Alkylating antineoplastic drugs are chemotherapeutic antitumor cytotoxic drugs whose mechanism of action is based on the attachment of an alkyl group to DNA and, as a result, violation of the DNA structure and the inability for a malignant cell to share , to carry out mitosis . This, in turn, triggers the apoptosis mechanism in the damaged cell. [one]
The alkyl group at the same time joins the guanine nucleotide base of DNA , at the 7th nitrogen atom of the purine ring.
Since malignant cells, in general, usually divide much more often and faster, and with less βerror correctionβ than normal healthy cells, they are more sensitive to various DNA damage, such as its alkylation. Therefore, alkylating antineoplastic agents are successfully used to treat certain types of malignant tumors. However, alkylating agents are also toxic to normal healthy cells ( cytotoxic to them), which leads to their damage and death. Labile cells are particularly sensitive to the damaging effects of alkylating agents, i.e. tissue cells that quickly divide normally ( bone marrow and immunocompetent tissue cells, cells of the gastrointestinal tract , respiratory tract , urinary tract , skin cells and its appendages (hair, nails), the cells germinal tissue testes and ovaries . thereby, alkylating agents when used in therapeutic doses naturally and inevitably cause alopecia , inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis developmental leu Open , thrombocytopenia and anemia , suppression of immunity (fraught infections ), lesions of the skin ( dermatitis , skin ulcers), mucositis mucous membrane ( stomatitis , glossitis , cheilitis , gastritis , esophagitis , duodenitis , colitis , proctitis , cystitis , urethritis ). The negative effect on gonads can lead to loss of fertility. A negative effect on liver function can lead to the development of toxic hepatitis . Most alkylating agents are also powerful mutagens , carcinogens and teratogens . Therapeutic hyperthermia significantly enhances the antitumor effect of precisely alkylating drugs, since all chemical reactions, including DNA alkylation reactions, are more active at high temperatures. [2]
A combination of alkylating preparations with simultaneously conducted ionizing radiation leads to the same effect, since ionizing radiation, causing massive formation of free radicals in cells, not only directly damages DNA itself, but also increases the likelihood of DNA alkylation with a simultaneously administered drug of this group.
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Nonspecific alkylating agents
- 3 Alkylating antineoplastic agents requiring intracellular activation for their action
- 4 Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which the active alkylating group is connected to one or another natural metabolite of the body
- 5 Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which the active alkylating group is combined with a hormonally active substance
- 6 Difference between dialkylating and monoalkylating chemotherapeutic agents, cross-linking and intra-chain DNA bonding
- 7 Examples
- 7.1 Classical alkylating antitumor drugs
- 7.2 Chemotherapeutic agents, the action of which is similar to the action of alkylating agents, but not having an alkyl group
- 7.3 Nonclassical alkylating agents
- 8 Limitations
- 9 notes
- 10 Links
History
Before the use of alkylating agents in chemotherapy of malignant tumors, many of them were already known as "mustard gas" ( mustard gas and its analogues), which were used as a chemical weapon in the skin-boil type during the First World War . The nitrogenous mustard analogs were historically the first alkylating agents used in medicine and the first examples of modern chemotherapy for malignant tumors. Goodman, Gilman, and their colleagues at Yale University began to study nitrogen analogues of mustard gas in 1942 . And soon after the discovery that the administration of these agents sometimes leads to a significant reduction and even complete disappearance of experimental malignant tumors in laboratory mice , these chemotherapeutic agents were first tested in humans at the end of the same year. The use of βHN2 gasβ - methyl bis- (Ξ²-chloroethyl) -amine hydrochloride (later known as mechlorethamine , or mustine , mustargen , embihin ) and βHN3 gasβ - tris- (Ξ²-chloroethyl) -amine hydrochloride for chemotherapeutic treatment of advanced cases of lymphogranulomatosis , lymphoma and lymphosarcoma , leukemia and other malignant tumors, especially hematological in volunteer patients, often led to a rapid decrease or even temporary complete disappearance of the tumor masses. However, then relapses inevitably arose, moreover with resistance to mechlorethamine (βHN2 gasβ) and to βHN3 gasβ. Due to the high degree of secrecy surrounding these developments, as well as everything related to research in the field of chemical warfare agents , the results of Goodman and Gilman's studies on the antitumor activity of mechlorethamine and βHN3 gasβ were not published until 1946 . [3] These publications caused an explosion of enthusiasm among oncologists and a sharp increase in interest in the previously non-existent field of chemotherapeutic treatment of human malignant tumors.
In the next 25 years after the publication of Goodman and Gilman on the antitumor activity of mechlorethamine (βHN2 gasβ) and βHN3 gasβ, dozens of new alkylating chemotherapeutic agents were synthesized that had noticeably less toxicity (in particular, less hematological toxicity, less ability to cause pronounced myelosuppression) and a wider spectrum of antitumor effects. In particular, many of the newly synthesized alkylating agents proved to be applicable not only for hemoblastoses, but also for various solid malignant tumors. Such successful developments include, for example, melphalan and cyclophosphamide , which have retained their significance and are widely used in chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms to this day. [four]
A common myth claims that it allegedly occurred to Goodman and Gilman (or was suggested by their superiors from Yale University) to study the potential suitability of nitrogen mustard analogues as possible means for chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms after an incident in Italy in a city in 1943 Bari, where soldiers and civilians who survived the effects of "mustard gas" suffered from severe leukopenia for a long time. However, in fact, experiments on the chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant tumors using nitrogen mustard analogs, first on animals , and then on human volunteers, began a year before the event in Bari, in 1942. Gilman does not mention the Bari episode as having any significance or having any influence on his and Goodman's scientific research on the antitumor activity of nitrogen mustard analogs, although he certainly knew about this episode. [5] And the ability of mustard gas to cause pronounced leukopenia, myelosuppression and immunosuppression was known long before the experiments of Goodman and Gilman, since 1919, since the end of the First World War . [four]
Nonspecific alkylating agents
Some alkylating antitumor agents are initially active under the conditions that are present in the cells and do not require any preliminary intracellular metabolic activation to manifest their effect. At the same time, the same mechanism of action that determines their high toxicity allows them to be used as antitumor agents. These drugs directly attack DNA molecules and inhibit or stop tumor growth, causing the formation of pair double bonds (cross-linking) between guanine nucleotide bases belonging to different chains in a double-stranded DNA molecule. This makes it impossible to βuntangleβ (deploy, separate) the double-stranded DNA molecule into two separate chains, which is necessary for the process of cell division. Thus, this makes cell division impossible and triggers apoptosis in it. These chemotherapy drugs act nonspecifically and damage both malignant and healthy cells, especially those that normally divide rapidly (hematopoietic cells, immunocompetent cells, skin and appendage epithelial cells, mucous membrane epithelial cells, gonad cells).
Alkylating antineoplastic agents requiring intracellular activation for their action
Some of the alkylating antineoplastic agents themselves are initially inactive (they are prodrugs ), and for their antitumor effect to manifest, their transformation in the cells into active metabolites is required.
And since in the tumor cells the concentration and activity of the necessary enzymes that metabolize the inactive prodrug in question into its active form, as a rule, is significantly higher than in healthy tissues (as is the case, for example, in the case of alkaline phosphatase in different types of tumors and with acid prostatic phosphatase in prostate cancer ), namely on malignant cells, as well as on activated (recruited into the process of reproduction, differentiation and blast transformation) lymphoid cells, come the main blow of the alkylating cytostatic effect is taking place, with a relatively smaller effect on healthy rapidly dividing cells. This significantly expands the therapeutic range of such an alkylating agent, reduces its systemic toxicity to healthy tissues (in particular, hematotoxicity, i.e., myelosuppressive activity, leading to the development of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia) and increases the relative antitumor and immunosuppressive activity of such a drug by increasing its selectivity (selectivity) and specificity for tumor and activated lymphoid tissues compared to healthy tissues.
In addition, this significantly expands the spectrum of antitumor effects of such drugs on different types of tumors compared to the spectrum of action of "non-specific" alkylating agents such as mechlorethamine and chlorambucil, which are mainly effective in hemoblastoses, and their use in solid tumors is hindered by their low specificity and excessively high , unacceptable hematologic toxicity in doses that can inhibit the growth of solid tumors.
These are exactly according to the principle of action (that is, they are prodrugs and require intracellular activation, which occurs most rapidly and actively in tumor and activated lymphoid cells) all alkylating preparations from the group of oxazaphosphorin derivatives (the so-called "phosphoramide mustards"): cyclophosphamide , ifosfamide , mafosfamide and etc. This makes this group of alkylating preparations highly effective and relatively low toxic (of course, relative to mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, and other βnon-specificβ drugs). chemotherapy treatment for a very wide range of malignant neoplastic diseases, and the frequent components of modern combination chemotherapy for different types of solid tumors (for example, the CAF chemotherapy regimen of I line for breast cancer : cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil).
In addition, the ability of cyclophosphamide to exhibit high cytostatic activity in activated lymphoid tissue makes it one of the most powerful and highly potent immunosuppressants . In small doses (compared to those used in chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant neoplasms), cyclophosphamide is very effective in treating systemic lupus erythematosus , pemphigus , autoimmune anemia, glomerulonephritis , Wegener's granulomatosis , multiple sclerosis , and other severe and dangerous autoimmune disease . High doses of cyclophosphamide, however, cause alopecia, pancytopenia (anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia), gastrointestinal mucositis, and hemorrhagic cystitis.
Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which an active alkylating group is attached to one or another natural metabolite of the body
A number of alkylating antineoplastic agents were specially synthesized in such a way that the active alkylating group (in most cases the bis-beta-chloroethylamine group) of the alkylating drug was combined with one or another natural metabolite of the body, the need for which is increased in malignant cells. Thus, for example, melphalan (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of the phenylalanine amino acid ) or uramustine (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of uracil nucleotide ), mannomustine (bis-beta-chloroethylamine derivative of mannitol ) are arranged in this way. This increases the uptake and uptake of the alkylating agent by tumor cells compared to healthy ones (roughly speaking, they take up melphalan instead of phenylalanine, uramustine instead of uracil, mannomustine instead of mannitol). As in the case of alkylating prodrugs that require intracellular activation in order to manifest their alkylating effect, this mechanism significantly increases the concentration gradient of the active substance βtumor / healthy tissueβ, increases the specificity and selectivity of the antitumor effect, and expands the spectrum of the action of the alkylating drug on various types of tumors .
Thanks to the above mechanism (active capture of melphalan instead of phenylalanine by active amino acid transport), melphalan as an antitumor cytostatic agent has retained its significance today, while nonspecific alkylating agents, such as chlorambucil , mechlorethamine , are rarely used today ( and less and less), for example mechlorethamine - only for the treatment of lymphogranulomatosis within the framework of the MOPP protocol.
Alkylating antineoplastic agents in which an active alkylating group is linked to a hormone-active substance
Some alkylating antineoplastic agents were specially synthesized in such a way as to selectively alkylate the DNA of cells expressing certain intracellular hormonal receptors . These, as you know, are the receptors for steroid hormones: estrogens, glucocorticoids, etc. Many hormone-sensitive or hormone-dependent tumors have an increased expression of steroid hormone receptors, which are growth and proliferation factors for them, or, conversely, inhibitory factors.
So, the development of prostate cancer is accelerated by androgens and inhibited by estrogens , and in the tissue of prostate cancer, there is often overexpression of both. The development of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue (lymphomas, lymphosarcomas, lymphogranulomatosis, acute lymphoid leukemia) is inhibited by glucocorticoids .
Based on this knowledge, alkylating preparations such as estramustine and prednimustine were synthesized and successfully used. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Ρ/Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΒ». ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ β Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·Π°, Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ².
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΠΠ
Π’Π°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ 7-N-Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΠΠ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ 7-N-Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ (ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ) ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π½Π΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° 7-N-Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π° Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌΒ» ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π² Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ.).
ΠΡΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°: ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ 1,4-Π±ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ . ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ±Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ 1,4-Π±ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»Π° Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ 7-Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΠ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΠΠ.
Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ 7-N Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³, Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ.
Examples
Π ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎ-Π’Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ L01A.
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β». ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ, Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Β«ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ , ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ , Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ» , ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ . [6]
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ 7'-Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π΄Π²ΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΒ» ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Β«ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΒ» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ.
- ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡ-Ξ²-Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° [7]
- ΠΠΈΡ-(2-Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ»)ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π³Π°Π· HN1Β», Β«Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ HN1Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ HN1Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Β«HN1Β»;
- Π’ΡΠΈΡ-(2-Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ»)Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ Β«Π³Π°Π· HN3Β», Β«Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ HN3Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ HN3Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Β«HN3Β»;
- Π₯Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ , ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½, ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ³Π΅Π½, Β«Π³Π°Π· HN2Β», Β«Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ HN2Β», Β«Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ HN2Β», ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Β«HN2Β»;
- Π£ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΌΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΄;
- ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½ ;
- Π₯Π»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ» ;
- ΠΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ» ;
- ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π» ;
- Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- Π’ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ»Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Ρ :
- Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- Π’ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ»Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ;
- ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ :
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠΎΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π€ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π‘Π΅ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ;
- ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ;
- Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ :
- ΠΡΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ ;
- Π’ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ ;
- ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° :
- Π’ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ° ;
- Π€ΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ° ;
- ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° :
- ΠΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π’ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½
Π’ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Β«ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΒ».
Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΠ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. [8] ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΠ , ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ Β«Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΒ» ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ.
- ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ [7]
- Π¦ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ , ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π¦ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ; ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ 5-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Ρ 10 % Π΄ΠΎ 85 % [9]
- ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ , ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°.
- ΠΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
- ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
- ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π¦ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ;
- Π‘Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- ΠΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ;
- Π’ΡΠΈΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ .
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ 7-ΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° .
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ:
- ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ [10]
- ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ [11]
- ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ , ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ ( Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ , ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ , ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ) ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². [12] ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², [13] , Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Β» Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ . [fourteen]
- ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅Β», Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΒ». [fifteen]
Limitations
ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° , ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ β O-6-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½-ΠΠΠ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π·Ρ (ΠΠΠΠ’). ΠΡΠΎΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° (ΠΠΠΠ’). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° , ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΠΠ’, Π² Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, ΡΠΎ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΠΠ’, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΠΠ’ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ β Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅. [16]
Notes
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