Galich (Kostroma region)

View from the mountain Baltschug on the city and Lake Galich

Ancient time

The territory of Galich has been inhabited by humans since ancient times. This is evidenced by such ancient Neolithic sites as the Galich Hill.

The foundation date is usually considered to be 1159 ^[2] . During the reign of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky , who at that time strengthened the borders of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, Galich was called upon to play the role of an outpost of North-Eastern Russia in the development of the North and Vyatka land.

However, in written sources it was first mentioned under the year 1237 ^[4] , when the Lavrentievsky Chronicle indicated that the Tatars “take everything from the Volga to the Doge and to Galich Mersky” ^[5] .

The first archaeological research of the city, carried out in 1957 by P. A. Rappoport , showed that the cultural layer with ceramics of the XII century goes under the base of the rampart of the Lower fortification - the oldest city fortress. Several fragments of ceramics dated to the 11th century by the researcher were found in the mound itself, on the basis of which it was concluded that there was a Slavic settlement of 11-12 centuries, the predecessor of the newly built city. ^[6] In 2009, the study of the Lower Settlement was continued by A. V. Novikov. The presence of the Old Russian layer of the XII century is confirmed. At the same time, the village of the XI century that existed on the site of the future settlement, although it is confirmed both by individual finds and the first identified burial complexes with traces of pagan rituals, is correlated with the "Meryansky" population ^[7] .

In 1246, Galich became the capital of an independent principality , formed after the death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. The first prince of Galich was Konstantin Yaroslavich - the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, brother of Alexander Nevsky . In 1255, he died and Galich began to be ruled by an independent prince, his son David Konstantinovich. The Nikon Chronicle reports that in 1280 "the great prince David Konstantinovich Galich and Dmitrov died". Thus, in the second half of the 13th century, Galich was the center of the princely volost ^[8] . In the second half of the 13th – 15th centuries, the Principality of Galich owned vast lands in the basins of the Galich and Chukhloma lakes , along the left bank of the Volga, the Kostroma River and its tributaries, along the middle course of the Unzhi and Vetluga rivers. Among the settlements of that time, Chukhloma and Sol Galitskaya are known, who were quite rich and densely populated. Galich himself at that time was one of the centers of defense of the Russian lands. In the 1st half of the 14th century, Galich was part of the “font” of Ivan Kalita . The Galich princes continued to rule the principality, but lost their independence. In 1362, according to the Nikon Chronicle, "the great prince Dmitry Donskoy was removed from the Galich reign of Prince Dmitry Galitsky." Galich became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The city was directly subordinate to the Grand Duke, and Dmitry Donskoy disposed in Galich, as in his estate. So, in 1378, Metropolitan Pimen, rejected by the Grand Duke, was sent to prison in Galich, and then to Chukhloma.

After the death of Dmitry Donskoy, Galich went to his son Yuri Dmitrievich. Of strategic importance - covering the central parts of the Moscow Grand Duchy from the northeast - Galich was invaded by his opponents. In 1398, during the war between Novgorod and the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, Novgorodians captured Veliky Ustyug and devastated the surroundings of Galich. In 1408, units of Edigey reached Galich. In December 1428, to Galich “the newcomer Tatarov was unknown and standing” (they stood at the city walls for a month, but could not take him).

In the 15th century, the Galician princes took an active part in the internecine war in Moscow Russia (1425-1453) . Having suffered a defeat in it, the Galician prince Dmitry Shemyaka fled to Novgorod , where he was poisoned, and Galich himself was finally annexed to Moscow in 1450 . Since that time, it became the center of the county, which included the Sudayskaya, Chukhloma, Soligalichskaya, Parfenyevskaya, Kologrivskaya and Unzhenskaya sieges. To manage such a vast territory in Moscow, a special order was created, called the Galitsky couple .

XVI — XVIII centuries

After joining Moscow, Galich became the stronghold of Moscow in the fight against the Kazan Khanate , so the third fortress was built in Galich.

In October 1523, Kazan Khan Sahib Gerai launched a retaliatory raid on Russian lands and besieged Galich, but could not take the city. Sahib Gerai ravaged the surrounding villages and took many prisoners.

Galich retained its defense value until 1552 , when the Kazan Khanate was annexed to Moscow.

In the Time of Troubles, Galich was in the hands of the Poles , and a punitive detachment led by Lisovsky burned the city and completely devastated it. The scribe book on the city of Galich testified to the scale of the destruction in the city: about 350 yards in Galich were recognized as beggars, and of the 239 retail outlets, the fifth was empty.

Galich turned out to be in the center of the country, lost his defense significance, but gradually gained economic strength, as trade with Siberia went through it, Galich traded with Arkhangelsk , Vyatka and Moscow, and later with St. Petersburg . From here came the trade in furs with Western Europe and Asia , and the trade in fish was also developed. A fish settlement appeared in the city, the first mention of which dates back to 1626 . In medieval Galich and its district there were 10 monasteries .

18th Century - Early 20th Century

According to the decree of Peter I in 1709, Galich together with other northeastern cities moved to the Arkhangelogorod province , after the establishment of the Kostroma governorate in 1778 , and then the province became a county town and received its coat of arms: military reinforcement in the scarlet field with the cross of John leaving it The baptist . Since that time, the face of the city has changed, as it began to be built up according to the new regular plan. In the first half of the 19th century, industrial enterprises appeared in the city. In 1845, Galician merchants Vakorin and Redkin created a fur factory for processing squirrel skins, in 1852 the same Vakorin opened a factory for processing fox skins, and in 1854 a glove factory . At the beginning of the 20th century, a railway was opened in Galich. A native of Kostroma province Ivan Sytin was especially in favor of the railway, believing that it was the railway that would help Galich turn into a large industrial center. At the beginning of the XX century there were four tanneries in Galich, an Arkhangelsk brewery, a Gromov distillery, three brick factories, a state-owned wine warehouse and other enterprises.

XX — XXI centuries

After the revolution of 1917, Galich continued to develop as one of the largest industrial centers of the region. On the basis of pre-revolutionary enterprises and production cooperatives created in the 1920-1930s, many modern industrial enterprises of the city arose. In the post-war period, a sewing and furniture factory, a metalware factory arose, and in 1961 the first excavator was launched in Galich, which marked the beginning of the history of the Galich truck crane plant . During the years of Soviet power, new areas of the city appeared in the city, consisting of typical five-story houses.

In 2009, Galich celebrated its 850th anniversary. From the 15th century to 1928, Galich was the center of the Galich district , now the city is the center of the Galich district .

Rapid Development Territory

In January 2019, the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree on the creation of the territory of accelerated development in the city of Galich ^[9] .

• About 8.5 billion rubles are planned to be invested in the city’s economy.

The coat of arms of Galich first appears as an emblem for the banners of the Galich regiments in the Banner of Coat of Arms of 1729. (in a golden shield on a red field on yellow ground there is a multi-colored military armature with a white cross of St. John) ^[10] . In the book of A. V. Viskovatov, “A Historical Description of the Clothing and Arms of the Russian Forces,” it is indicated that a similar emblem has been used on the banner of the regiment since 1712: “Red, blue, crossed with a green cross, and golden images: in the upper corner, at the pole, military reinforcement, and in the middle - an eight-pointed cross ” ^[11] .

On May 29, 1779, the coat of arms of the county town of Galich was approved, in the image of which on the scarlet field there is a military armature with the Cross of John the Baptist emerging from it.

In Soviet times, an attempt was made to create a coat of arms of the city, reflecting both the history and development of the city’s economy. In 1967, the project of the drawing teacher of the Galich pedagogical school V. G. Krylov was officially approved ^[12] . The intricately divided heraldic shield contained images of battle axes, stars, sickles and hammers, gears, conifers and lake waves.

On February 21, 2003, the City Duma approved the official symbols - the coat of arms and the flag of Galich, created on the basis of the historical coat of arms. Galich also has the official anthem of the city “Our ancient Galich, you are in the heart of Russia” ^[13] .

As of January 1, 2019, in terms of population, the city was in 735th place out of 1115 ^[28] cities of the Russian Federation ^[29] .

The city is located on the shore of Lake Galich (the Kostroma river basin), 121 km to the north-east of the city of Kostroma .

In the center of the city flows the Keshma River, about 15 km long and about 2 m wide in the city.

Economics

In the Soviet period, machine-building enterprises worked in the city (Metalist Production Association, Galich Autocrane Plant ), food enterprises (meat processing plant, butter and cheese factory - now the Galich-cheese AGP), light industry (shoe factory, garment factory). There was a tannery, a timber industry farm, a flax mill and a furniture factory. At present, only two enterprises are actively operating: Galich Autocrane Plant OJSC and Galich CJSC (poultry farm). The products of these enterprises are in great demand in Russia. The remaining enterprises manufacture products that are distributed mainly at the local level. There are also Chinatowns in Galich, since the Russky Brother factory and the tannery practically have no Russian-speaking employees. A lot of wood-harvesting enterprises are scattered throughout the city and in the immediate vicinity.

Intracity public transport is represented by buses and minibuses (almost all routes are operated by private enterprises under a license issued by the administration of the city district).

Galich is connected by roads with Kostroma , Chukhloma , Sudislavl , Bui , Soligalich , Ney . Traffic in the city is facilitated by the existing bypass road.

Both the commuter and long-distance routes pass through the Galich railway station. Most of the fast trains coming from Moscow and St. Petersburg along the northern passage of the Trans-Siberian Railway have a stop in Galich.

• Center for Culture and Leisure "Rhythm"
• City park of culture and rest
• Galich Museum of Local Lore. It was opened on March 12, 1922. Until 2002, he was located in the Epiphany Church, since then he has been in a historic house on 11 Lunacharsky Street.

Existing Orthodox churches: the Paisievo-Galich Assumption Monastery , the Kozmodemyanskaya Church, Vvedensky Cathedral (which contains a list of the Galich icon of the Mother of God ).

Inactive Orthodox churches: Nikolsky Starotorzhsky Monastery with Trinity Cathedral ^[30] , Transfiguration Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral, Resurrection Church, Smolensk Church, Ascension Church, Konstantinoeleninsky Church, Church of St. Basil the Great, Epiphany Church.

At present, there are 4 secondary schools in Galich, as well as elementary school No. 7, an evening school (occupying one of the buildings of lyceum school No. 3), a music, art and sports school. Earlier ^{[ when? ]} in Galich there was a boarding school, which was disbanded, and orphans were distributed in foster families and family orphanages. In Galich, there are 6 preschool institutions and a Center for Child Development. The secondary specialized educational institutions of the city include the Galich Agrarian and Technological College, the Galich Pedagogical College.

• Jacob of Galich - Orthodox saint, reverend.
• Cyril Novoezersky is an Orthodox saint, reverend, founder of the Kirillo-Novozersky monastery .
• Gregory of Pelsham (Lopotov) - Orthodox saint, reverend, founder of the Pelshem monastery .
• Paisiy Galichsky is an Orthodox saint, reverend ^[31] .
• Sytin, Gerasim Matveevich - hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. ^[32]
• Lyapolov, Viktor Mikhailovich - a hero of the Soviet Union since 1945 ^[33]
• Suslov, Alexei Nikolaevich - a hero of the Soviet Union since 1945 ^[34]
• Akim, Efraim Lazarevich - Soviet and Russian scientist in the field of space ballistics, navigation of spacecraft and planetology, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Krasovsky, Theodosius Nikolaevich — Soviet astronomer-geodesist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, who determined the dimensions of the earth reference ellipsoid (Krasovsky ellipsoid).
• Uspensky Fedor Ivanovich - Russian Byzantinist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1900). In 1894-1914, the director of the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople ( Ottoman Empire ). In the years 1915-1928, the editor of the Byzantine temporary . In 1921-1928 he was the chairman of the Russian Palestinian Society . The main work is the three-volume History of the Byzantine Empire, on which he worked for more than 25 years.

• Galich (Ivano-Frankivsk region)

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• Веб-сайт Администрации города Галича
• Неофициальный сайт города Галича
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• Документальный фильм «Историческое наследие Галичской земли: истоки и перспективы»
• Документальный фильм «Ехал грека. В поисках настоящей России. Галич»
• История города Галича
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