Bombacci, Nicola

Socialist and Communist

Born in the family of Antonio Bombacci and Paola Gaudenzi October 24, 1879 . In his youth, he became a primary school teacher, then engaged in union work in the Federation of Rural Workers ( Federazione dei lavoratori della terra ) - in 1909 he was secretary of the labor chambers in Piacenza and Cesena , in 1917 - in Modena ^[2] . In 1911, he was elected to the National Council of the Confederation of Labor ( Consiglio nazionale della Confederazione del lavoro ) at a congress in Padua , and in May 1914 he retained this position at the congress in Mantua . He joined the leadership of the Socialist Party between the national consultative convention in February 1917 and the Fifteenth Party Congress in September 1918 on the crest of a wave of radical labor movement that rose in Italy and other countries. At the clandestine socialist convention in Florence in November 1917, and Giacinto Menotti Ceratti led the most radical revolutionary group in the party, which stood out from all other factions. On January 24, 1918, Bombacci was arrested along with Lazzari as deputy party secretary on charges of defeatism (the final sentence of the court of appeal was pronounced on October 31, 1918), but he only left the appointed prison term of two years and four months, leaving freedom on November 20, 1918. In October 1919, at a congress in Bologna, Bombacci made a statement on behalf of the maximalist electors about the split in the bourgeois camp and the revolutionary path of the world proletariat. In November 1919, he was elected to the parliament from the Bologna District and was removed from the post of party secretary, in February 1920, at the party’s national council in Florence, he made it possible to include on the agenda the issue of creating councils modeled on revolutionary Russia.

In January 1920, the draft Constitution of the Soviets in Italy submitted by Nicola Bombacci received little support and much criticism. Nevertheless, he makes his contribution to theoretical discussions about party politics in Italian society of those years. In April, he becomes the first Italian socialist representative at the Bolshevik meeting in Copenhagen, and in the summer, as a member of the Italian communist delegation, goes to Soviet Russia. In July-August 1920, together with Serrati and participated in the Second Congress of the Comintern , and then became one of the first representatives of the current of maximalists who left the Socialist Party . On November 15, 1920, he signed the program manifesto of the communist faction together with Gramsci , Terracini and others, and in January 1921 at the congress of the Socialist Party in Livorno joined the Communist Party and declared the necessity of joining it to the Third International on the basis of 21 conditions adopted by the Second Congress . January 21, 1921 Bombacci was elected to the Central Committee of the party. In the period 1920-1921 he founded and edited the communist publication Comunista di Bologna-Imola , in February-July 1921 he was engaged in the publication in Rome of Avanti comunista . In addition, together with Bordiga , Gramsci and Terracini, he participated in the work of the Communist International (Petrograd-Rome), the International of Youth and the Young Proletarian organization ( Fanciullo proletario ).

In March 1922, at the congress of the Communist Party in Rome, Bombacci, who had previously joined the right wing of and , left the Central Committee. In November-December 1922 he participated in the Fourth Congress of the Comintern , together with Graciadei was adopted on November 1, 1922 by V. I. Lenin ^[3] , who talked with Italian delegates "on the tasks of combating fascism and protecting democratic freedoms" ^[4] . In 1923, he came into conflict with the party and the Comintern in connection with his difficult financial situation. The problem was aggravated by disciplinary and procedural issues, as a result of which in 1924 Bombacci was temporarily expelled and later reinstated in the party, and in 1927 he was expelled completely on charges of opportunism .

Fascist Italy Politician and Publicist

In 1921, Bombacci was again elected to the lower house of parliament from Trieste and opposed the conclusion of a trade agreement with the Soviet Union, in which he saw a manifestation of the political and ideological rapprochement between Russian communism and Italian fascism. Deprived of the support of the Communist Party and the Comintern, he was also deprived of a deputy mandate and was persecuted by the authorities (in 1926 the apartment of Bombacci was defeated by the Nazis). Special laws were passed that year, and Bombacci began rapprochement with the new regime. After a period of political inaction, he restored old ties in the camp of the trade union and socialist movement and from 1936 to 1943 published with state support the magazine (that is, Pravda), in which Arturo Labriola , Walter Mokki and other well-known collaborated socialists. The ideological direction of the magazine was the struggle for "proletarian and fascist Italy", against "the world plutocracy and its ally - the USSR." During the years of the Spanish and World War II, the magazine pursued a policy of moderate cooperation with the regime, gradually moving closer to anti-fascist polemics in Italy and abroad. Perhaps the resolution of the conditionally legal activities of one of the founders of the Communist Party in fascist Italy can be explained by Bombacci's long-standing acquaintance and friendship with Benito Mussolini - from the time when both were still socialists, or even from childhood ^[5] .

Ideologist of the Republic of Salo

Bombacci was one of the main inspirers of the Verona Manifesto , a program document of the Republican Fascist Party adopted on November 14, 1943 at the Verona Congress and laying the foundation for the ideology of the Italian Social Republic , also known as the Republic of Salo ( Repubblica di Salò ). He is the author of the economic theory of socialization and the Constitution of the Italian Social Republic, which was the last attempt to bring the ideas of the corporate state and class cooperation traditional for Italian fascism to the views of the “left” political wing that were widely used in Italy. Approved by Mussolini , the manifesto was finalized by Pavolini . In 1944, in Venice, Bombacci published the pamphlet Questo è il comunismo (“This is Communism”) and was printed in the Corriere della Sera under the pseudonym Giramondo. Bombacci was with a group of Mussolini’s associates, who were trying to escape with the Duce from Italy, on the embankment of Lake Como in Dongo ^[6] , the body was hanged upside down for viewing next to the corpse of Mussolini in Milan on Piazzale Loreto. Avanti newspaper editor ! Pietro Nenny , who was also friends with Bombacci and Mussolini in his youth, himself proposed a headline for the front page: Giustizia è fatta (“Justice Has Been Done”) ^[7] .

• Lenin V.I. Complete Works . - Prospect, 2013 .-- T. 45 .-- 833 p. - ISBN 978-53-9210-526-7 .
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• Petacco A. L'uomo della Provvidenza. Mussolini, ascesa e caduta di un mito. - Oscar Mondadori, 2012 .-- 254 p. - ISBN 978-88-0455-393-9 .
• Salotti G. Nicola Bombacci: un comunista a Salò . - Ugo Mursia Editore, 2008 .-- 270 p. - ISBN 978-88-4253-849-3 .

• Enzo Santarelli. BOMBACCI, Nicolò (Italian) . Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 11 (1969) . Treccani Date of treatment December 2, 2013.
• L. Bu. BOMBACCI, Nicola (Italian) . Enciclopedia Italiana - II Appendice (1948) . Treccani Date of treatment December 2, 2013.