Vyshegorod (Moscow region)

Antiquity

The first settlements on the site of the village arise in the Neolithic era. Neolithic site Vyshhorod is the oldest monument in the entire Naro-Fominsk district. Flint scrapers, arrowheads, and a large number of flakes were found at the parking lot.

The ancient city of Vyshgorod itself was located west of the place where the village is now.

According to the hypothesis of the historian I. Zabelin , the settlement on the site of which was Vyshgorod Moskovsky was called Lyudogosh in the 12th century.

Excavations on Protva indicate that since ancient times there have been not only settlements of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic ( ropes ) tribes, but also Slavic settlements. Klyuchevsky notes that in the pre-Mongol period, the valleys of the Protva and Moscow rivers were inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples, Slavic colonization began later and was peaceful.

In his “ Russian Historical Geography, ” N. P. Barsov writes:

The Protva River served as one of the main connecting chain of the river route from the Upper Dnieper through Smolensk, Kiev to the Moscow River region and the river route along the Oka and Volga to the Caspian Sea. Here in the first half of the XII century there were ancient settlements Vyshgorod and Lobynsk.

Currently, the village of Lobanovo is located on the Rud River (a tributary of Protva), where Lobynsk could be located.

Feudal Period

The first mention of the city of Vyshgorod dates back to 1351 (sometimes 1352). This year, Grand Duke of Moscow Semen Ivanovich the Proud, along with his brothers Ivan and Andrei, made a trip to Smolensk . Chronicles do not mention the reasons for this campaign. When the Grand Duke stood on the Protva River near Vyshgorod, Lithuanian ambassadors appeared to him “ with many gifts, asking for peace ”. Having released the Lithuanians in peace, Semyon Ivanovich continued to move to Smolensk and approached the Ugra River , where he was met by the Smolensk ambassadors, and made peace with them.

The background with the Lithuanian ambassadors is as follows. In the first half of the 14th century, the future rival of Moscow, Lithuania, strengthened. Until 1348, political relations between Moscow and Lithuania were indirect. But starting in 1349, these relations began to take on a seriously hostile character: this year, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd sent ambassadors, headed by his brother Koriades, to the khan to ask him for help in the alleged campaign of the Lithuanian prince against the Moscow principality. Semyon Ivanovich, for his part, also sent his Caliche (ambassadors) to the Horde, who introduced the khan to the fact that the Lithuanians were deserting his tsar (khans) ulus, the fatherland of Grand Duke Semyon. Such a representation affected the pride and personal interests of the khan. The Grand Duke, as the ulus of the Khan, often happens in the Horde and of course with rich gifts. The ravaging ulus of the khan ruins the khan himself. And the khan not only did not give help to the Lithuanian prince, but also issued Lithuanian ambassadors to Semyon Ivanovich. Ambassadors were delivered to Moscow.

According to primary sources, until 1464 the city of Vyshgorod belonged to Prince Vereisky Mikhail Andreevich (grandson of Dmitry Donskoy ) and was presented to him earlier by Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich Dark . According to the agreement of the Vereisk prince Mikhail Andreevich and the grand duke Ivan III in the same year, Vyshgorod was returned to Ivan III by the Vereisk prince. It should be noted that Mikhail Andreevich was the cousin of Ivan III, and the wife of Mikhail Andreevich's son was the Byzantine princess and niece of Sophia Paleolog, wife of Ivan III, therefore the Principality of Verey was the last to join the Moscow Principality, but there is a separate story about this. In 1472, the brother of Ivan III, Prince Yuri Andreevich, died. Yuri Andreevich owned a lot with the cities of Dmitrov, Mozhaysk, Serpukhov. Since Yuri Andreyevich was not married and in his spiritual testament did not make any order regarding cities, Ivan III took these cities to himself, and in order not to envy his brothers, he gave the small cities that were in his possession to his brothers, including Vyshgorod, to his brother Boris.

Russian kingdom

Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible often visited the forests surrounding Vyshgorod to visit Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, the grandson of Ivan III, who during the reign of Ivan IV belonged to Vyshgorod and Vereya, which were part of the Belozersky principality. Grozny came to hunt in the vicinity of Vyshgorod, all the more so, Ivan IV had friendly relations with Vladimir Staritsky, they took Kazan together. Until now, Tatars live in Vereya, the descendants of the Tatars captured near Kazan. In the time of Ivan the Terrible, specially trained falcons were used to hunt small animals, ducks, partridges. Falcons were trained, as they would call them at present, falconers-trainers. In confirmation of the developed falconry, in the vicinity of Vyshgorod there is a mountain called the Falcon Mountain, among the inhabitants near the lying environs the surname Sokolov is common. Ivan IV was so fond of Vyshgorod with its environs that it was as if he traded this city for the palace city of Dmitrov, belonging to the Grand Duke. The city of Vyshgorod became a city belonging to the Grand Duke of Moscow.

In 1510-1515, Vyshgorod was captured by Polish and Swedish troops, destroyed and burned. And, according to the preserved evidence, in 1565 Vyshgorod finally retreated to the rulers of Moscow.

In 1693, by the highest decree of Peter the Great, the Vyshegorodsky volost with villages and villages was handed over to the Germans Vakhromey and Pyotr Meller. Vyshgorod has lost the status of a city. Soon on the Protva River, springs with mineral water were found that were not inferior in quality to the mineral waters of the Caucasus. One of the sources was not far from Vyshgorod, according to the preserved documentary evidence, Peter 1 came here to cure diseases.

Russian Empire

Empress Elizabeth presented Vyshgorod with its environs as a gift to one of her favorites, who contributed to her accession, to A. I. Shuvalov, who quickly turned from a guard officer into a count. Under Catherine II, Shuvalov was the head of the secret chancellery. A.I. Shuvalov was buried in the church of the village of Spas-Kositsa. The lands belonging to Shuvalov began to be called "Shuvalovschina", and the inhabitants who lived there were called "shuvaliks." The managers of Shuvalov mercilessly exploited and plundered the “shuvaliks,” so the “shuvaliks” were engaged in collecting alms. According to the recollections of the old residents of Vyshgorod, there were also such people - they burned the shafts on the sleigh, asked for alms, while referring to the fact that they were fire victims. However, it should be noted that shuvaliki are gullible people, the doors on their houses in the absence of the owner until the 70s of the 20th century were not locked, locked by a wooden latch. The valve is closed, the owner is not at home.

At the end of August-September 1812, the retreating units of Napoleon attacked the Vyshegorodsky volost, however, rural squads, headed by the elders G. Mironov, N. Fedorov, clerks and courtyards A. Kirpishnikov, N. Uskov, A. Shcheglov, drove out the uninvited "Guests". Reflecting one of the French attacks, the peasants P. Petrov and E. Minaev, using gunshots, destroyed the daves on the dam, letting the water down from the dam, stopped the enemies, saved the landlord’s house, a barn with bread supplies, the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God, the house of the Berezhnaya Sloboda from plunder. The general Dorokhov with his hussars and the chieftain Platov with his Cossacks helped them. Until 1975, an elm grew on the Rud River not far from the church of the village of Zarudnoye, under which, according to legend, which has been passed down from generation to generation, the Cossack Platov was resting with his Cossacks, and a linden still grows in Naberezhnaya Sloboda, with Dorokhov and his squad .

In 1821, more than two thousand peasants, inhabitants of the “Shuvalovschina”, tormented by the brutal exploitation of the local commander Lapyrev, raised a rebellion, which had to be crushed by a battalion of regular troops. At the end of the XIX century, the ownership of the Shuvalovs passed to the new landowners, the Germans Shlippe . According to the recollections of one of the residents of the village of Vyshgorod at that time, V. S. Bolotina, the landowner Schlippe was a good gentleman. His children played, skated from the hills (there are plenty of natural heights and historically man-made hills in Vyshgorod) together with peasant children. Schlippe organized a celebration for his children and the children of the village at Christmas in his house. His house was two-story, wooden, located with the letter P, was located on the hillfort of the village of Vyshgorod. From the late 20s of the 20th century until 1941, a seven-year summer school was located in the house of Shlippe, in which the children of Vyshgorod and all surrounding villages studied. During the war in early 1942, the school was burned. For those who went to day work, Schlippe gave gifts, specifically, women gave half-sleeves. In Vyshgorod and the environs of that time, there were three churches, a monastery, a chapel, volost government, a prison, a teahouse, there was a parish school, which most of the children from Vyshgorod and children of neighboring villages graduated from, Shlippe was interested in the history of the region, conducted local history excavations.

Soviet Union

In 1918, an uprising broke out in Vyshgorod against the Soviet regime. In Vyshgorod in the 1920s, there was a local policeman who behaved "permissively." The rebel residents of Vizhegorod killed this policeman. To suppress the rebellious residents of Vyshgorod and its environs, a punitive Latvian detachment of 50 people was sent. Those who are objectionable to the Soviet regime were executed. Including Latvians brutally dealt with the priests Smirnov and Remizov. The priest Remizov was beaten to death, the priest Smirnov, according to one version, was killed, and according to the other, he was drowned in an ice hole on the Protva River. Currently, the priests of Smirnov and Remizov are canonized by the church and declared martyrs.

The troops of the 33rd army under the command of General M.G. Efremov January 4-8, fought fierce battles for the liberation of the village of Vyshgorod, Vyshgorod was on fire. Especially a lot of soldiers died at the hospital in the forest on the road from the village of Lukyanovo. The hospital had a German headquarters. Until the 80s of the XX century, a spruce tree without a peak stood at the hospital on the Lukyanovsky road. According to the stories of old-timers, a German machine gunner - a cuckoo (a suicide machine gunner chained to a fir tree chains) was sitting on this spruce; he put a lot of our soldiers. The top of the ate, along with the cuckoo, was cut off by our gunners. According to the stories of old-timers, there was a well in Vyshgorod, the Germans threw our wounded soldiers still alive at it, threw the locals who displeased them with something there. So, according to the stories of old-timers, a still alive 16-year-old beauty, the owner of a luxurious rye braid, the eldest daughter of the Lobanov family, was thrown into a well filled with corpses. In the spring of 1942, famine began, during the occupation, German occupants took away livestock, poultry, and stocks of bread and vegetables from the residents of the village of Vyshgorod. Residents were happy when grass appeared in the spring, ate grass, if it was possible to get some grain somewhere, grind the grain, add quinoa, and bake bread. There were no seeds in the spring. In the Vereisky district, at the call of the Komsomol city committee, Komsomol members from the Dorokhovo railway station, on their shoulders, having walked more than 40 km, transferred seed for sowing the fields. There was no draft power - tractors, cars, horses. Before sowing the fields, the fields had to be cleared of the remnants of hostilities, there were plenty of unexploded ordnance, bombs, and mines in the fields. And women, children of Vyshgorod after clearing the fields harnessed to plows, harnessed to plows, plowed, prepared the fields for sowing. The country needed bread. Vyshgorod and the surrounding villages were burned, lived in dugouts, it was necessary to build houses, and Moscow needed firewood. The residents of Vyshgorod who remained alive after the occupation, who have not yet recovered from their experience, fell down the forest in the former Vyshegorodsky volost, since it was enough, they rafted it along the Protva and its tributaries. In the autumn, after harvesting, women, girls, and boys were sent to Shatura to harvest peat, sent to railway stations of the Moscow-Smolensk direction to load railway cars with wood. Moscow needed firewood, Moscow froze. According to the recollections of one of the residents, at that time she was 15 years old, she was harvesting and loading firewood into the cars with the same girls as she was at the Dorokhovo railway station: “It was in the winter of 1942-43, we lived in a dilapidated house in Dorokhovo, the owners died, the stove was destroyed, they themselves were dressed in such a way that they didn’t freeze in the evening until late at night, burned a fire on the street, heated water in a pot, this saved us from death, and in the morning we went half-starved and cold to load the cars. How survived, only God knows ... "

After the war, the nearby collective farms were merged into the Vyshgorodsky state farm. Later, the result of Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms was the creation of a large association, the Veselevsky state farm. Vyshgorod became the center of the Vyshgorod branch.

• Vyshgorod settlement
• Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Embankment Settlement ^{[8] [9]}
• Neolithic parking Vyshhorod ^[10]

The first mention dates back to 1352. The city occupied the cape of the left bank of the river. Protva makes a loop in which it is located, surrounded by water on three sides. The fortress with an area of ​​1.5 hectares was oval in shape and surrounded by a rampart with wooden walls that ran along a high steep bank of the river.

The settlement "Vyshgorod on Protva" is attributed to the XIV-XVII centuries. It was located between two ravines west of the north-western outskirts of the present village, 80 meters from the Protva riverbed. The remains of two shafts and a moat have been preserved. The inner shaft with a height of 70 centimeters to three meters and a base width of up to ten meters has been preserved in sections. An external shaft up to two meters high was recorded on the southern slope of the cape almost at the base for about 70 meters. The ancient entrance was on the west side (now - on the floor east side). Part of Vyshgorod is still called Posad.

In Vyshgorod, a two-story single-domed church, built at the expense of the Shuvalovs in 1797 in the spirit of the late Baroque, has been preserved. There was a Pyatnitsky chapel. The church was closed no later than the 1930s, came into disrepair, abandoned. Opened in 2002, being repaired.

• Vyshegorod or Vyshgorod // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• The page of the rural settlement on the official website of the Naro-Fominsk district
• Map of Naro-Fominsk region
• Map sheet N-37-25 Maloyaroslavets . Scale: 1: 100,000. State of the terrain for 1983. 1984 edition
• Vyshgorod on old maps
• On the roads of the country: Sights of the Naro-Fominsk district