Red-armed howler [1] ( lat. Alouatta belzebul ) - a primate from the family of arachnids . Endemic to Brazil , found in the southeast of the Amazon and in coastal forests between the Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe . [2]
Red-armed Howler |
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Scientific classification |
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No rank : | Bilateral symmetrical |
Squadron : | Euarchontoglires |
Grand detachment : | Euarchonta |
Parvotryad : | Wide-nosed monkeys |
Subfamily : | Alouattinae Trouessart , 1897 |
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International scientific name |
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Alouatta belzebul ( Linnaeus , 1766) |
Area |
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Security status |
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Vulnerable speciesIUCN 3.1 Vulnerable : 39957 |
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Content
ClassificationClassification of the species is quite complicated. Until 2001, most experts included the Amazonian howler as a subspecies in the composition of this species, [3] although differences between them were indicated in the early descriptions of the howler. [4] Red-armed howlers are a species with different hair colors, the shape of a skull and hyoid bone , [5] however, without clear geographical boundaries between the varieties, therefore this species was considered monotypic. [3] In 2006, the composition of the howler genus was revised, the morphological and geographical variations of the red-armed howlers were correlated, and two new species were distinguished from the composition of this species: Alouatta discolor and Alouatta ululata . [five]
DescriptionThese are some of the most poorly studied howlers. As their species name suggests, these primates have reddish hands, although some individuals have yellow hands. The color of the coat varies from black to red or dark yellow. The coat is coarse, the face and tip of the tail are bare, like all howlers. Red-armed howlers are the largest of all New World monkeys. Males weigh from 6.5 to 8 kg, females from 4.85 to 6.2 kg. In length, males are from 56.5 to 63 cm, females from 40 to 65 cm. The tail is 58.5 to 91.5 cm long. They have 36 teeth, dental formula 2.1.3.3 and 2.1.3.3 . Like the rest of the howlers, they have a unique voice unit, allowing them to make loud roaring sounds. [6]
BehaviorInhabit the Amazonian and Atlantic coastal forests. Spend most of their time in crowns of tall trees at an altitude of about 20 meters above the surface of the earth. [7] Form groups of up to 12 individuals, consisting of one or two sexually mature males, several females and their offspring. [eight]
Life expectancy is up to 20 years, [9] have a long gestation period, in general, the reproduction rate is slower than in mammals of this size. [10] Delivery is relatively quick and easy. The first three weeks after birth, the baby clings to the mother’s belly, then the mother carries it on its back. [7]
Population StatusThe International Union for Conservation of Nature has assigned this species a “Vulnerable” conservation status . There are a number of threats to the population. First, these animals are hunted for meat. Secondly, the poachers catch the cubs and sell them as pets. Third, the population suffers from habitat destruction. Fourth, road construction in the habitats of red-armed howlers leads to fragmentation of the range . [10] [8] [11] [12]
Notes- ↑ Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia. "Mammals" Prince. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / Ed. D. MacDonald . - M .: Omega, 2007 .-- S. 457. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8 .
- ↑ Alouatta belzebul . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ 1 2 Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-872-X
- ↑ da Cruz Lima, E. (1945). Mammals of Amazônia. Vol. 1. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de História Natural e Etnografia.
- ↑ 1 2 Gregorin, R. (2006). (port.) Taxonomia e variação geográfica das espécies do gênero Alouatta Lacépède (Primates, Atelidae) no Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 23 (1).
- ↑ ADW: Alouatta belzebul: INFORMATION
- ↑ 1 2 Camargo CC, Ferrari SF (2007). Observations of Daytime Births in Two Groups of Red-Handed Howlers (Alouatta belzebul) on an Island in the Tucurui Reservoir in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia. American Journal of Primatology 69, 1075-1079.
- ↑ 1 2 Camargo CC, Ferrari SF (2007). Interactions between tayras ( Eira barbara ) and red-handed howlers ( A. belzebul ) in eastern Amazonia. Primates 48 (2): 147-50
- ↑ Nascimento FF, Bonvicino CR, De Oliverira MM, Schneider MPC (2008). Population Genetic Studies of Alouatta Belzebul from the Amazonian and Atlantic Forests. American Journal or Primatology 70, 423-431.
- ↑ 1 2 Horwich RH (1998). Effective Solutions for Howler Conservation. International Journal of Primatology 19.3.
- ↑ Goncalves EC, Silva A., Barbosa MSR, Schneider MPC (2004). Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Amazonian red-handed howlers Alouatta belzebul (Primates, Plathyrrini). Molecular Ecology Notes 4, 406-408.
- ↑ Bastos, HB; Gonçalves, EC; Ferrari, SF; Silva, A .; Schneider, MPC Genetic structure of red-handed howler monkey populations in the fragmented landscape of Eastern Brazilian Amazonia // Genetics and Molecular Biology. - 2010. - No. 33 . - S. 774-780 . - DOI : 10.1590 / S1415-47572010000400027 .