Turkoman

Turkoman (also Turkuman or Turkman ; Azeri Türkümənlər, Türkmanlar or Türkəmənlər , Turk. Türkmenler , Turkish . Türkmenler ) is a term used in the West as the name of Oguz Turkic peoples ^[1] ^[2] . According to medieval authors Al-Biruni and Marvasi ^{[ specify the link (already 684 days) ]} , this term refers to the Oguzes who converted to Islam ^[3] .

Originally an exonym , presumably from the period of the high Middle Ages , along with the ancient and familiar name Turk ( türk ) and tribal names ( bayat, bayandur, afshar , kaya and others) began to be used as an ethnonym by Oguz tribes ^{[3] of} Anatolia , Azerbaijan , Iran , Turkmenistan .

In Anatolia, from the late Middle Ages , it was supplanted by the term " Ottomans " - from the name of the state and the ruling dynasty. It has ceased to be used in Azerbaijan since the 17th century, but it has been preserved as a self-name of the semi-nomadic tribes Terekem ^[4] , a subethnos of Azerbaijanis .

Today, this ethnonym is worn by the Turkmens of Central Asia ^[5] ^[6] (the main people of Turkmenistan), as well as the descendants of the Oghuz - Iraqi and Syrian Turkmens .

Content

1 Etymology
2 History
3 See also
4 notes
5 Literature
6 References

Etymology

There are several versions about the origin of this ethnonym ^[3] . The very first mention of the term Turkman is recorded in the dictionary “ Sofa Meadow at-Turk ” by Mahmud Kashgari (1074), where the invention of this name is attributed to Alexander the Great . The same version of the etymologization of the term is indicated by Rashid ad-Din . Another version explains the origin of the term from Persian. Türk İman - "a believing Turk." Biruni and Marvasi also mentioned that the Oguzes who converted to Islam were called the Turkmens. F. A. Mikhailov in his work “The Natives of the Trans-Caspian Region and Their Life” notes another version: that the Oghuz Turks called themselves so, answering the question “who are you” - Turk Men (“Turk I”).

History

Turkomania on the German map of the Ottoman Empire

For the first time, the term Turkman or Turkoman is probably mentioned in Chinese sources of the 8th – 9th centuries (as Tё-ku-mung , presumably in Semirechye) ^[7] . The term Turkmens is spreading with the expansion of the area of residence of that part of the Oghuz that converted to Islam ^[7] .

The greatest distribution of the term Turkoman occurs in the era of the Seljuk conquests. The Oguz Muslims rallied around the heads of the Kınık tribe from the Seljuk clan formed the main core of the future Seljuk tribal union and the state they created in the future. Since the Seljuk era, the sultans of the dynasty, with the aim of consolidating power, created military settlements in various parts of the Near and Middle East ; so large settlements of Turkoman were created in Syria , Iraq , and eastern Anatolia . After the Battle of Manzikert, the Oguzes massively settled throughout Anatolia and settled on the territory of Azerbaijan (the historical region mainly in northwestern Iran). In the XI century, Turkomans densely populated Arran ^[8] . The Persian author of the XII century Sharafaddin Zaman Tahir Marvasi wrote about the Turkoman:

“Turkomans settled in Islamic countries and showed great character in them. So much so that they rule most of these lands, becoming kings and sultans .... Those who live in deserts and steppes and lead a nomadic lifestyle there in summer and winter are the strongest of people and the most persistent in battle and war ” ^{[ 9]} .

Towards the high Middle Ages, the eastern part of Anatolia became known as Turkomania in European or Turkman ales in Ottoman sources. The center of Turkoman settlement in the territory of modern Iraq is Kirkuk .

The Turkmens included the Ive and Bayandur tribes, from which the ruling clans of the states of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu came out. After the fall of the latter, Turkoman tribes, partly under their own name, such as Afshars , partly ( Hajilu , Pornak , Deger , Mavelsell ), united as part of a single Turkoman tribe, joined the Kyzylbash tribal confederation ^[10] .

Notes

↑ V.V. Bartold. Compositions. - p. 558: “Whatever the former significance of the Oguz people in East Asia, after the events of the 8th and 19th centuries, it focuses more and more on the West, on the border of the Pre-Asian cultural world, which was destined to be invaded by the Oguzes in the 11th century, or, as they were called only in the west, Turkmen. ”
↑ Gerhard Doerfer, Iran'da Türkler
Original text
It is very strange that the word “Turkmen” still leads to confusion; in Leningrad, I saw that Iraqi Oguz literature was cataloged under the name "Turkmen"; in fact, the word Turkman means oguz nomad. The "Turkmens" Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu are undoubtedly Azerbaijanis. As lexicology shows, the "Turkmens" of the Mamluk rule period spoke Turkish.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Abu l-Ghazi , “The Genealogy of Turkmens ”. Comments on text 132 : "Then the name of the Turkmens was assigned to one of the most powerful tribal associations - to the Oghuzs . "
↑ Article “Terekemen” : “The term“ terekem ”is usually associated with the ethnonym“ Turkmen ”” .
↑ Turkmen people . Alternative Titles: Turcoman, Turkmeny, Turkoman (English) . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Date of treatment July 21, 2019.
↑ S. Kadyrov; N. N. Abubakirova-Glazunova (oral work). TURKMEN (neopr.) . Great Russian Encyclopedia . Date of treatment July 21, 2019.
↑ ¹ ² S. Agadzhanov. "Essays on the history of the Oghuz and Turkmens of Central Asia in the 9th-13th centuries." - Ed. Ilim, 1969 Archived copy of February 22, 2014 on the Wayback Machine : “As mentioned earlier, part of the Oguzes and other Turks, mingling with the descendants of the ancient Indo-European population of Central Asia, were called Turkmens. (In the Chinese sources of the VIII — beginning of the IX centuries, the country of Tё-ku-mung, probably located in the Semirechye, is mentioned; the name of this country is probably associated with the name “Turkmen”). The name “Turkmen” appears mainly in the area of resettlement of the Oguzes who converted to Islam . ”
↑ P. Golden. The Turkic peoples and Caucasia (English) // Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia / Ed. by Ronald G. Suny. - Michigan, 1996 .-- P. 45-67 .
"The latter were placed under the control of the Seljuks in 1074-1075, and in particular Arran was now densely populated by Turkmens."
Original text
The latter were brought under Seljuq control in 1074-1075 and Arran, in particular, was now thickly settled by Turkmen.
↑ C. Hillenbrand, “Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol,” p. 148
↑ Encyclopaedia Iranika “AQ QOYUNLŪ” : “The surviving Āq Qoyunlū tribes and groups were absorbed, in some cases years later, into the Qizilbāš tribes; in this process, the Afšār retained their tribal identity while others, such as the Ḥāǰǰīlū, Döḡer, Mawṣellū, and Pornāk, were merged into a new tribe called Turkman. "

Literature

Ali Sinan Bilgili "Azerbaycan Türkmenleri Tarihi". Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.

Links

[1] V.V. Bartold. Compositions. - p. 558: “Whatever the former significance of the Oguz people in East Asia, after the events of the 8th and 19th centuries, it focuses more and more on the West, on the border of the Pre-Asian cultural world, which was destined to be invaded by the Oguzes in the 11th century, or, as they were called only in the west, Turkmen. ”

[2] Gerhard Doerfer, Iran'da Türkler
Original text
It is very strange that the word “Turkmen” still leads to confusion; in Leningrad, I saw that Iraqi Oguz literature was cataloged under the name "Turkmen"; in fact, the word Turkman means oguz nomad. The "Turkmens" Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu are undoubtedly Azerbaijanis. As lexicology shows, the "Turkmens" of the Mamluk rule period spoke Turkish.

[Абулгази-3] ¹ ² ³ Abu l-Ghazi , “The Genealogy of Turkmens ”. Comments on text 132 : "Then the name of the Turkmens was assigned to one of the most powerful tribal associations - to the Oghuzs . "

[4] Article “Terekemen” : “The term“ terekem ”is usually associated with the ethnonym“ Turkmen ”” .

[Britannica-5] Turkmen people . Alternative Titles: Turcoman, Turkmeny, Turkoman (English) . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Date of treatment July 21, 2019.

[БРЭ-6] S. Kadyrov; N. N. Abubakirova-Glazunova (oral work). TURKMEN (neopr.) . Great Russian Encyclopedia . Date of treatment July 21, 2019.

[Очерки-7] ¹ ² S. Agadzhanov. "Essays on the history of the Oghuz and Turkmens of Central Asia in the 9th-13th centuries." - Ed. Ilim, 1969 Archived copy of February 22, 2014 on the Wayback Machine : “As mentioned earlier, part of the Oguzes and other Turks, mingling with the descendants of the ancient Indo-European population of Central Asia, were called Turkmens. (In the Chinese sources of the VIII — beginning of the IX centuries, the country of Tё-ku-mung, probably located in the Semirechye, is mentioned; the name of this country is probably associated with the name “Turkmen”). The name “Turkmen” appears mainly in the area of resettlement of the Oguzes who converted to Islam . ”

[8] P. Golden. The Turkic peoples and Caucasia (English) // Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia / Ed. by Ronald G. Suny. - Michigan, 1996 .-- P. 45-67 .
"The latter were placed under the control of the Seljuks in 1074-1075, and in particular Arran was now densely populated by Turkmens."
Original text
The latter were brought under Seljuq control in 1074-1075 and Arran, in particular, was now thickly settled by Turkmen.

[9] C. Hillenbrand, “Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol,” p. 148

[10] Encyclopaedia Iranika “AQ QOYUNLŪ” : “The surviving Āq Qoyunlū tribes and groups were absorbed, in some cases years later, into the Qizilbāš tribes; in this process, the Afšār retained their tribal identity while others, such as the Ḥāǰǰīlū, Döḡer, Mawṣellū, and Pornāk, were merged into a new tribe called Turkman. "