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Alkylating antineoplastic drugs

Alkylating antineoplastic drugs are chemotherapeutic antitumor cytotoxic drugs whose mechanism of action is based on the attachment of an alkyl group to DNA and, as a result, violation of the DNA structure and the inability for a malignant cell to share , to carry out mitosis . This, in turn, triggers the apoptosis mechanism in the damaged cell. [one]

The alkyl group at the same time joins the guanine nucleotide base of DNA , at the 7th nitrogen atom of the purine ring.

Since malignant cells, in general, usually divide much more often and faster, and with less β€œerror correction” than normal healthy cells, they are more sensitive to various DNA damage, such as its alkylation. Therefore, alkylating antineoplastic agents are successfully used to treat certain types of malignant tumors. However, alkylating agents are also toxic to normal healthy cells ( cytotoxic to them), which leads to their damage and death. Labile cells are particularly sensitive to the damaging effects of alkylating agents, i.e. tissue cells that quickly divide normally ( bone marrow and immunocompetent tissue cells, cells of the gastrointestinal tract , respiratory tract , urinary tract , skin cells and its appendages (hair, nails), the cells germinal tissue testes and ovaries . thereby, alkylating agents when used in therapeutic doses naturally and inevitably cause alopecia , inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis developmental leu Open , thrombocytopenia and anemia , suppression of immunity (fraught infections ), lesions of the skin ( dermatitis , skin ulcers), mucositis mucous membrane ( stomatitis , glossitis , cheilitis , gastritis , esophagitis , duodenitis , colitis , proctitis , cystitis , urethritis ). The negative effect on gonads can lead to loss of fertility. A negative effect on liver function can lead to the development of toxic hepatitis . Most alkylating agents are also powerful mutagens , carcinogens and teratogens . Therapeutic hyperthermia significantly enhances the antitumor effect of precisely alkylating drugs, since all chemical reactions, including DNA alkylation reactions, are more active at high temperatures. [2]

A combination of alkylating preparations with simultaneously conducted ionizing radiation leads to the same effect, since ionizing radiation, causing massive formation of free radicals in cells, not only directly damages DNA itself, but also increases the likelihood of DNA alkylation with a simultaneously administered drug of this group.

Content

  • 1 History
  • 2 Nonspecific alkylating agents
  • 3 Alkylating antineoplastic agents requiring intracellular activation for their action
  • 4 Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which the active alkylating group is connected to one or another natural metabolite of the body
  • 5 Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which the active alkylating group is combined with a hormonally active substance
  • 6 Difference between dialkylating and monoalkylating chemotherapeutic agents, cross-linking and intra-chain DNA bonding
  • 7 Examples
    • 7.1 Classical alkylating antitumor drugs
    • 7.2 Chemotherapeutic agents, the action of which is similar to the action of alkylating agents, but not having an alkyl group
    • 7.3 Nonclassical alkylating agents
  • 8 Limitations
  • 9 notes
  • 10 Links

History

Before the use of alkylating agents in chemotherapy of malignant tumors, many of them were already known as "mustard gas" ( mustard gas and its analogues), which were used as a chemical weapon in the skin-boil type during the First World War . The nitrogenous mustard analogs were historically the first alkylating agents used in medicine and the first examples of modern chemotherapy for malignant tumors. Goodman, Gilman, and their colleagues at Yale University began to study nitrogen analogues of mustard gas in 1942 . And soon after the discovery that the administration of these agents sometimes leads to a significant reduction and even complete disappearance of experimental malignant tumors in laboratory mice , these chemotherapeutic agents were first tested in humans at the end of the same year. The use of β€œHN2 gas” - methyl bis- (Ξ²-chloroethyl) -amine hydrochloride (later known as mechlorethamine , or mustine , mustargen , embihin ) and β€œHN3 gas” - tris- (Ξ²-chloroethyl) -amine hydrochloride for chemotherapeutic treatment of advanced cases of lymphogranulomatosis , lymphoma and lymphosarcoma , leukemia and other malignant tumors, especially hematological in volunteer patients, often led to a rapid decrease or even temporary complete disappearance of the tumor masses. However, then relapses inevitably arose, moreover with resistance to mechlorethamine (β€œHN2 gas”) and to β€œHN3 gas”. Due to the high degree of secrecy surrounding these developments, as well as everything related to research in the field of chemical warfare agents , the results of Goodman and Gilman's studies on the antitumor activity of mechlorethamine and β€œHN3 gas” were not published until 1946 . [3] These publications caused an explosion of enthusiasm among oncologists and a sharp increase in interest in the previously non-existent field of chemotherapeutic treatment of human malignant tumors.

In the next 25 years after the publication of Goodman and Gilman on the antitumor activity of mechlorethamine (β€œHN2 gas”) and β€œHN3 gas”, dozens of new alkylating chemotherapeutic agents were synthesized that had noticeably less toxicity (in particular, less hematological toxicity, less ability to cause pronounced myelosuppression) and a wider spectrum of antitumor effects. In particular, many of the newly synthesized alkylating agents proved to be applicable not only for hemoblastoses, but also for various solid malignant tumors. Such successful developments include, for example, melphalan and cyclophosphamide , which have retained their significance and are widely used in chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms to this day. [four]

A common myth claims that it allegedly occurred to Goodman and Gilman (or was suggested by their superiors from Yale University) to study the potential suitability of nitrogen mustard analogues as possible means for chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms after an incident in Italy in a city in 1943 Bari, where soldiers and civilians who survived the effects of "mustard gas" suffered from severe leukopenia for a long time. However, in fact, experiments on the chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant tumors using nitrogen mustard analogs, first on animals , and then on human volunteers, began a year before the event in Bari, in 1942. Gilman does not mention the Bari episode as having any significance or having any influence on his and Goodman's scientific research on the antitumor activity of nitrogen mustard analogs, although he certainly knew about this episode. [5] And the ability of mustard gas to cause pronounced leukopenia, myelosuppression and immunosuppression was known long before the experiments of Goodman and Gilman, since 1919, since the end of the First World War . [four]

Nonspecific alkylating agents

Some alkylating antitumor agents are initially active under the conditions that are present in the cells and do not require any preliminary intracellular metabolic activation to manifest their effect. At the same time, the same mechanism of action that determines their high toxicity allows them to be used as antitumor agents. These drugs directly attack DNA molecules and inhibit or stop tumor growth, causing the formation of pair double bonds (cross-linking) between guanine nucleotide bases belonging to different chains in a double-stranded DNA molecule. This makes it impossible to β€œuntangle” (deploy, separate) the double-stranded DNA molecule into two separate chains, which is necessary for the process of cell division. Thus, this makes cell division impossible and triggers apoptosis in it. These chemotherapy drugs act nonspecifically and damage both malignant and healthy cells, especially those that normally divide rapidly (hematopoietic cells, immunocompetent cells, skin and appendage epithelial cells, mucous membrane epithelial cells, gonad cells).

Alkylating antineoplastic agents requiring intracellular activation for their action

Some of the alkylating antineoplastic agents themselves are initially inactive (they are prodrugs ), and for their antitumor effect to manifest, their transformation in the cells into active metabolites is required.

And since in the tumor cells the concentration and activity of the necessary enzymes that metabolize the inactive prodrug in question into its active form, as a rule, is significantly higher than in healthy tissues (as is the case, for example, in the case of alkaline phosphatase in different types of tumors and with acid prostatic phosphatase in prostate cancer ), namely on malignant cells, as well as on activated (recruited into the process of reproduction, differentiation and blast transformation) lymphoid cells, come the main blow of the alkylating cytostatic effect is taking place, with a relatively smaller effect on healthy rapidly dividing cells. This significantly expands the therapeutic range of such an alkylating agent, reduces its systemic toxicity to healthy tissues (in particular, hematotoxicity, i.e., myelosuppressive activity, leading to the development of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia) and increases the relative antitumor and immunosuppressive activity of such a drug by increasing its selectivity (selectivity) and specificity for tumor and activated lymphoid tissues compared to healthy tissues.

In addition, this significantly expands the spectrum of antitumor effects of such drugs on different types of tumors compared to the spectrum of action of "non-specific" alkylating agents such as mechlorethamine and chlorambucil, which are mainly effective in hemoblastoses, and their use in solid tumors is hindered by their low specificity and excessively high , unacceptable hematologic toxicity in doses that can inhibit the growth of solid tumors.

These are exactly according to the principle of action (that is, they are prodrugs and require intracellular activation, which occurs most rapidly and actively in tumor and activated lymphoid cells) all alkylating preparations from the group of oxazaphosphorin derivatives (the so-called "phosphoramide mustards"): cyclophosphamide , ifosfamide , mafosfamide and etc. This makes this group of alkylating preparations highly effective and relatively low toxic (of course, relative to mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, and other β€œnon-specific” drugs). chemotherapy treatment for a very wide range of malignant neoplastic diseases, and the frequent components of modern combination chemotherapy for different types of solid tumors (for example, the CAF chemotherapy regimen of I line for breast cancer : cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil).

In addition, the ability of cyclophosphamide to exhibit high cytostatic activity in activated lymphoid tissue makes it one of the most powerful and highly potent immunosuppressants . In small doses (compared to those used in chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant neoplasms), cyclophosphamide is very effective in treating systemic lupus erythematosus , pemphigus , autoimmune anemia, glomerulonephritis , Wegener's granulomatosis , multiple sclerosis , and other severe and dangerous autoimmune disease . High doses of cyclophosphamide, however, cause alopecia, pancytopenia (anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia), gastrointestinal mucositis, and hemorrhagic cystitis.

Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which an active alkylating group is attached to one or another natural metabolite of the body

A number of alkylating antineoplastic agents were specially synthesized in such a way that the active alkylating group (in most cases the bis-beta-chloroethylamine group) of the alkylating drug was combined with one or another natural metabolite of the body, the need for which is increased in malignant cells. Thus, for example, melphalan (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of the phenylalanine amino acid ) or uramustine (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of uracil nucleotide ), mannomustine (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of mannitol ) are arranged in this way. This increases the uptake and uptake of the alkylating agent by tumor cells compared to healthy ones (roughly speaking, they take up melphalan instead of phenylalanine, uramustine instead of uracil, mannomustine instead of mannitol). As in the case of alkylating prodrugs that require intracellular activation in order to manifest their alkylating effect, this mechanism significantly increases the concentration gradient of the active substance β€œtumor / healthy tissue”, increases the specificity and selectivity of the antitumor effect, and expands the spectrum of the action of the alkylating drug on various types of tumors .

Thanks to the above mechanism (active capture of melphalan instead of phenylalanine by active amino acid transport), melphalan as an antitumor cytostatic agent has retained its significance today, while nonspecific alkylating agents, such as chlorambucil , mechlorethamine , are rarely used today ( and less and less), for example mechlorethamine - only for the treatment of lymphogranulomatosis within the framework of the MOPP protocol.

Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which an active alkylating group is linked to a hormone-active substance

Some alkylating antineoplastic agents were specially synthesized in such a way as to selectively alkylate the DNA of cells expressing certain intracellular hormonal receptors . These, as you know, are the receptors for steroid hormones: estrogens, glucocorticoids, etc. Many hormone-sensitive or hormone-dependent tumors have an increased expression of steroid hormone receptors, which are growth and proliferation factors for them, or, conversely, inhibitory factors.

So, the development of prostate cancer is accelerated by androgens and inhibited by estrogens , and in the tissue of prostate cancer, there is often overexpression of both. The development of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue (lymphomas, lymphosarcomas, lymphogranulomatosis, acute lymphoid leukemia) is inhibited by glucocorticoids .

Based on this knowledge, alkylating preparations such as estramustine and prednimustine were synthesized and successfully used. Благодаря ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ с эстрогСнными ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡŽΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ соотвСтствСнно, экспрСссия ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, эти Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ слабо Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ быстро дСлящиСся ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ иммуносупрСссии ΠΈ миСлосупрСссии ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ высокий Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ/здоровая Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡŒΒ». Эстрамустин примСняСтся для химиотСрапСвтичСского лСчСния Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ‹, прСднимустин β€” для химиотСрапСвтичСского лСчСния Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·Π°, Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ„ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ².

Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ химиотСрапСвтичСскими Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, кросс-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ Π”ΠΠš

Π’Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ с двумя Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ 7-N-Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ остатками Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ Π”ΠΠš. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Ссли Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ 7-N-Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ основания находятся Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π΄Π²ΡƒΡΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π”ΠΠš, Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ являСтся кросс-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ (Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ кросс-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ сшивки) ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ двумя Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π”ΠΠš. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ нСвозмоТности развёртывания ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ Π”ΠΠš ΠΈ раздСлСния спирали Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ для дСлСния ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ. Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ лишСнная способности ΠΊ дСлСнию ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° запускаСт процСсс Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π½Π΅Ρ‚.

Если Π΄Π²Π° 7-N-Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… остатка, с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π° Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°, находятся Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π”ΠΠš, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ называСтся Β«Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌΒ» Π”ΠΠš. Π’Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ структуру Π”ΠΠš ΠΈ прСпятствуСт Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ (ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π² хромосомах ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€.).

Π‘ΡƒΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„Π°Π½ являСтся классичСским ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°: это диэфир ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° с 1,4-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ . ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚ элиминируСтся Π² процСссС Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Оба ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ 1,4-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»Π° Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ 7-Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ основания Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π”ΠΠš, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ кросслинка ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ двумя Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ основаниями Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π”ΠΠš.

Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ с ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ 7-N Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ остатка.

Ни Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³, Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ диалкилирования с ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ кросс-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅ способны Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²Ρ‘Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π”ΠΠš ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ. Однако ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ прСпятствуСт ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ для осущСствлСния процСсса дСлСния Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ доступ ΠΊ Π”ΠΠš. ΠšΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ этого воздСйствия являСтся Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΠ³Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ роста ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ стимулированиС Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ смСрти.

Examples

Π’ Анатомо-ВСрапСвтичСски-Π₯имичСской ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ L01A.

ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹

МногиС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ антинСопластичСскиС Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° сСгодняшний дСнь извСстны Π² качСствС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… «классичСских Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Β». Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ содСрТат настоящиС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π”ΠΠš, Π² прямом смыслС этого слова. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ «классичСскиС» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ извСстны Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅, нСклассичСскиС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ «классичСских» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ циклофосфамид , ΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ„Π°Π»Π°Π½ , Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠ» , ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊ всСй Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ классичСских алкиляторов ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ . [6]

ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ злокачСствСнныС ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ алкилирования 7'-Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° Ρƒ Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… оснований ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ… Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ Π”ΠΠš ΠΈ прСпятствования Β«Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽΒ» ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π”ΠΠš.

Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… соСдинСний ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всСгда ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊ «классичСским» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ соСдинСниям.

  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ бис-Ξ²-хлорэтиламина [7]
    • Бис-(2-хлорэтил)этиламин , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π³Π°Π· HN1Β», «вСщСство HN1Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ мустард HN1Β» ΠΈ просто Β«HN1Β»;
    • Врис-(2-хлорэтил)Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π³Π°Π· HN3Β», «вСщСство HN3Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ мустард HN3Β» ΠΈ просто Β«HN3Β»;
    • Π₯Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π»ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ мустин, эмбихин, мустаргСн, Β«Π³Π°Π· HN2Β», «вСщСство HN2Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ мустард HN2Β», ΠΈ просто Β«HN2Β»;
    • Урамустин ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ» мустард;
    • ΠœΠ΅Π»Ρ„Π°Π»Π°Π½ ;
    • Π₯Π»ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠ» ;
    • БСндамустин ;
    • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ ;
    • ΠœΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • Эстрамустин ;
    • Новэмбихин ;
    • ΠŸΠ°Ρ„Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ» ;
    • Π›ΠΎΡ„Π΅Π½Π°Π» ;
    • Циклофосфамид ;
    • Π˜Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • ΠœΠ°Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • Врофосфамид ;
    • ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • Гидроксициклофосфамид ;
    • Алдофосфамид ;
    • Π“Π»ΡŽΡ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
  • ΠžΠΊΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ :
    • Циклофосфамид ;
    • Π˜Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • ΠœΠ°Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • Врофосфамид ;
    • ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
    • Гидроксициклофосфамид ;
    • Алдофосфамид ;
    • Π“Π»ΡŽΡ„ΠΎΡΡ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ :
    • ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΌΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • Ломустин ;
    • Ранимустин ;
    • Нимустин ;
    • ЀотСмустин ;
    • БСмустин ;
    • НитрозомСтилмочСвина ;
    • Араноза ;
    • Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ½ ;
  • ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ :
    • Π‘ΡƒΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„Π°Π½ ;
    • Π’Ρ€Π΅ΠΎΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ„Π°Π½ ;
  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ этилСнимина :
    • Π’ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ° ;
    • Π€Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ° ;
  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ этилСндиамина :
    • Π”ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ ;
    • Π’ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½

Π’ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‘ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ «классичСскими» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊ «нСклассичСским».

Π₯имиотСрапСвтичСскиС Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹, дСйствиС ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡŽ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ алкильной Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹

ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ сходным ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ химиотСрапСвтичСскиС Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ рСакционноспособными Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π”ΠΠš сходным с Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. [8] Они ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с Π”ΠΠš , Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π”ΠΠš ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ (Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ). ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ Β«Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΒ» ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ.

  • ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ [7]
    • Цисплатин , историчСски ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· клиничСски примСняСмых ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹. Цисплатин особСнно эффСктивСн Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ злокачСствСнных ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ яичка ; послС Π΅Π³ΠΎ внСдрСния Π² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ 5-лСтняя бСзрСцидивная Π²Ρ‹ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ злокачСствСнных опухолях яичка ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡŒ с 10 % Π΄ΠΎ 85 % [9]
    • Π›ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ , ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΡ‘Π½Π½Π°Ρ липосомальная вСрсия цисплатина.
    • ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ , ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поколСния.
    • ΠžΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ , ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ поколСния.
    • ΠŸΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ;
    • Π‘Π°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • ΠŸΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ ;
    • НСдаплатин ;
    • Π’Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ .

ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ с 7-ΠΌ Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π°Π·ΠΎΡ‚Π° Ρƒ Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° .

НСклассичСскиС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹

НСкоторыС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ «нСклассичСскими». НС сущСствуСт Ρ‡Ρ‘Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ консСнсуса ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ слСдуСт ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ «нСклассичСскими». Однако, Π² Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, подкатСгория «нСклассичСских» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² сСбя:

  • ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ [10]
  • АлтрСтамин [11]
  • НСкоторыС источники Π² явном Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ , Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ( Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ , ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ , Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ) ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ «нСклассичСских» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². [12] Однако Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ источники ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ срСди «нСклассичСских» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², [13] , Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ источники Π² число «нСклассичСских» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ . [fourteen]
  • ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Π΅Β», Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ «нСклассичСскиС Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹Β». [fifteen]

Limitations

ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ антинСопластичСскиС Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ограничСния Π² эффСктивности. Π’ частности, ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½Π° Π² связи с Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… спСцифичСского Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° , способного Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ поврСТдСния Π”ΠΠš, Π²Ρ‹Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ β€” O-6-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π³ΡƒΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½-Π”ΠΠš мСтилтрансфСразы (ΠœΠ“ΠœΠ’). ΠšΡ€ΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π”ΠΠš ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ограничиваСтся ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ благодаря активности этого Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° (ΠœΠ“ΠœΠ’). Если ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π³Π΅Π½Π° , ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠœΠ“ΠœΠ’, Π² злокачСствСнной ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, Ρ‚ΠΎ злокачСствСнная ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° большС Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠœΠ“ΠœΠ’, ΠΈ поэтому Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π° ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒ цитостатичСскому Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡŽ. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠœΠ“ΠœΠ’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ… β€” Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ эффСктивности ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ нСэффСктивности Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ случаС. [16]

Notes

  1. ↑ antineop (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) . Π”Π°Ρ‚Π° обращСния 24 января 2009. Архивировано 7 ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π° 2009 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
  2. ↑ Wiedemann GJ, Robins HI, Gutsche S., Mentzel M., Deeken M., Katschinski DM, Eleftheriadis S., CrahΓ© R., Weiss C., Storer B., Wagner T. Ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) combined with 41.8 degrees C whole body hyperthermia in patients with refractory sarcoma (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // European Journal of Cancer : journal. β€” 1996. β€” May ( vol. 32A , no. 5 ). β€” P. 888β€”892 . β€” PMID 9081372 .
  3. ↑ Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W., Goodman MJ, Gilman AZ, McLennan MT Nitrogen mustard therapy (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // JAMA . β€” 1946. β€” Vol. 132 , no. 3 . β€” P. 126β€”132 . β€” DOI : 10.1001/jama.1946.02870380008004 .
  4. ↑ 1 2 Scott RB Cancer chemotherapy--the first twenty-five years (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Br Med J. : journal. β€” 1970. β€” Vol. 4 , no. 5730 . β€” P. 259β€”265 . β€” DOI : 10.1136/bmj.4.5730.259 . β€” PMID 4319950 .
  5. ↑ Gilman A. The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard (Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ€.) // Am J Surg.. β€” 1963. β€” Π’. 105 , β„– 5 . β€” Π‘. 574β€”578 . β€” DOI : 10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0 . β€” PMID 13947966 .
  6. ↑ McClean S., Costelloe C., Denny WA, Searcey M., Wakelin LP Sequence selectivity, cross-linking efficiency and cytotoxicity of DNA-targeted 4-anilinoquinoline aniline mustards (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Anticancer Drug Des. : journal. β€” 1999. β€” June ( vol. 14 , no. 3 ). β€” P. 187β€”204 . β€” PMID 10500495 .
  7. ↑ 1 2 Takimoto CH, Calvo E. Β«Principles of Oncologic PharmacotherapyΒ» in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach . 11 ed. 2008.
  8. ↑ Cruet-Hennequart S., Glynn MT, Murillo LS, Coyne S., Carty MP Enhanced DNA-PK-mediated RPA2 hyperphosphorylation in DNA polymerase eta-deficient human cells treated with cisplatin and oxaliplatin (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // DNA Repair (Amst.) : journal. β€” 2008. β€” April ( vol. 7 , no. 4 ). β€” P. 582β€”596 . β€” DOI : 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.12.012 . β€” PMID 18289945 .
  9. ↑ Einhorn LH. Treatment of testicular cancer: a new and improved model (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // J. Clin. Oncol. : journal. β€” 1990. β€” 1 November ( vol. 8 , no. 11 ). β€” P. 1777β€”1781 . β€” PMID 1700077 .
  10. ↑ Armand JP, Ribrag V., Harrousseau JL, Abrey L. Reappraisal of the use of procarbazine in the treatment of lymphomas and brain tumors (Π°Π½Π³Π».) // Ther Clin Risk Manag : journal. β€” 2007. β€” June ( vol. 3 , no. 2 ). β€” P. 213β€”224 . β€” DOI : 10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.2.213 . β€” PMID 18360630 .
  11. ↑ Yasko, Joyce M.; Kirkwood, John M.; Lotze, Michael T. Current cancer therapeutics. β€” Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1998. β€” P. 3. β€” ISBN 0-443-06527-6 .
  12. ↑ Schmit-Neuerburg, Klaus-Peter; Reiner Labitzke. Manual of Cable Osteosyntheses: History, Technical Basis, Biomechanics of the Tension Band Principle, and Instructions for Operation. β€” Berlin : Springer, 2000. β€” P. 166. β€” ISBN 3-540-66508-0 .
  13. ↑ Bailey, Christopher J.; Corner, Jessica. Cancer nursing: care in context. β€” Oxford : Blackwell Science, 2001. β€” P. 214. β€” ISBN 0-632-03998-1 .
  14. ↑ Kutner, Jean S; Gonzales, Ralph. Current Practice Guidelines in Primary Care: 2007 (Current Practice Guidelines in Primary Care). - McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. - P. 118. - ISBN 0-07-147781-0 .
  15. ↑ Pizzo, Philip A .; Poplack, David G. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. - Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 .-- P. 313. - ISBN 0-7817-5492-5 .
  16. ↑ N Engl J Med 2000; 343; 1350-4.

Links

  • University of Nebraska page on alkylating agent drugs
  • MeSH Alkylating + antineoplastic + agents
  • Cancer Management Handbook: Principles of Oncologic Pharmacotherapy
  • Definition of ALKYLATING DRUG - The Science Dictionary
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