Protective forest stands - artificially created forest stands to protect against adverse natural and man-made factors, including combating drought , water and wind erosion . They are planted or sown mainly in the steppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert regions. They can serve to protect many objects, including: agricultural land, soils , reservoirs , roads, settlements [1] .
Protective forest stands differ in purpose and location; the following groups exist: state protective forest belts ; shelterbelts on rain-fed lands; protective plantings on irrigated lands; water-regulating forest stripes on the slopes ; near and adjoining forest strips; land reclamation plantations; plantations used in animal husbandry, roadside forest strips; forest stands around ponds, along banks and in floodplains ; plantations on non-agricultural sands; green forests of a strip around settlements [2] .
A set of protective forest stands for various purposes in a certain territory is a system of protective forest stands. Their use increases windproof efficiency by more than 1.5 times, the distribution of snow becomes the most uniform. Depending on the presence of mutual influence between the elements of the system, interacting and non-interacting are distinguished. The planting system is of great environmental, sanitary-hygienic and recreational importance, improves the environment for human life, it creates habitats for the lives of numerous species of birds and animals, which contribute to the emergence of new biogeocenoses [3] .
Content
- 1 Protection band structure
- 2 Types of protective forest plantations
- 3 See also
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
Guard Strip Structure
The planting structure plays an important role in protective strips; it affects wind speed, snow deposition, soil moisture, and more [4] .
Blown planting design is usually used in areas with cold snowy winters and large snow transfers. In it, large gaps between the trunks account for more than 60% of the trunk area, in crowns - up to 10% [4] .
Openwork design , as a rule, is used in dry steppe regions with inconsistent snow cover and dust storms, as well as on irrigated and drained lands, there are gaps along the entire profile - 15–35% [4] .
The dense structure is suitable for protecting livestock farms, residential buildings, roads, canals, etc., with a longitudinal profile of no more than 10% [4] .
The composition and placement of trees and shrubs in protective forest stands determine their sustainability and effectiveness. The main protective function is performed by the trees of the main forest-forming species . They form a forest canopy - the upper tier of the plantation. Associated tree species that form the undergrowth shade the soil, compact the vertical profile of the planting, and improve the growth of the main species. Shrubs play a protective role, contribute to the accumulation of snow. The composition of trees and shrubs is optimal for each zone. For example, among the trees recommended for the Central Black Earth zone as a forest-forming species, there are saggy birch , English oak , Siberian larch , ordinary pine , balsamic poplar , Berlin and Chinese ; concomitant - common elm , forest pear , acutifoliate maple , small-leaved linden , common mountain ash , forest apple-tree ; shrubs - red elderberry , hawthorn , snowdrop , dogwood , sea buckthorn [2] .
Types of protective forest stands
Protective forest stands include shelterbelts . As a result of their use, yields increase. This is due to the fact that
- reduced speed and turbulence of winds in protected fields,
- microclimate improves
- snow distribution improves
- soil moisture is regulated,
- reduced wind and water erosion of the soil.
On arable slopes with a steepness of over 2 °, the shelterbelts, reducing the flow of melt and storm water and leaching of the soil, are water-regulating. Protective forest stands on irrigated lands are grown along irrigation canals. This has the following results:
- reduction of evaporation from canals and fields,
- interception of filtration water from canals,
- decrease in the rise in groundwater and secondary salinization of soils,
- protection from dry winds, dust storms,
- protection of channels from falling asleep with fine earth,
- protection of coasts from overgrowing by weeds.
Shrub can serve as an ilofilter.
The cantilevered and off-shore protective forest stands along the edge of ravines and gullies are 15–30 m wide and can be arranged along slopes, slopes of ravines and eroded gullies, as well as along their bottom. In addition, protective forest stands are created around gardens , various plantations , nurseries. For the needs of animal husbandry - on pastures , near livestock farms and in places of livestock rest - protective forest stands are laid in the form of strips and clefts. Strip plantations increase pasture productivity, create obstacles to cold winds and snow drifts. Pine stands protect cattle from the sunshine [1] .
Protective forest stands along roads and railways perform the following tasks:
- protection against snow and sand drifts [1] ;
- fixing steep slopes and eroded slopes [1] ;
- attenuation of strong winds [1] ;
- noise protection of adjacent residential areas; [5]
- fencing from cattle (from inclined willow stakes forming a live lattice fence, impassable for cattle) [1] .
See also
- Stalin's plan for transforming nature
- Railway protective afforestation
- Protective forests
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Protective forest plantations // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ 1 2 Protective forest stands // Forest Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. G.I. Vorobyov. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986. - T. 1. - 563 p. - 100,000 copies.
- ↑ System of protective forest stands // Forest Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. G.I. Vorobyov. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.- T. 2. - 631 s. - 100,000 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Protective forest plantations // Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.K. Month. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia , 1989.
- ↑ SP 51.13330.2011, SNiP 23-03-2003 The updated edition of "Noise Protection"
Literature
- Water conservation forests // Forest Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. G.I. Vorobyov. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986. - T. 1. - 563 p. - 100,000 copies.