Sioux (people)

Homeland Sioux - land west of Lake Michigan ( Minnesota and Wisconsin ). By the middle of the XVII century, they occupied the territory near Lake Mil-Lac and further west to the Missouri River . Engaged in driven hunting for bison , divided into eastern and western Dakota. In the 18th century, under the pressure of the Ojibwe and Cree armed with firearms, and also attracted by hunting grounds and trading posts on the Des Moines, Mississippi and Missouri rivers, they gradually moved west. By the mid-19th century, they occupied territories in western Minnesota, northern Iowa, North and South Dakota, eastern Montana and Wyoming, and northeast Nebraska. Having borrowed a horse from the neighbors, we switched to equestrian hunting for bison.

By this time, they were divided into 3 groups consisting of 7 tribes:

• Oriental ( Santi , Isanyati, Oriental Dakota) - mdevakantons , wahpetons , wahpekute , sissetons ;
• Central (western Dakota) - yankton and yanktonai ;
• Western ( Lakota ) - teton ( oglala , brulee , hunkpapa , minnekonzhu , itazipcho , ohenonpa , sihasapa ).

According to traditional culture, central and western Sioux have become typical representatives of the nomadic culture of the Great Plains Indians. East Dakota combined elements of nomadism with agriculture, gathering, and fishing. The community (thioshpaye) that made up the camp united the families of siblings, foster and cousins ​​(each individual family lived in its own tipi ), was governed by a leader (Itanchan) and a council (tipi-yokihe). Several communities united in clans and tribes. To ensure order in the camp, and especially during the hunt, “policemen” (akichita) were appointed, when roaming, the movement was led by elected managers (vacciconza), who also acted as judges in internal disputes. There were male and female unions.

The basis of traditional religion is belief in impersonal power (wakan-tanka) and its manifestations (wakan): taku shkanshkan (“what moves”, “energy”), sun, moon, wind, hurricane, Four winds, Thunder creatures ( Vakinyan), stone, earth, Virgo - White Buffalo, bison, two-legged, many invisible spirits. A person could turn to a wakan tank with a prayer for help (vachekiye - “request for help in a kindred way”), a smoking pipe (chanunpa) was considered a connecting object. There were shamans: vichasha-wakan and pezhuta-vichasha (healers). The main ritual of the western and central Dakota is the Summer Dance of the Sun. Creation myths about the cultural hero and trickster Spider (Iktomi) are widespread. Pictographic writing is known, including annals (“lists of winters”).

Contractual relations with the United States since the beginning of the 19th century, the seizure of land by the whites , violation of previous treaties, the extermination of bison caused armed resistance of the Dakota (the so-called War of Voronenok , the War of the Red Cloud 1866-1867, the War for the Black Hills 1876-1877). In the late 1870s, the Dakota were finally relocated to the reservation . The messianic movement of the Dance of Spirits provoked a massacre on the Wounded-Ni Creek in 1890.

Modern Dakota on the reserves are engaged in agriculture, have gambling revenues, and lease land. More than half of Dakota live in major cities throughout the United States. Actively participate in political speeches, the Pan-Pandeanism movement.

• Vorononok - Santi leader, famous for his role in the Sioux Rebellion
• Sitting Bull is the leader of the hunkpap , known for his role in the Battle of the Little Bighorn River
• Big Foot - the leader of the MinneKong , died in a massacre on the Wounded-Ni Creek
• Frantic Horse - the leader announced , famous for courage on the battlefield
• Red Cloud - the leader has announced , known for his role in the Red Cloud War
• Charles Eastman - Doctor and Writer
• Kicking Bear - artist
• Black Elk - shaman and public figure
• Luther Standing Bear (Mato Najin) - writer and publicist
• Bile - the leader of the hunkpap , famous for courage on the battlefield
• Colonel Gregory Peppy Boyington - pilot in World War II, received the Medal of Honor; a quarter siu
• Zitkala-Sha is a writer and civic activist.
• Russell Mins is an American public figure, an advocate for the rights of Indians, an American actor.
• Zann McClarnon - actor, known for his role as an Indian from the series Fargo
• Karina Lombard - actress, half Sioux (maternal)

• Sioux peoples
• Sioux Wars
• Xiuan languages
• Sioux (language)

• Mato Najin. My Sioux people (Memoirs of the leader of an Indian tribe). - M .: Young Guard, 1964 .-- 184 p.: Ill.
• Albers, Patricia C. (2001). Santee. In RJ DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 761-776). WC Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7 .
• Anderson GC Kinsmen of another kind: Dakota-White relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1650-1862. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1984;
• Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821–839). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• Cox, Hank H. (2005). Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House. ISBN 1-58182-457-2 .
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001c). Yankton and Yanktonai. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 777-793). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J .; & Miller, David R. (2001). Assiniboine In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 572-595). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• Densmore F. Teton Sioux Music // Bur.of Amer. Ethnology Bull. 61, Wash., 1918;
• Getty, Ian AL; & Gooding, Erik D. (2001). Stoney. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 596-603). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• Gibbon GE The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota Nations. Blackwell Pub., 2003.
• Hein, David (1997). “Christianity and Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation.” The McNeese Review , vol. 35, pp. 128-38.
• Hein, David (Advent 2002). "Episcopalianism among the Lakota / Dakota Indians of South Dakota." The Historiographer , vol. 40, pp. 14-16. [ The Historiographer is a publication of the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church and the National Episcopal Historians and Archivists.]
• Parks, Douglas R .; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
• Robert M. Utley, “The Last Days of the Sioux Nation” (Yale University, 1963) ISBN 0-300-00245-9
• Sioux Indian religion: tradition and innovation. Ed. R. DeMallie and D. Parks. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1987;
• Sullivan, Maurice S .: "Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker", New York Press of the Pioneers (1936) contains 'politically incorrect' white man's terminology and stereotypical attitudes toward the 'Indians'.
• Walker JR Lakota Myth. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1983;

• Seven Foci: Lakota, Dakota, Nakota
• Lakota Oyate: Site about the people of Lakota, Dakota, Nakoda
• Dakota Blues: The History of The Great Sioux Nation
• The Yanktonai (photographer Edward Curtis )
• Lakota language consortium
• Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year
• Dakota Language and Culture Encyclopedia