"School of garbage buckets" [1] [2] [3] [4] ( "Ashkan school" [5] [6] ; Eng. Ashcan School ) - , which arose in the painting of the United States in the beginning of XX century [ 7] . Most of the work of representatives of the school is devoted to a realistic depiction of the daily life of the poor and working-class neighborhoods in New York . The founders and major representatives of the school are Robert Henry , John Sloan , Edward Hopper , George Lax , Everett Shinn, and William Glackens .
Content
History
At the junction of the 19th and 20th centuries, the megacities of the USA experienced a massive growth. Thus, the population of New York increased from one and a half million in 1890 [8] to almost three and a half in 1900 [9] . City newspapers of the time sought to convey news as natural as possible. Cameras could not yet be used for operative shooting of incidents. Therefore, newspapers hired artists who sketched illustrations for notes. For the most part, they portrayed the unsightly sides of city life. This gave impetus to the emergence and development of American realism . [10] [11] Among these artists were Glackens, Lax, Sloan and Sinn. They worked for the newspaper and held creative meetings in the studio of Henry [12] [13] .
Becoming
In the period from 1896 to 1904, on the initiative of Henry [14], the artists moved to New York [15] . In the north of the city in the Spanish quarter in 1904, Henry founded a new studio. There he was joined by Glenn Coleman , Jerome Myers and George Bellows . The main objects of the studio sketches were the streets of Bowery with their typical representatives of that time: street children , prostitutes , street athletes, boxers and immigrants . [sixteen]
Heyday
Two years later, Henry was elected a member of the National Academy of Design . However, after the Academy refused to exhibit the works of artists from his circle in 1907, he decided to organize his own exhibition [17] . William Macbeth Gallery on Fifth Avenue was chosen as the site. Artists Arthur Davis , Ernest Lawson and Maurice Prendergast also decided to take part in the exhibition, whose works differed somewhat in style from the paintings of the Philadelphia Four. The resulting group was named " Eight ." The exhibition was presented to the public in February 1908 and was available for two weeks. She had a great success: in total, the exhibition was visited by about 7,000 people who bought the paintings for $ 4,000 (about $ 100,000 at the rate of the early 2010s). In addition to New York, paintings were exhibited in nine major cities. [14] The exhibition had its critics who noted that the traditions of pictorial art were violated by artists, their works are vulgar and secondary. [18] So, the newspaper wrote [19] :
Undoubtedly, there is nothing revolutionary in following in the footsteps of those who were “on horseback” in artistic Paris twenty years ago. Nor is it a new starting point in American art, painting in the style of Manet , Degas and Monet .
Original Text (Eng.)Surely it is not 'revolutionary' to follow in the footsteps of the men. Nor is it a new departure for American art to paint after the manner of Manet, Degas, and Monet.
Positive reviews of the lack of radicalism, on the contrary, praised, and also paid attention to the fact that the exhibited works are truly American. According to the critic Mary Fanton Roberts ( eng. Mary Fanton Roberts ) [18] :
We are enthusiastic and impermanent, and we are only beginning to realize our power, our beauty, our blunders and the fact that we have almost the same right to treat ourselves as the source of inspiration.
Original Text (Eng.)We are enthusiastic and we’re a little bit different.
Sunset
The school of garbage buckets stayed at the zenith of glory for a very short time. In 1913, the Arsenal Exhibition took place (of which Henry was one of the organizers). She revolutionized the visual arts of the United States, bringing modernism to the forefront. [14] [20] The term “school of trash cans” appeared only three years later. On April 8, 1916, the artist of The Masses magazine in correspondence with Sloan noted [10] :
They want to portray trash cans and girls shining on their heels on Horeyshio Street .
Original Text (Eng.)They want to get pictures of girls in Horatio street.
The term quickly lost its negative connotation [21] and by the 1930s it was widely used to designate this artistic direction. [10] [22] [23]
Work Examples
Robert Henry (1865 - 1929), Snow in New York , 1902
John Sloan (1871 - 1951), Bar Maxorlis , 1912
George Lax (1867 - 1933), Allen Street , ca. 1905
Everett Shinn (1876-1953), Fifth Avenue , 1910
William Glackens (1870 - 1938), Italian-American Holiday, Washington Square , ca. 1912
Jerome Myers (1867 - 1940), Backyard , 1887
George Bellows (1882 - 1925), New York , 1911
Notes
- ↑ New in Russian vocabulary: vocabulary materials . - SPb: Institute of the Russian language, 1996. - p . 312 .
- ↑ Petrova, E. N. Pages of the History of Russian Art . - The State Russian Museum , 1999. - V. 6 .
- ↑ New World . - Union of Writers of the USSR, 1987. - Vol. 5-6 . - p . 263 .
- ↑ Foreign literature . - “Izvestia”, 1988. - p . 242 .
- ↑ V. Turchin. The Image of the Twentieth ... - Directmedia, 2013. - p. 65. - 325 p. - ISBN 5898261311 .
- ↑ English-Russian linguistic-cultural dictionary " Americana- II" / Chernov G. V. - 2005.
- ↑ Ashcan School (American art) (English) . Encyclopedia Britannica . The date of appeal is January 19, 2014.
- ↑ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890 (Eng.) . census.gov. The date of appeal is January 19, 2014.
- ↑ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900 (Eng.) . census.gov. The date of appeal is January 19, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Perlman, 2012 .
- ↑ Thomas B. Connery. Journalism and Realism: Rendering American Life. - Northwestern University Press, 2011. - 281 p. - ISBN 0810127334 .
- ↑ Neal David Benezra, Louise Rosenfield Noun, Franz Schulze, Christopher D. Roy, Amy N. Worthen. An Uncommon Vision / Terry Ann R. Neff. - Hudson Hills, 1998. - P. 136. - 334 p. - ISBN 1879003201 .
- ↑ Gerry Souter. American Realism. - Parkstone International, 2012. - P. 109. - 256 p. - ISBN 1780429924 .
- 2 1 2 3 The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, 2011 , p. 152.
- ↑ Ian Chilvers. Ashcan School // A dictionary of twentieth-century art. - Oxford Profiles. - Oxford University Press, 1998. - p. 37. - 670 p. - ISBN 0192116452 .
- ↑ The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, 2011 , pp. 159-160.
- ↑ Robert Henri . Encyclopedia Britannica. The date of appeal is January 19, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Homer, 1969 .
- ↑ The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, 2011 , p. 160
- ↑ Ken Johnson. Ashcan School - John Sloan - Art - Review (English) . The New York Times (28 December 2007). The date of appeal is January 19, 2014.
- ↑ Patricia Hills, Meghan Lalonde. Ashcan School // The Encyclopedia of New York City / Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller, Nancy Flood. - 2. - Yale University Press, 2010. - P. 69. - 1584 p. - ISBN 0300182570 .
- ↑ Michael Clarke. Ashcan School // The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms. - Opr Series. - Oxford University Press, 2010. - P. 16. - 288 p. - ISBN 0199569924 .
- ↑ Rebecca Zurier. Look at the Ashcan School // Picturing the City: Urban Vision and the Ashcan School. - University of California Press, 2006. - 407 p. - ISBN 0520220188 .
Literature
- Bennard B. Perlman. Painters of the Ashcan School: The Immortal Eight. - Dover Fine Art, History of Art. - Dover Publications, 2012. - 224 p. - ISBN 0486257479 .
- The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art / Joan M. Marter. - Oxford University Press, 2011. - Vol. 1. - 2608 p. - ISBN 0195335791 .
- William Innes Homer. The Exhibition of "The Eight": Its History and Significance (English) // American Art Journal. - Kennedy Galleries, 1969. - Iss. 1 . - No. 1 . - P. 53-64 .
Links
- Wikimedia Commons has media related to School Bin School.