History of Vojvodina

Initially, the Srem and Bachka were inhabited by the Illyrians , and Banat - by the Thracians . In the III century BC. e. here appeared the Celts who fought with the Dacians .

The Romans, expanding the borders of their empire in the Balkans, in the first century took possession of Srem (which became part of the province of Pannonia ), and in the second, after the defeat of the Dacians - Banat (which became part of the province of Dacia ); The cistern was not part of the Roman Empire , and from the 1st century the tongues settled here.

In the III century, the Romans were driven out of Banat by the Goths and Sarmatians . By the end of the 4th century the Goths conquered the Yazygs.

At the end of the 4th century, the Goths submitted to the Huns .

After the death of Attila, a coalition led by Ardarich defeated the Huns in a battle near the Nedao River , after which control of Bachka, Banat and Srem passed to the Gepids . Then Srem came under the rule of Byzantium , which created the province of Pannonia with its center in Sirmia .

In the VI century, the Avars, in alliance with the Lombards, defeated the Gepids and occupied their lands; subsequently, the Lombards left for Italy, leaving their lands to the Avars. In 582, the Avars captured Sirmius.

In the VI – VII centuries, the Slavs began to settle in the territory of modern Vojvodina.

In the 7th century, the Bulgarian Khan Kuber owned Srem as an Avar vassal.

In the VIII century, the Avar Haganate was defeated by the Franks . After this, the lands of modern Vojvodina at various times were part of the Bulgarian kingdom , Great Moravia and Pannonian Croatia .

In the X-XII centuries the lands of Srem, Bachka and Banat were gradually conquered by the Hungarians. However, the Kingdom of Hungary at that time was multinational, and the names of the first ichpanes of the Bach committee were clearly of Slavic origin. In the 13th century, as a result of the weakening of central authority in the Hungarian state, the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin ruled Srem as an independent ruler. Subsequently, Srem became the subject of a constant debate between Serbs and Hungarians.

In 1459, Serbian despotism was conquered by the Ottoman Empire . For security reasons and the desire to preserve the rest of the territories (many territories of Hungary were already under the control of the Ottoman Empire, and part of the lands had only formal subordination), the Hungarian king Matthias Corvin revived Serbian Despotism on the territory of Srem with recognition of the Hungarian vassality as despots. The so-called period of "Hungarian emigration" of Serbian despots began. Serbian despots in Hungary were supposed to support Hungary in wars and pay tribute. Some despots tried to fight the Turks, trying to revive Serbia, but to no avail. The despots were also given the responsibility to control all the Serbs living in Hungary. The first Serbian despot in exile was the prince of the Brankovich clan Vuk Grgorovich , the son of Grgor Yurovich, the grandson of George Brankovich.

In 1526, in the Battle of Mojac, the Ottoman army defeated the Hungarian army, the Hungarian king Louis II was killed. In place of the Ottomans conquered by the Hungarian lands, a new region was formed - Ottoman Hungary .

In the fall of 1526, Jovan Nenad gathered a large army mainly from homeless peasants. By skillful military operations, his troops liberated almost the entire Bachka from the Turks, after which Jovan Nenad turned it into his strong point, declared himself king and governor of God, and Bachka and Banat - their possessions. In Subotica , a royal court was organized with a personal guard; Jovan Nenad appointed his elders to the cities and towns liberated from the Turkish garrisons, distributing the lands taken from hostile feudal lords to his supporters. In late 1526 - early 1527, the state of Nenada was involved in a feudal feudal war in Hungary, which unfolded between supporters of Janos Zapolyai , who ruled in eastern Hungary in 1526-1540, and Ferdinand I of Habsburg , who was elected Hungarian king in 1526 by the aristocracy of western Hungary. Jovan Nenad sided with the Habsburgs, who promised him help with equipment. After the death of Jovan Nenad, his state ceased to exist.

In 1552, Banat became part of the Temeshvar Eylet ; Srem and Bachka became part of the Sremsky and Szegedinsky sandzhaks.

In 1594, the Serbs living in Banat raised a rebellion crushed by the Turkish army.

As a result of the Austro-Turkish wars, following the results of the Karlovitsky (1699) and Pozharevatsky (1718) peace treaties, the territory of Vojvodina came under the authority of the Austrian Habsburgs.

The Habsburgs decided to ignore the demands of the Hungarians, and refused to take into account the once existing organization of local authorities. On the newly-joined lands, the Temeshvar banat was formed (from which the name of the territory “Banat” came from), divided into 7 districts. The administration was of a mixed character - it was a military-civil administration that carried out border protection ( Banat Kraina ). The Austro-Turkish wars led to large population migrations, and the newly-joined territories experienced a large shortage of labor. In 1763, the Colonization Patent was issued by the Palace Chamber, and in 1770 a powerful wave of colonists from Central Europe surged into Banat (11 thousand families - 42 thousand people), resulting in numerous banat swabs ; Hungarians also arrived here, who formed several villages, and Slovaks, Romanians came from high mountain regions, and Serbs and Bulgarians moved from the south, trade affairs brought to the cities of Armenians and Jews. In 1778, the Temeshwar Banat was liquidated, and its lands became part of Royal Hungary .

The Hungarian ruling circles did their best to turn the multinational (like the Empire itself) Royal Hungary into a national state of Hungarians. In 1830, "language laws" were adopted, on the basis of which the Hungarian language received official status; even parish books should have been compiled in Hungarian, which should have been reflected in the choice of names for newborns.

In 1848, revolutionary unrest began in the Austrian Empire, as throughout Europe. The contradictions between the goals of the Serbian and Hungarian revolutionaries immediately became apparent. The Serbs were not unreasonably afraid of slogans about a politically united people and about the only "diplomatic" language - Hungarian. For their part, the Hungarians, especially the radical nationalists led by Lajos Kossuth , were worried about any centrifugal aspirations. Negotiations of the Hungarian revolutionary authorities with the Serbs, who had not yet put forward the demands of autonomy, not only did not eliminate, but, on the contrary, strengthened mutual distrust. In early April 1848, in a conversation with the delegation of the Novisad Serbs, Kossuth, in response to a warning that the Serbs could demand autonomy from the other side, said: “In this case, we will have to cross our swords.”

Rumors of disagreement with the Hungarians and the previous sad experience of imposing the Hungarian language became the cause of fierce resistance. In many cities with a Serbian population, church books and documents written in Hungarian were burned. Demands about granting the Serbs their own territory and the appointment of a voivode sounded loudly. The excited crowd, led by students and schoolchildren together with their peers who arrived from the Principality of Serbia , forced the metropolitan to convene the People's Assembly in Karlovica, although the authorities agreed only to hold the People's Church Council in Temeshvara in the presence of the royal commissar.

On May 1-3, according to the Julian calendar (May 12-14, according to the Gregorian calendar) in the Karlovitsky assembly , which resulted in a mass rally, decisions were made that entailed serious consequences. On the territory of Srem , Baranya , Bachka and Banat, the creation of the Serbian Voivod was proclaimed. The newly created Vojvodina entered into a “political union ... on the basis of freedom and complete equality with the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia."

Due to the fact that at that time the Viennese court was completely conniving with the Hungarian government, the decisions of the May Assembly were not recognized by the official authorities of the Empire. The situation in the country changed in the autumn of 1848, when the Vienna court, having resolved the issue with Italy and the Czech Republic, entered into a struggle with the Hungarian authorities. The imperial constitution, announced on March 4, 1849, provided that the “Voivodeship of Serbia” would receive a device “which would confirm its church and nationality based on old“ privileges ”and imperial decrees.” The imperial patent of November 18, 1849 formed a separate territorial unit of the Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temeshvar Banat .

The defeat of Austria in the war with France and Sardinia made it necessary to regulate relations with the Hungarian part of the empire, which could only be possible as a result of the restoration of constitutional rights and the integrity of the Hungarian kingdom. One of the first victims was Vojvodina, formally abolished in December 1860 . In May 1861, the bodies of the Serbian Voivodeship transferred power to the administration of renewed provinces. The title of "governor of the Serbian" ( German: Grosswojwod der Wojwodshaft Serbien ) remained in the title of Emperor of Austria (later - Austria-Hungary) until the collapse of the empire in 1918 .

After the defeat of the Central Powers and the impending collapse of Austria-Hungary , the centralized system of power in the country was destroyed, and local power from the summer of 1918 was in the hands of local self-proclaimed people's councils. A Serbian National Committee was created in Novi Sad , which soon set up its branches in the Banat, Bačka and Baranje regions, with the aim of creating a preliminary administration of these regions . On November 25, 1918, the "Great People's Assembly of the Serbs, Bunevites and other Slavs of Banat, Bachka and Baranya" was convened. The Great People’s Assembly voted to join the Kingdom of Serbia and formed the “People’s Council of Banat, Bačka and Baranya”. The Belgrade government agreed to the annexation of the region to Serbia ( on December 1, 1918, united with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), however, it did not recognize the People’s Council.

In 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . As a result of the administrative reform, these lands became part of a new large administrative unit - the Danube Banovina .

In 1941, Yugoslavia was defeated by Germany, Italy and Hungary. The cistern was transferred to Hungary; Srem received the Independent State of Croatia . Representatives of the Germans living in these places began to turn to Hitler with requests for the creation of a large German state on the Danube . However, the German government, wanting to leave Banat as bait for both Hungary and Romania (both countries claimed this territory), preferred that the region remain under the control of the German military administration in Serbia. Since this could look like the inclusion of Banat in the puppet state of Serbia , the Germans ordered the puppet government to create a separate administrative region there , headed by a vice-governor from among ethnic Germans.

In 1944, these lands were liberated by the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia , and the pre-war administrative-territorial division was returned. After the formation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, the Danube Banovina was liquidated and the Autonomous Region of Vojvodina was formed as part of the People's Republic of Serbia . In 1963, it was renamed the Socialist Autonomous Region of Vojvodina, and since 1974 it became the de facto subject of the Yugoslav Federation, having received the right to vote at the level of Serbia. On October 4, 1988, in Bachka Palanca, a crowd demanded the resignation of the Vojvodina government ^[1] . The next day, Milosevic led a national campaign in Novi Sad ^[1] . The Yugoslav People’s Army refused to disperse the march and the Vojvodina authorities resigned. According to the decree of September 28, 1990, the word "socialist" was removed from the name of the autonomous region; Vojvodina again became autonomy within Serbia, having lost its near-federal status. After the overthrow of Milosevic, the situation changed. In 2011, in Serbia, a law was adopted on the status of Vojvodina, according to which the region received significant autonomy: the right to an independent fiscal policy, the creation of its own government and its own bank ^[2] .

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