Chuvash music

At the beginning of the XX century, the musical culture of the Chuvash was represented only by folk chants. In old folklore, songs are everyday (lullabies, children’s, lyrical, gatherings, table, comic, dance, dance, play), ritual (including wedding , funeral, funeral), labor (burlak, yamshchitsky, peasant), songs of social content ( orphaned, poor, laborers, recruits, immigrants, hard labor, women), historical (about the events of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate , about Stepan Razin , Emelyan Pugachev ).

In Soviet times, songs about a new way of life, collective farm life, as well as lyrical and youth songs, gained popularity.

The fret basis of Chuvash music is pentatonic . Often, 2-3 pentatonic modes are represented in the songs, which leads to the expansion of the sound composition to 6-7 sounds and the formation of the so-called. halftone in the distance. There are songs with 6- and 7-speed diatonic scales, including half tones.

Folk musical instruments - a pipe ( chuvash. `` Shăkhlich '' ), a bagpipe from a bull bubble ( chuvash. `` Shăpăr '' ) and goat skin sarnay ( chuvash. `` Sărnai '' ), warhan and pallai (reed), gusli ( chuvash. '' kĕsle '' ), drum ( chuvash. '' parappan '' ), sĕrmé kupăs (stringed bow instrument), hankarma (tambourine); violin and accordion also entered into everyday life.

Records of Chuvash folk music (“Music of Chuvash songs”) were first published in Kazan under the editorship of V. A. Moshkov in 1893. In 1908 and 1912, students and teachers of the Simbirsk Chuvash teacher’s school released 2 issues of “Patterns of motives of Chuvash folk songs and texts for them.” In the Soviet period, collections of S. M. Maksimov were published (Songs of the Riding Chuvashs, 1932; Chuvash Folk Songs, 1964; Chuvash Folk Songs. 620 songs and melodies recorded from Gavril Fedorov, 1969), among foreign ones - “ Chuvash Folksongs ”(by Lászlo Vikár and Gábor Bereczki, Budapest, 1979). Also many songs were collected by V.P. Vorobyov, G.G. Liskov, T.P. Paramonov, Yu. A. Ilyukhin.

Professional musical art in Chuvashia arose after the October Revolution of 1917. Chuvash composers F.P. Pavlov, S.M. Maksimov, V.P. Vorobyov, G.G. Liskov took Chuvash folk songs as the basis of their works. G.V. Vorobyov in the 30s of the XX century created a symphony.

On the stage of the Chuvash musical theater, the operas Shivarman (Water Mill, 1960), Khamaryal (Countrymen, 1962) F. S. Vasiliev, Interrupted Waltz (1963), Sespel (1971), “The Sacred Oak Tree” (1976) by Aslamas, “ Narspi ” Hirby (1967), “Star Trek” by Orlova-Shuzm (1969), ballets “Sarpige” (1970), “Arzuri” (“The Phantom”, 1975) F. S. Vasilieva, “The Wonderful Embroiderer” Khodyasheva (1979), musical comedies and operettas “When the Cherry Blossoms” Orlova-Shuzm (1949), “Three Weddings” (1953), “Happiness” (1963), Fandeeva, “Anatkassra” F. S. Vasilieva (1976), the opera Singer (1971), Salambi (1976) Aslamas, “The Chucka” by A. G. Vasiliev (1972), “Narspi” by I. Ya. Pustylnik (1952), ballets “Uline” by Alekseev (1960), “Zora” Tokarev (1960), “Narspi and Setner Aslamas (1976), Flower of Happiness by Fandeev (1980).

Russian composers V. M. Krivonosov (the first musical comedy “Joy”, 1935; cantatas, orchestra and chamber compositions), I. V. Lublin, S. I. Gaber made a great contribution to the development of Chuvash music. The Leningrad composer B. G. Ivanishin created the Chuvash symphony (1936) and the opera (Narspi, 1940).

Chuvash artists also sing modern pop songs. The most famous performers: Alexei Shadrikov, Alexey Moscow, Konstantin Evrukov, Mikhail Fedorov, Sasha Kazakova, Svetlana Yakovleva, Svetlana Karsakova, Diana, Polina Borisova, Havas Ushkan. To many Chuvash compositions, music is written by the famous musician Sergei Markov.

• Mikhailov S. M., "On the music of the Chuvash," Kazan Provincial Gazette ", 1852, No. 31;
• Pavlov F. P., “Chuvashs and their song and musical creativity”, Cheboksary, 1926;
• Ilyukhin Yu. A., “The musical culture of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in the book: The musical culture of the autonomous republics of the RSFSR”, M., 1957;
• Ilyukhin Yu. A., “The musical culture of Chuvashia”, vol. 1, Cheboksary, 1961;
• Ilyukhin Yu. A., “Composers of Soviet Chuvashia”, Cheboksary, 1978;
• Ilyukhin Yu. A., “The role of musicians of Russian and other peoples in the development of the Chuvash musical culture, in collection: In the great community of Soviet peoples, Cheboksary”, 1974;
• Rzhanov V., “The Chuvash people are singing. (Sat) ”(comp. Cheboksary, 1962;
• Markov B. S. , “The Birth of the Musical Theater of Chuvashia”, Cheboksary, 1965;
• Zhirnov L.V., “Choral Culture of Chuvashia”, Cheboksary, 1965;
• "History of the music of the peoples of the USSR", t. 1-5, M., 1970-74;
• Herre T. A., "Chuvash Opera", Cheboksary, 1979.
• M. G. Kondratiev, “Chuvash music. From mythological times to the development of modern professionalism ”, Moscow, 2007, ISBN 978-5-9292-0168-4 .
• L.I. Bushueva, Yu.A. Ilyukhin, “Chăvash Enong Composer”, Cheboksary, 2014.

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