Denʼina ( Denaʼina , self-name / dənʌʔɪnʌ / ), formerly known as Tanaina, is an endangered Atabaskan language spoken by the people of Denʼina (Tanaina) , who live near Cook Bay and the surrounding territories in southern Alaska, USA. This is the geographically unique language of Alaska, as it is the only Atabas language whose distribution area is on the borders with salt water. The waterway, which has the settlements of denagin (tanain), is called Nuti ("salt water") in their language [2] , the same term is used to name the Gulf of Cook [3] .
| Denʼina | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Denaʼina Qenaga or Denaʼinaqʼ |
| Country | USA |
| Regions | Alaska |
| Total number of speakers | 75 (2007) |
| Status | |
| Classification | |
| |
| Writing | latin |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | tfn |
| WALS | |
| Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| Ethnologue | |
| ELCat | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Content
Dialects
Dialects that usually stand out [4] :
- Verkhnezalivny (Upper Inlet; distributed in Knik , Susitna , and )
- External filling (Outer Inlet; distributed in Kenai , Kustatan, and Seldovia )
- Inland (Inland; distributed in Lyme Village and Nondolton )
- Iliamna (Iliamna; distributed in Old Iliamna, and the area near Lake Iliamna )
The letter was developed in the 1970s. Currently, the people of Denagin speak mainly English , and out of 900 people, only 75 speak the language of Denagin.
Phonetics and Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ordinary | lateral | sizzling | |||||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | |||||||
| Explosive and affricates | ordinary | (b [b] ) | d [t] | dl [t͡ɬ] | dz [t͡s] | j [t͡ʃ] | g [k] | gg [q] | ʼ [ʔ] |
| aspirated | t [tʰ] | tl [t͡ɬʰ] | ts [t͡sʰ] | ch [t͡ʃʰ] | k [kʰ] | q [qʰ] | |||
| abusive | t ' [tʼ] | tl ' [t͡ɬʼ] | ts' [t͡sʼ] | ch ' [t͡ʃʼ] | k ' [kʼ] | q ' [qʼ] | |||
| Fricatives | deaf | (f [f] ) | ɬ [ɬ] | s [s] | sh [ʃ] | x [x] | h [χ] | ĥ [h] | |
| voiced | v [v] | l [l] | z [z] | zh [ʒ] | ŷ [ɣ] | gh [ʁ] | |||
| Approximants | (r [ɹ] ) | [j] | |||||||
Vowels
There are 4 vowels in Denagin
| Front | Medium | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top | i | u | |
| Medium | e [ə] | ||
| Lower | a |
Dictionaries
compiled and published in 2007 an English-denʼin thematic dictionary [5] . Unpublished dictionaries of Kari: Kenai Tanaina Noun Dictionary, Preliminary Version, 1974; "Dictionary of the Athabascan Language of Denagin" of 1994.
Literature on Money
Writer and ethnographer Peter of California wrote traditional short stories, poems, and language lessons in the Kenai dialect of Denagin. He also wrote original works on Denagin, including a number of autobiographical ones. In 1991, the book “A Denaʼina Legacy - Kʼtlʼeghʼi Sukdu: The Collected Writings of Peter Kalifornsky” was published, containing 147 bilingual denahina-English works [6] .
Notes
- ↑ UNESCO Red Book of Languages
- ↑ Maria Sháa Tláa Williams. The Alaska Native Reader: History, Culture, Politics . - Duke University Press, 2009. - P. 70. - ISBN 0-8223-9083-3 .
- ↑ Shem Pete's Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena'ina . - University of Alaska Press, 2003. - P. 272. - ISBN 978-1-889963-57-0 .
- ↑ Shem Pete's Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena'ina . - University of Alaska Press, 1 August 2003. - P. 10. - ISBN 978-1-889963-57-0 .
- ↑ James Kari. (2007). Dena'ina Topical Dictionary. ANLC. 367 pp. ISBN 978-1-55500-091-2 // Reviewed in International Journal of American Linguistics vol. 75: 110-113 by Keren Rice, jstor: 10.1086 / 598210
- ↑ Peter Kalifornsky (1991) A Dena'ina Legacy - K'tl'egh'i Sukdu: The Collected Writings of Peter Kalifornsky . Ed. by James Kari and Alan Boraas. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Literature
- Tenenbaum, Joan Marsha (1978), Morphology and Semantics of the Tanaina Verb , Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University.
Links
- Tanana on Ethnologue
- Kenai Tanaina Noun Dictionary by James Kari (1974) (link not available)
- Dena'ina Athabaskan Junior Dictionary by James Kari (1979) (link not available)
- Audio (recorded by James Carey in 1974)