognize the junta, which seized power by armed means . reporter-ua.com (03/02/2014).
- ↑ Basanets Vladimir. The rally in Zaporozhye was held under the motto "against external aggression" and "for a united Ukraine" . Industrial Zaporozhye (03/02/2014).
- ↑ In Zaporozhye, about 200 people gathered for a pro-Russian rally
- ↑ Zaporizhzhya separatists demand to return Peklushenko - Zaporozhye.comments.ua
- ↑ Sin asks separatists to go home - Zaporozhye.comments.ua
- ↑ Flags of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan unfurled under the walls of Zaporizhzhya City Hall - Zaporozhye Avenue
- ↑ Cossacks called on Putin to protect them from arbitrariness - March 10, 2014 - Spark News
- ↑ Access restricted Archived March 30, 2014.
- ↑ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:NVjXNmGAzL4J:iskra-news.info/news/segodnja_zaporozhe_podnjalos_a_sred_belogo_dnja_samooborona_majdana_napala_na_04ap_vina_04ap_vina_na_bala_na_v4_04_na_v4_04_4
- ↑ On March 30, an anti-Maidan rally was held in Zaporozhye (PHOTO, VIDEO) (inaccessible link) . One Motherland . Date of treatment April 1, 2014. Archived on April 7, 2014.
- ↑ “Russian March” in Melitopol: “We do not obey the new government!” - March 1, 2014 - Spark News
- ↑ Melitopol. Under the executive committee again talked about the referendum
- ↑ Rally under Russian flags on Shevchenko’s birthday
- ↑ Pro-Russian rally was held in Melitopol - March 16, 2014 - Spark News
- ↑ Today, a meeting of the Southeast Front took place in Zaporozhye. Communists "merged"? (VIDEO. UPDATED) // Spark News - March 16, 2014
- ↑ Southeast support. 03/01/2014
- ↑ In Berdyansk, rallies ... each for his (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 14, 2014. Archived March 14, 2014.
- ↑ In Berdyansk, deputies came to the session, and the townspeople attended the rally (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 14, 2014. Archived March 14, 2014.
- ↑ In Berdyansk, the number of rally participants is growing (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 14, 2014. Archived March 14, 2014.
- ↑ BBC News - As it happened East Ukraine crisis , BBC News (April 15, 2014). Date of treatment May 1, 2014.
- ↑ Uprising of the Southeast - how it all began (PHOTO VIDEO) , Izvestia in Ukraine (April 7, 2014). Date of treatment May 1, 2014.
- ↑ WRAPUP 8-Separatists tighten grip on east Ukraine, EU agrees more sanctions on Moscow , Reuters (April 14, 2014). Date of treatment May 1, 2014.
- ↑ Declaration of Sovereignty of the Donetsk People's Republic of April 7, 2014 (unavailable link) . Constitution of the states (countries) of the world (April 7, 2014). Archived April 15, 2014.
- ↑ Text of the “Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Donetsk People’s Republic” and “The Address of the Donetsk People’s Republic to Vladimir Putin”
- ↑ 1 2 In Donetsk, the creation of a people's republic announced . Rosbalt (April 7, 2014).
- ↑ A national republic Was proclaimed in Donetsk . Vesti.ru (April 7, 2014).
- ↑ Duck of the day. Donetsk People's Republic . Radio Liberty (April 7, 2014).
- ↑ Deputies of the Donetsk Regional Council declared the independence of the Donetsk People’s Republic . ITAR-TASS (April 7, 2014).
- ↑ Separatists hold three separate rallies in Kharkiv . // UNIAN (April 6, 2014). Date of treatment April 7, 2014.
- ↑ Kharkov: beaten militants of the Right Sector were forced to crawl along the corridor of shame (VIDEO) - TOPNews.RU
- ↑ In Kharkov, opened a criminal case on the clash of activists Euromaidan and Anti-Maidan
- ↑ Police began criminal proceedings on skirmishes in Kharkov . // RIA Novosti (April 6, 2014). Date of treatment April 6, 2014.
- ↑ Double on Freedom Square (photo)
- ↑ Protesters occupied the building of the regional administration in Kharkov . // RIA Novosti (April 6, 2014). Date of treatment April 6, 2014.
- ↑ In the center of Kharkov, Euromaidan and Anti-Maidan gathered again - Kharkov.comments.ua
- ↑ 1 2 3 Сепаратисты объявили о создании Харьковской народной республики . // «Обозреватель» (7 апреля 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 Группа депутатов провозгласила Харьковскую народную республику . // ИТАР-ТАСС (7 апреля 2014).
- ↑ Провозглашение ХНР 07.04.14 часть 3 — YouTube
- ↑ В Харькове после провозглашения республики Аваков заявил об антитеррористической операции Архивировано 8 апреля 2014 года.
- ↑ В Днепропетровске милиционеры с георгиевскими лентами оказались бойцами расформированного «Беркута»
- ↑ В Харькове задержаны более 60 человек — Интерфакс
- ↑ ХНР: Харьковская неудавшаяся республика
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Для арестованных митингующих в Харькове устроили передачу вещей . // РИА Новости (11 апреля 2014).
- ↑ В Харькове задержаны более 60 человек . // Интерфакс (8 апреля 2014).
- ↑ МВД Украины: в Харькове проходит антитеррористическая операция . // Газета.ру (8 апреля 2014).
- ↑ Глава МВД Украины обнаружил среди задержанных в Харькове «интересных личностей»
- ↑ 1 2 В Харькове устанавливают лиц, закидавших камнями автобус с курсантами ВВ . // Укринформ (9 апреля 2014).
- ↑ Вооружённые пророссийские активисты напали на правоохранителей в Харькове | Харьков | News
- ↑ Пророссийские активисты на митинге в Харькове пытались штурмом взять здание обладминистрации
- ↑ Как прогнали спецназ с центральной улицы в Харькове
- ↑ 1 2 Харьковчане по окончании рабочего дня присоединяются к митингу . // РИА Новости (8 апреля 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 Митинг сторонников федерализации в Харькове завершился . // РИА Новости (8 апреля 2014).
- ↑ 1 2 Около 100 человек собрались у суда в Харькове . // РИА Новости (9 апреля 2014).
- ↑ В Харькове суд запретил пророссийским митингующим проводить митинг в городе — Политика — 112.ua
- ↑ 2014-04-12. В Харькове на соседних площадях собираются сторонники единства Украины и их оппоненты . // Интерфакс .
- ↑ Сторонники единства Украины собрались на митинг в Харькове | podrobnosti.ua
- ↑ В Харькове на митингующих за единую Украину напали радикалы с битами — Новости Событий — Новости Mail.Ru
- ↑ В Харькове захватили городской совет — Новости Событий — Новости Mail.Ru
- ↑ Харьковская милиция освободила двор горсовета от сепаратистов — Украинское рейтинговое агентство «УРА», 13.04.2014
- ↑ Харьков: драка ультрас и активистов с георгиевскими ленточками — Korrespondent.net
- ↑ Николаевская самооборона снесла палаточный лагерь пророссийских активистов | podrobnosti.ua
- ↑ Ресурс заблокирован — Resource is blocked
- ↑ Николаев: восточный сценарий | Видео | The Kiev Times
- ↑ В Николаеве сторонники Майдана разогнали сепаратистов: 10 пострадавших. ФОТО, видео — Николаев — MIGnews.com.ua
- ↑ Из-за беспорядков в Николаеве задержаны 23 человека
- ↑ Днепропетровск: пока одни жгли флаг ЕС, другие вывесили рекордный флаг Украины . // УНИАН (6 апреля 2014). Date of treatment April 7, 2014.
- ↑ Под ОГА в Днепропетровске проходят два митинга
- ↑ Днепропетровских сепаратистов пустят в ОГА
- ↑ Совершена попытка захвата Днепропетровской ОГА
- ↑ Днепропетровск мобилизует ополченцев и строит блок-посты против сепаратистов — ТСН
- ↑ В Днепропетровске формируют батальон специального назначения «Днепр» — Укринформ, 14.04.2014
- ↑ Рублём и мечом. Как Коломойский и Аваков мотивируют нас воевать
- ↑ Доступ ограничен Архивировано 10 апреля 2014 года.
- ↑ На въездах в Запорожье создаются блокпосты против проплаченных сепаратистов // День, 9 апреля 2014
- ↑ Народная самооборона Запорожья объявила мобилизацию из-за возможных провокаций
- ↑ В Запоріжжі між учасниками Майдану і Антимайдану сталася бійка // УНІАН, 13.04.2014
- ↑ В Запорожье несколько десятков сепаратистов заставили пройти через коридор позора // УНІАН, 13.04.2014
- ↑ Появилось видео, как тысячи запорожцев проводят сепаратистов коридором позора в УБОП // ТСН
- ↑ «Русская весна». Summary
- ↑ Talk about the self-determination of the Russian people - Hero Cities - the beginning of the Russian Spring .
- ↑ Kholmogorov, E. Russian Spring . Free Press (February 24, 2014). Date of appeal April 12, 2014.
- Kholmogorov, E. Russian Spring . Russian columnist (February 25, 2014). Date of appeal April 12, 2014.
- ↑ The flag of Russia hung on a flagpole near the Kharkov City Council . LIGABusinessInform (02.26.2014). Date of treatment March 4, 2014.
- ↑ The leader of the "Night Wolves" The Surgeon travels to Sevastopol , // Gazeta.ru (02.28.2014). Date of treatment March 3, 2014.
- ↑ Russian bikers arrived in Sevastopol to support Crimean residents , Lifenews.ru (03/02/2014). Date of treatment March 3, 2014.
- ↑ Rodionov, D. "Russian spring" of eastern Ukraine. Following the Crimea, its future fate will be decided by the Donbass , Free Press (March 2, 2014). Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ Aleev, E. The "Russian Spring" , Business Online (March 2, 2014) began in Crimea . Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ Prokhvatilov, V. Putin and Russian Spring. Or how bad is a better world than a good war? , New Vedomosti (March 5, 2014). Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ On holding plenary meetings of the twenty-third session of the regional council of the sixth convocation . Website of the Lugansk Regional Council (02/03/2014). Date of treatment March 3, 2014.
- ↑ Tony Brenton . Moscow protests: is this the start of the Russian Spring? , The Daily Telegraph (12 Dec 2011). Date of treatment March 6, 2016.
- ↑ Steve Rosenberg . Mass protests in Russia put Putin under pressure , BBC News (December 12, 2011). Date of treatment March 6, 2016.
- ↑ Andrei Piontkovsky . The Russian Spring Has Begun , The Wall Street Journal (December 14, 2011). Date of treatment March 6, 2016.
- ↑ December 24th. The rally on Academician Sakharov Avenue (VIDEO TRANSLATION. RECORD), Novaya Gazeta (12.24.2011).
- ↑ News. Ru: Rallies in support of the people of Ukraine are held throughout Russia
- ↑ Petersburg teachers were driven to a rally in support of the Crimea . RBC North-West (March 4, 2014). Date of appeal April 25, 2014.
- ↑ Media: In Perm, students and state employees are driven to a rally in support of Russian policy in Ukraine . Rosbalt (March 7, 2014). Date of appeal April 25, 2014.
- ↑ Tatyana Zarovnaya. Donetsk miskrada pidtrimala separatists from Russia - even a referendum is needed for the farther share of the region (Ukrainian) . Gazeta.ua (March 1, 2014).
- ↑ Ukraine may block the state border with Russia . unian.net (2014-3-2). Date of treatment March 7, 2014.
- ↑ In Donetsk, at a rally, the resignation of the governor was demanded by visiting Russians . unian.net (2014-3-1). Date of treatment March 7, 2014.
- ↑ A fight in Kharkov was staged by Russians from Belgorod - a deputy . unian.net (2014-3-2). Date of treatment March 7, 2014.
- ↑ Alexander Prokhanov. “Who are you, Shooter?” . http: //zavtra.ru.+ Date of treatment June 26, 2015.
- ↑ Commander of self-defense of Slavyansk Igor Strelkov: Detained observers - human intelligence // KP.RU
- ↑ Ukraine opened a criminal case against Sberbank - Newspaper. Ru | Business
- ↑ SBU: Russia is involved in the hostage-taking of the OSCE in Slavyansk (video) | News. Daily News Online Details
- ↑ LOOK / Lukin commented on an audio recording of a conversation with the head of defense of Slavyansk
- ↑ Who Are the Men Behind the Masks? // aco.nato.int, 04/18/2014
- ↑ In Ukraine, the broadcasting of RTR, Channel One, Russia 24 and NTV has ceased. Archived copy of March 26, 2014 on Wayback Machine // RBC , 03/25/2014
- ↑ Yatsenyuk declared a hunt for separatists across the country // Vesti.ua, 03.16.2014
- ↑ The Federal Air Transport Agency accuses Ukraine of violating the rights of Russian pilots (March 12, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ Russian air passengers are not allowed into Ukraine without a return ticket (March 13, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ Transnistrian residents were restricted from entering Ukraine (March 12, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ Peacekeepers of the Russian Federation announced that Ukraine had closed the entry and exit from Transnistria to the Russians (March 15, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ The NSDC announced the disruption of a major anti-Ukrainian operation in 8 regions (March 16, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ The National Security and Defense Council announces the prevention of a large-scale rally of separatists (March 16, 2014). Date of treatment March 16, 2014.
- ↑ In the National Security Council of Ukraine, they are unhappy with the position of Yatsenyuk on the visa issue with the Russian Federation . ITAR-TASS.
- ↑ http://ria.ru/world/20140406/1002762258.html#14277057722084&message=resize&relto=login&action=removeClass&value=registration#ixzz3VrF1eGvq Avakov: the situation in eastern Ukraine will be brought back under control without blood. RIA News
- ↑ The Verkhovna Rada toughened the criminal punishment for separatism to 15 years. RIA News
- ↑ Turchinov promised not to chase the protesters if they lay down their arms. RIA News
- ↑ Defenders of the Donetsk state administration are preparing for a possible assault
- ↑ The Ministry of Internal Affairs promised to react harshly to protests in eastern Ukraine
- ↑ The National Security and Defense Council decided to attract troops to the anti-terrorist operation in the east - Turchinov . // Ukrinform (April 13, 2014).
- ↑ Russia condemned the use of force against the people of Ukraine . // RIA Novosti (April 13, 2014).
- ↑ Turchinov proposed to introduce UN peacekeepers to eastern Ukraine
- ↑ Turchinov announced the start of a military operation in the Donetsk region
- ↑ Turchinov announced the start of an anti-terrorist operation (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 20, 2014. Archived April 21, 2014.
- ↑ Separatism in Ukraine is financed by Yanukovych - Yarema
- ↑ PUTIN I YANUKOVICH REMOVED THE NEW TESTED SEPARATISTS IN UKRAINE, - AVAKOV // 24tv.ua. - 04.04.14 20:18
- ↑ The US State Department said that protests in eastern Ukraine were prepared and paid for by Russia // NEWSru.com. - 08.04.2014
- ↑ Speech and answers to media questions by Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey V. Lavrov at a joint press conference following negotiations with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Angola, J. R. Shikoti, Moscow, April 8, 2014
- ↑ Price of war: how much it costs Russia to maintain militants . Charter'97 (June 9, 2014). Date of treatment June 13, 2014. Archived June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Media: The cost of militants in the Donbass is $ 3 million per day . gordonua.com (June 8, 2014). Date of treatment June 13, 2014. Archived June 13, 2014.
- ↑ Podgaynaya E. The price of war: what does the cost of separatists cost . Forbes (June 6, 2014). Date of treatment June 14, 2014. Archived June 14, 2014.
- ↑ In the Dnipropetrovsk region, the SBU found separatists on social networks // UNIAN
- ↑ The prosecutor's office wants Topaz to be kept in a pre-trial detention center - City Watch
- ↑ Anti-Russianness is gaining momentum in Ukraine
- ↑ In Donetsk, by order of the governor of Taruta, SBU of Ukraine detained the black militia Benes Ayo - news on URA.ru
- ↑ Police are looking for sponsors of pro-Russian rallies in Donetsk - Donetsk.comments.ua
- ↑ The court sentenced a student of vocational school to two years in prison, who hung the flag of the Russian Federation at the building of the City Council of Donetsk - Society - 112.ua
- ↑ SBU detained the deputy "people's governor" of Donetsk region
- ↑ In Ukraine, the “people's mayor” of Mariupol detained . // RBC (April 5, 2014).
- ↑ The “People’s Mayor” of Mariupol was taken to the SBU pre-trial detention center in Kiev . // Interfax (April 5, 2014).
- ↑ In Lugansk, protesters gathered outside the SBU building. Russian spring in Lugansk (video)
- ↑ SBU covered the Russian giant - coordinator of separatist actions in Lugansk region Archived copy of September 24, 2015 on Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
- ↑ MIA: Among the invaders of the Kharkov Regional State Administration - 14 previously convicted . // LIGABusinessInform (April 10, 2014). Date of treatment April 11, 2014.
- ↑ In Ukraine, a saboteur from the pro-Kremlin movement was detained
- ↑ A deputy of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation asks the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to help the “short-sighted honors student” detained in Ukraine
- ↑ The Ukrainian authorities released Russian Planet detained for espionage, Russian Planet, 09/15/2014
- ↑ Case opened in self-proclaimed president of Southeast Ukraine
- ↑ On May holidays in the Southeast expect provocations, - Parubiy
- ↑ The deputy "people's mayor" of Slavyansk was detained - SBU
- ↑ SBU detained the coordinator of separatist actions in the Luhansk region
- ↑ One of the leaders of the Kharkov “Anti-Maidan” sentenced to 6 years in prison
- ↑ OSCE observers assess the situation in eastern Ukraine as tense
- ↑ Situation remains tense in eastern Ukraine, OSCE monitors observe
- ↑ UN Assistant Secretary General for Human Rights believes that the human rights situation in Ukraine has deteriorated significantly
- ↑ UN Security Council calls on Russia to stop telling “Ukrainian tales”
- ↑ NATO called Russian exercises a violation of the Geneva agreements
- ↑ Submissive Kiev forces are advancing on Slavyansk. Live Broadcast - Newspaper. Ru | Politics
- ↑ In the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine there is no powerful separatist movement, the OSCE believes - Naviny.by, May 2, 2014
- ↑ OSCE PA condemns Russia's flagrant violation of the Helsinki Principles with regard to Ukraine . Interfax-Ukraine (July 2, 2014). Date of treatment July 2, 2014. Archived July 2, 2014.
- ↑ Richard Solash. OSCE parliamentarians adopt Baku Declaration: Wide-ranging recommendations in fields of security, human rights and more approved by wide margin . OSCE (July 2, 2014). Date of treatment July 2, 2014. Archived July 2, 2014.
- ↑ US ambassador condemned the actions of protesters in Lugansk :: Polemika.com.ua unopened (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 10, 2014. Archived April 10, 2014.
- ↑ The United States calls the terrorist actions of the invaders of administrative buildings in the eastern regions of Ukraine . RBC Ukraine (April 9, 2014). Date of treatment December 1, 2014.
- ↑ The State Department accused Russia of organizing attacks in eastern Ukraine . Forbes.ru (April 13, 2014). Date of treatment April 13, 2014. Archived on April 13, 2014.
- ↑ US State Department publishes another “10 false statements about Ukraine”
- ↑ The White House confirmed the trip of the CIA director to Kiev . // RBC (April 14, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014.
- ↑ White House confirms CIA director's trip to Kiev (inaccessible link) . // Associated Press (April 14, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014. Archived on April 14, 2014.
- ↑ The CIA denies Brennan's involvement in a special operation in eastern Ukraine . // RIA Novosti (April 14, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014.
- ↑ Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the DPR (Unavailable link) . "Ukrainian Choice" (April 17, 2014). Date of treatment November 7, 2018. Archived on March 9, 2016.
- ↑ Geneva Agreement on the Crisis in Ukraine: No to Violence and Anti-Semitism
- ↑ Main provisions of the four-sided Geneva statement (Rus.) ITAR-TASS (April 17, 2014)
- ↑ Geneva statement of April 17, 2014 (Russian) korrespondent.net (April 17, 2014)
- ↑ Donetsk People’s Republic demanded that Kiev disarm the National Guard and the Right Sector . Interfax (April 18, 2014).
- ↑ Obama accused Russia of non-compliance with the Geneva agreements
- ↑ Barack Obama accused Russia of destabilizing actions in southeastern Ukraine
- ↑ Bildt: Russia must revoke the mandate for an armed invasion of Ukraine
- ↑ Steinmeier: Germany expects clear de-escalation signals from Moscow
- ↑ OSCE representatives arrived in Slavyansk - media
- ↑ EU supports Kyiv’s actions to restore order in eastern Ukraine | News from Germany about Europe | DW.DE | 04/09/2014
- ↑ In Germany they support ATO of Kiev in the eastern regions of Ukraine - media
- ↑ EU: Kiev should refrain from using force in eastern regions
- ↑ EU recognizes Ukraine’s right to counter-terrorist operation in the east of the country
- ↑ ЄC zaklikaє ukrainian water will exaggerate the world’s supreme peace
- ↑ Address of Sergey Aksyonov to the people of Ukraine // YouTube
- ↑ Russia for the Donbass! (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment June 16, 2014. Archived July 4, 2014.
- ↑ Five demands on the Russian authorities put forward at a rally in support of Novorossia
- ↑ Lukashenko showed Turchinov secret Ukrainian cards // Belarusian Partisan
- ↑ Ukraine demands from Russia to stop sabotage and military threat , newru.ua. Archived on May 2, 2014. Date of treatment May 2, 2014.
- ↑ Separatism of Donbass - a predictable explosion and an old war of free Donetsk with a "center" , news24ua.com. Date of treatment May 2, 2014.
- ↑ Nareshti, the power spoke with the terrorists of my strength , 24. Date of treatment May 2, 2014.
- ↑ Slov'yans'ku has been hit by 2 Ukrainian military service teams, mid-term tezhov еж three times , First National. Date of treatment May 2, 2014.
- ↑ Russia influenced the situation around the capture of members of the OSCE experts (Rus.) . Date of treatment May 3, 2014.
- ↑ Sakwa, 2014 , p. 155 : “The insurgents came to be dubbed 'pro-Russian separatists', and while this may be accurate for some of them, the rebellion reflected broader concern about the lack of constitutional and political defense for their way of life and historical economic and cultural links with Russia ".
- ↑ V. Bolotov said that he freed Ukrainian journalists of UNN, 07/02/2014
- ↑ Stepan Opalev , Farida Rustamova , Elizabeth Dobkin . No longer the junta: how the rhetoric of state channels about the Ukrainian crisis “ RBC ” has changed , 07/01/2014
- ↑ Kiev International Institute of Sociology . The dynamics of the attitude of the population of Ukraine to Russia and the population of Russia to Ukraine, what kind of relations with Russia would Ukrainians like , KIIS (March 4, 2014). Date of treatment March 9, 2014.
- ↑ 77% of Crimean residents are going to vote for joining ..., Interfax
- ↑ GfK Ukraine . Vіdnosna bіlshіst ukrainіtsіv pіdtrimuє zmіnu vlady; Scheme and Pivden are becoming increasingly recognized as our presidential candidate , GfK Ukraine (GFK Ukraine) (April 3, 2014). Date of treatment April 10, 2014.
- ↑ Press conference: “Who and why is tearing Ukraine apart: are there really separatism inherent in the regions?” . UKRINFORM (April 11, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014.
- ↑ Separation of their region from Ukraine is supported by less than 6% of citizens - a survey . UNIAN News Agency (April 11, 2014). Date of treatment April 14, 2014.
- ↑ 'Anti-terrorist' campaign in peril as Kiev's writ fails to reach Ukraine's east | World news | theguardian.com
- ↑ OPINIONS AND VIEWS OF RESIDENTS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF UKRAINE: APRIL 2014 - Ukraine - zn.ua
- ↑ In opinion polls in southeastern Ukraine, 70% opposed joining Russia
Literature
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