Dionysius of Radonezh

Born in a posad family. At baptism was named by David (in honor of David of Solunsky ) ^[3] . When the child was 5 or 6 years old, his parents moved to Staritsa, where his father became the headman of the Yamskaya Sloboda. In the same period, David was given up for education to local priests: Guriy Rzhevitin and German Tulupov ^{[1] [4]} .

Upon reaching adulthood, at the insistence of his parents, he married a woman named Vassa, who bore him two sons - Vasily and Kozma ^[5] . In the same period, he became a priest at the Church of the Epiphany, which was located in one of the possessions of the Holy Assumption Monastery in Staritsa . After the death of his wife and both sons (c. 1601-1602 gg. ^[1] ) he was tonsured under the name of Dionysius in the same monastery, where he soon became treasurer, and in mid-1605 or in August 1607 - archimandrite ^[4] .

During the reign of Dionysius, the deposed Patriarch Job was brought to the Holy Assumption Monastery. Contrary to the instructions of False Dmitry I , Dionysius gave Job a very warm welcome, and when he passed away in June 1607, the archimandrite erected a “tent” on his grave - a stone gravestone ^[6] .

In February ^{[7] [4]} 1610 ^{[comm. 1]} Dionysius was posed by the archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery , the siege of which shortly before the described time was lifted by the troops of Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky and Jacob Delagardi . Immediately after being elevated to the rank, he began to actively promote the opening of hospitals, as well as “courtyards and hutsWanderers ” ^{[10] [9] [11]} . At the same time, Dionysius and Abraham Palitsyn wrote and sent letters to “troubled cities”, calling for unification to fight the enemy and to provide all possible support to the First Militia ^{[12] [11] [13]} . Lists of three such letters have survived to this day: from June 1611, from October 1611 and from April 1612 ^[13]

On August 14 ( 24 ), 1612 , the archimandrite accepted the Second Militia going to Moscow in the monastery and blessed the warriors for the liberation of the capital, saying: “ God be with you and the great miracle worker Sergei to help you stand and suffer for the true, for the Orthodox Christian faith ” ^[14] . As the author of The New Chronicler notes, the parting words of archimandrite Dionysius contributed in many respects to raising the morale of the militias ^[14] .

Around the same time, an anonymous “Message to the Governors Prince Dimitry Trubetskoy and Prince Dimitry Pozharsky ” appeared, which, according to modern scholars, belongs to the pen of Dionysius. Developing the idea of ​​the need to unite the militias, the author also talked about the meaning of the commandment of love for a Christian and about how the true leaders of the people, who do not want to destroy the country and cause the wrath of God, should behave ^{[15] [16]} .

In November 1612, during the liberation of Moscow, Dionysius performed a public prayer at the Forefront of the United Russian army of the First and Second Militias, which entered the capital.

On April 26 ( May 6 ), 1613 , Dionysius received Mikhail Fedorovich who was going to Moscow in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and on July 11 ( 21 ), 1613 he participated in his wedding to the kingdom .

On November 8 ( 18 ), 1616 , Dionysius received a letter from Mikhail Fedorovich, where the tsar ordered the archimandrite to deal with the correction of Trebnik , connecting to this work those old men who “are genuinely and commendably familiar with book teaching and can write and rhetoric ” ^[17] . It was necessary not only to make corrections, but also to update the composition of the book, since they were subsequently going to print it. Together with the elders Arseny Glukh , Anthony Krylov and John Nasedka, the archimandrite corrected and significantly expanded the text of the Trebnik in comparison with the latest edition, published in 1602. In addition, scholars of the monks straightened texts and other liturgical books - Triodi Tsvetnoy , Oktoikha , General Mineya ^{[18 ] [19]} .

By May 1618, the work was completed, after which, in accordance with the instructions of the tsar’s decree, the directors had to compose a “reply” and transfer it to the order of the Grand Palace. This mission was undertaken by Archimandrite Dionysius. Having notified representatives of secular authorities, he went to the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Jonah , to acquaint him with the results of the work. The texts submitted by the archimandrite were submitted for consideration by the Church Council, which began work on July 4 ( 14 ), 1618. On the same day, a group of monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, consisting of the painter Filaret, the headman Longin and the sacristy Markell (Kolchin), spoke against the archimandrite and his assistants. , which was joined by the elder Dorofei from the Novospassky monastery and the miracle archimandrite Abraham. The monks sent Metropolitan Jonah several “speeches”, where they accused Dionysius of “ scraping and cutting out many books, and writing in that place of his own free will ” ^[20] .

After long and persistent disputes, the directors were convicted. On July 18 ( 28 ), 1618 , the Council condemned them for the fact that “the name of the Holy Trinity in the books ordered morals and do not profess the Holy Spirit , as there is fire ” ^{[21] [20]} . The first of these accusations was related to the correction of the final blessings in prayers (the directors removed from the appeals to God the Father or to God the Son the mention of other Persons of the Holy Trinity). The second accusation meant a change in the text of the prayer recited in the eve of the Epiphany , where from the petition: "Even now, Lord, sanctify the water with your Holy Spirit and fire” - it was deleted “and by fire” (not finding these words in the earliest sources of the text , directors quite justifiably regarded them as a later insert) ^[20] .

Dionysius and John Nasedo lost their right to conduct services ^[21] , while the elders Arseny and Anthony were deprived of the sacrament ^[20] . Within four days after the sentencing, Dionysius was brought to the Patriarchal Court and to the courtyard of Metropolitan Jonah, where he was beaten ^{[22] [20]} and demanded payment of a fine of five hundred rubles ^{[21] [23] [24]} . Since Dionysius refused to pay the required amount (this would have terminated the case, but would have been tantamount to a guilty plea), he was detained and subsequently “sent to humility” at the Novospassky Monastery ^{[21] [25] [20]} .

In April 1619, the Jerusalem Patriarch Theophanes IV arrived in Moscow, and in June of the same year Patriarch Filaret returned from Polish captivity. A week after his accession to the patriarchal throne, a Council was convened to review the case of Archimandrite Dionysius. The work of the Cathedral ended with the complete justification of the Trinity rector and his colleagues. Soon after, Arseny Glukhoy and Anthony (Krylov) became directors of the Moscow Printing House , John Nasedka - priest of the Annunciation Cathedral , and Dionysius returned to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery ^[20] . In addition, Patriarch Filaret accepted almost all corrections in the final praises of prayers, as well as the elimination of the words “and by fire” from the text of the prayer recited in the eve of the Epiphany: on December 9 ( 19 ), 1625 , he commissioned the abbot of the Anthony-Siya Monastery Iona to make the last of the mentioned corrections to all liturgical books accessible to him and make sure that from January the clergy “ sanctify the water in the name of the Saints of the Epiphany according to this decree without the pretext of“ fire “ ” ^[26] .

In the early 1620s. Trinity archimandrite proved himself as the inspirer of many architectural and construction events, " erecting the ovo of the church anew, others, after the ruin, renewing ” ^[27] . In particular, in 1621, near the refectory of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a stone church was erected in the name of St. Michael Malein , the heavenly patron saint of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. In 1622, the church was demolished and then built again over the tomb of St. Nikon , consecrated on September 21, 1624. ^[28] It is important to note that, when founding churches and temples, Archimandrite Dionysius also took care of supplying them with utensils: “ Books and censers , and crosses, vessels, patrachels , vestments, clergy and other church utensils building and in the church giving. But he also has in his possession a lot of utensils for decoration in church needs ” ^[27] . A large number of such items were purchased by the reverend at his own expense. A few years earlier, on December 15 ( 25 ), 1619 , Dionysius consecrated the Church of the Holy Face in the village of Deulino , which was erected at the behest of Mikhail Fedorovich in memory of the peace treaty concluded between Russia and the Commonwealth ^[29] .

Another major undertaking undertaken during the life of Dionysius is associated with the name of his teacher German Tulupov . On March 1 ( 11 ), 1626 , he was tonsured at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, on behalf of the archimandrite, he composed Chetii-Minei (1627-1632), a collection of the lives of Russian saints (1633), as well as a collection containing the lives of St. Sergius and Nikon of Radonezh and his services (c. 1630). The last of these manuscripts contains corrections made by the hand of Dionysius ^[28] .

In early May 1633, the archimandrite died. By order of Patriarch Filaret , his remains were brought to Moscow to the Epiphany Church behind Vetoshny nearby, where the funeral service took place. May 10 ( 20 ), 1633 ^{[30] the} body of the archimandrite was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery at the southwestern vestibule of the Trinity Cathedral. Currently, the relics of the saint are in the Serapion tent of the same cathedral ^[31] .

According to the ethnographer S. V. Maksimov , the trial of Dionisy Radonezh and his reference colleagues was reflected in the catch phrase “Fire burns” - “an unbreakable proverb in truth about the inevitability of trouble and sin for every person” ^[32] . Separate events of the life of the archimandrite were captured in the paintings of M. I. Scotti (“Rev. Dionisy Zobninovsky presents a patriotic letter to the warrior - the defender of the besieged Trinity-Sergius Monastery”, 1851) and V. M. Vasnetsov (“Archimandrite of the Trinity Lavra Monk Avion Dionysius with the cell Palitsins dictate a letter of assembly of the people's militia to liberate Moscow from the Poles. ”) In addition, Vasnetsov in 1913 worked on a project of a monument to Patriarch Germogen and Archimandrite Dionysius, which was supposed to be erected on Red Square ; this plan remained unrealized ^[33] .

• Tver region, city of Staritsa, Staritsky Assumption Monastery
• Moscow Region, Sergiev-Posad, Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
• Tver region., Village Glebovo, Church of the Epiphany of the Lord (Throne of Dionysius of Radonezh, not preserved)
• Tverskaya oblast, village of Desyatiny, Rev. Dionysius Chapel (not preserved)
• Belarus, Gomel, Gomel Nikolsky Monastery. Church of Dionysius of Radonezh (active).

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  The Serapion tent of the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, where cancer with the relics of Dionysius of Radonezh is currently located.

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Links

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• Skvortsov D.I. Dionisy Zobninovsky, archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (now laurels) . - Tver: Type. provincial government, 1890. - [4], 444, IV p.
• Skvortsov D.I. Dionisy Zobninovsky, archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (an outline of his life and work, mainly before his appointment to the Trinity archimandrites) . - Tver: Type. provincial government, 1890. - [1], 69 p.
• Solovyov S. M. Russian Confessors of Education in the 17th Century // Readings and Stories on the History of Russia. - M .: True, 1989. - S. 403-413. - 768 p.
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• Orthodox calendar of the portal Orthodoxy. Ru
• Site of Staritsa
• Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra. Official site