The battle on the Southern Bug took place on the banks of the eponymous river in the territory of modern Ukraine. The result of it was a decisive victory for the Bulgarians, forcing the Hungarians to leave the Black Sea steppes forever [1] [2] and move to the Carpathians . A distant consequence was the foundation after a hundred years of the kingdom of Hungary .
| Battle of the Southern Bug | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Main Conflict: Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars | |||
| date | 896 | ||
| A place | Southern Bug , Ukraine | ||
| Total | The decisive victory of the Bulgarians . | ||
| Opponents | |||
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| Commanders | |||
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| Forces of the parties | |||
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Content
The origins of the conflict
In 894, a war broke out between the Bulgarians and Byzantium due to trade differences between the two countries. Byzantine Emperor Leo VI Philosopher moved the trade of Bulgarian merchants from Constantinople to Thessaloniki and increased customs duties. In the same year, Simeon I invaded East Thrace and defeated the Byzantines near Adrianople. In response, the ambassador of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI went to the Hungarians and generously brought them to attack the Bulgarians. In 895, the Hungarians crossed the Danube and inflicted two defeats on the Bulgarians; Simeon I himself took refuge from the Hungarians in the Dristr fortress, which he successfully defended. The Bulgarians were forced to make peace with Byzantium and focus on countering the Hungarians.
In 896, Simeon entered into an alliance with the Pechenegs and, while they fought with the Hungarians in the east, gathered a huge army and moved to the north-eastern borders of the country. In the campaign, Simeon was accompanied by his father Boris, who had left the monastery for the sake of battle.
Battle
Simeon ordered his army to fast for three days, as well as repent of their sins and turn to God for help. When everything was done, the battle began. It was long and unusually tough, but in the end the Hungarians (probably led by Arpad) suffered a heavy defeat [3] [4] [5] .
Consequences
The victory allowed Simeon to withdraw his troops south to fight Byzantium. In the end, the war ended in victory for Bogaria, the Greeks had to sign an unprofitable peace [6] [7] [8] [9] . The Pechenegs continued to press the Hungarians to the west, and they eventually moved to the territory of modern Hungary.
Notes
- ↑ Zlatarski, V. Istorija na parvoto balgarsko carstvo , pp. 311-312.
- ↑ Constantin Porphyrogen , ibid., P. 173 (2-10), Symeon Logothet , ibid., P. 773 (19-22), Leo Grammaticus , p. 268 (19-22), Theophanes Continuatus , p. 359 (10-22), Skylica - Cedrin , II, p. 256 (8-11), Zonaras , IV, p. 411-3, Dummler, III, pp. 444-445.
- ↑ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire , p. 147.
- ↑ Annales Fuldenses , p. 413
- ↑ Harimannus Augiensis, p. 111
- ↑ Runciman, p. 148
- ↑ Treadgold, p. 464
- ↑ Zlatarski, pp. 318–321
- ↑ Zlatarski, p. 317
Literature
- Andreev, Jordan. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars: [] . - Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar, 1996 .-- ISBN 954-427-216-X .
- Obolensky, Dmitri. The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe 500–1453. - New York , Washington, DC : Praeger Publishers , 1971.
- Peychev, Atanas. 1300 Years On Guard: [] . - Sofia: Voenno Izdatelstvo, 1984.
- Runciman, Steven. The Two Eagles // A History of the First Bulgarian Empire . - London : George Bell & Sons , 1930.
- Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium (600-1025). - Los Angeles : University of California Press , 1996 .-- ISBN 0-520-20497-2 .
- Zlatarski, Vasil. History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire. : [] . - 2. - Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1971.
- Part I. From the Slavianization to the Fall of the First Empire (852–1018); IV. Struggle with Byzantium for Political Supremacy; 1. Emperor Simeon and his first war with Byzantium // Error: the
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- Part I. From the Slavianization to the Fall of the First Empire (852–1018); IV. Struggle with Byzantium for Political Supremacy; 1. Emperor Simeon and his first war with Byzantium // Error: the
- Yordan Andreev, Milcho Lalkov. Balgarskite Khanov and Tsar, Veliko Turnovo, 1996.