Troyan, Ivan Ivanovich

Parents

Ivan Troyan was the third child in the family of Ivan Stepanovich Troyan and Elena Nikitovna, nee Bandakova. ^[1] Ivan Stepanovich was a worker at the iron merchant Ilchenko's warehouse in Taganrog, earning 30 rubles a month.

A year after the birth of Ivan, his father and second sister died. ^{[1] [2]}

Elena Nikitovna never went to school. She was taught to read and write by relatives. ^[1] After her husband died, she earned herself by washing clothes and cleaning houses. ^{[1] [2]} Elena Nikitovna lived with her parents with her children. ^[1] Her father, Nikita Ivanovich Bandakov, swept the city streets and chopped firewood in the yards of rich people. ^{[1] [2]} Her mother sat at home and took care of her grandchildren, Ivan and his older sister Maria. ^[1] Later, Elena Nikitovna learned to sew, bought a sewing machine in installments, and began working at home. ^[2] During the 1905 revolution, Elena Nikitovna attended workers' meetings, and when her brother Ivan Nikitich Bandakov was arrested and while he waited in prison in Taganrog for a trial year, she was liaison between revolutionary prisoners and their comrades in freedom. ^[1] Ivan Nikitich served his sentence in the Astrakhan province ^[1] , after which he went into exile in the Orenburg province . He married and settled there, and in 1908-1909 took his parents, Ivan’s grandfather and grandmother, to him ^[2] .

Childhood and adolescence

In 1909 , Ivan Troyan went to the ^2nd parish Gogol School, where tuition was free. ^[2] At that time, Elena Nikitovna worked for Dimitri and Varvara Luschevskikh, who liked Ivan very much. ^{[1] [2]} Dimitri Luschevsky was childless, retired official. He decided to send Ivan to high school. Ivan went to the tutor for one year, and in 1911 passed the examinations in the first class of the Taganrog 8-grade technical school . Ivan studied very well, although it took a lot of effort - the lessons in the school lasted from 8 am to 5 pm and there was a lot of homework.

In 1912 , Elena Nikitovna married Sergey Petrovich Romanenko, who worked in the payroll office of a steel factory, and later as an assistant accountant at a bank, and earned a hundred rubles a month. ^[one]

During the summer holidays of 1916 , Ivan worked as a draftsman at the Russian-Baltic Shipbuilding Plant . In the summer of 1917 he worked as a turner in the Military Industrial Studio . ^[2] In the summer of 1918 , he earned tutoring. ^{[1] [2]}

In the Volunteer Army (1919-1920)

In 1919 , studies in all secondary schools in Taganrog ended early, in early March, and Ivan, dreaming of studying in the future as an engineer-metallurgist, went to work in the open-hearth shop of a metallurgical plant. At the end of May of the same year, already being an assistant smelter, he, like his two comrades, went as a volunteer to Denikin's Volunteer Army. He was enrolled in a heavy armored train " John Kalita " ^[2] of the 2nd division of armored trains.

During his service, an armored train took part in hostilities on the following fronts: from Poloha in Yekaterinoslav direction, then after staying in reserve in Tsaritsyn , in Poltava direction, later in Kursk - Orel direction (city) , and then following the same route back : Oryol (city) - Kursk - Belgorod - Kharkov - Izyum - Martsevo (near Taganrog ) - Rostov . The heavy armored train " John Kalita " was armed with 4.2 and 5 inch guns and fired from a long distance, so Ivan did not see the results of their shooting.

When the Red Army occupied Rostov , and the Volunteer Army retreated to the Crimea and to part of the North Caucasus , an armored train was sent to the railway patrols in the rear, in the Kuban region . In mid- March 1920 , when the Red Army occupied the North Caucasus , Ivan Troyan was evacuated ^[1] from Novorossiysk ^[2] to the Crimea as part of the first corps.

In the Crimea , after a month of rest in Sevastopol , Ivan Troyan was enlisted as a sailor on the ship Rostislav. On this ship, he passed the course of the midshipmen of the navy, spent a month on a small messenger ship, and then returned to the Rostislav. After evacuation from the Crimea, their ship arrived at the port of Eregli , then to Constantinople , and on December 15, 1920 it arrived at the port of Bakar in Yugoslavia .

In Yugoslavia (1920-1925)

The Yugoslav government created a “colony” in Nova Gradiska for about 300 Russian immigrants who arrived. Ivan Troyan was in a group that was settled in Novska . Within two months he, like others, did not work and received state benefits. ^[1] In February 1921 , he got a job from a priest in Jasenovac . He was a janitor, cleaned the church and worked in the field until July .

Then he moved to Ljubljana , where he worked as a draftsman at the Zvoncar factory. ^{[1] [2]} On September 1, he quit his job and went to the evening mining courses at the University of Ljubljana , where they trained mining masters and surveyors . He studied at the department of surveyors , receiving, like everyone else, a government scholarship. ^[1] In October, he entered the Mining Department of the Technical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana ^[2] , but did not leave the course of surveyors . In 1922 he passed the state exam and received a surveyor certificate. ^{[1] [2]} He continued to study at the university, but since it was increasingly difficult to live on one scholarship, in early 1923 he began working as a draftsman, first 4 hours a day part-time, and in the summer he switched to full 8 hours. In July 1923 , political and material difficulties forced Ivan Troyan to leave the university, which was a heavy blow for him. He went to Zagreb, lived there for a month, spent all his savings, but could not find work there. Having learned at the beginning of September that the Russians built the Ormozh - Luthomer railway near Maribor , he went there on foot and fed on apples, pears and plums growing along the road for 8 days.

September 9, he began working on the construction of the railway, which was built by the Cossack military units. They paid less there than they spent on housing and the most economical food. Fortunately, a young coal mine engineer arrived there who knew Ivan through joint studies. He gave Ivan the opportunity to work for two months as a surveyor at two small coal mines in Klyucharyvtsy and Ivankivtsi and earn 1,500 dinars, which was an impressive amount. But they were only enough to buy a civilian suit and pay off the accumulated debt. Ivan Troyan hired another construction, however, when in September and October 1924 the Cossacks began to build a concrete bridge across the Tisza River in Titel , being out of money, he was glad to be able to join them. After working for a month in Titele , he, along with several fellow Cossacks, learned that there is work at a sugar factory in Veliki-Bečkerek . Ivan worked there until July 1925 as a loader at the warehouse, receiving piecework payment. At this time, there was talk among Russian émigrés that you could make good money in France . Ivan decided to find a job in France and continue his studies there at the institute.

In the Saar and in France (1925-1930)

Through the émigré joint-stock enterprise Technopomostek, he received a contract for a year at the Halberberhtte factory in Brebach near Saarbrucken and in July 1925 he moved to Saar . A year later he went to Lyon in France , where he worked for a month at an umbrella factory as an operator of a wire hardening furnace, then found a better paid job at Saint-Germain station. However, after two weeks he was fired because he did not have a French ID card. He worked for 3 weeks at the station in Amberieu , where foreigners were hired without documents, provided them with food and a place to sleep, paid 10 francs a day, and the management filed a petition with the government for issuing ID cards. After working under such conditions for 3 weeks, he returned to Breba .

In Brebach, at the Halberberhütte factory, he immediately got a previous job at the warehouse as a porter driver and a place in a hostel. He stayed in Brebach until June 1930 . ^[1] There were four thousand workers at the Halberberhte factory. ^[3] Since May 1930 , the Halberberhtte plant stood idle because of the crisis, and Ivan was out of work, but received financial assistance in the form of coupons. On June 20, 1930 , an official came to them from the plant in Hagondange ( Lorraine ) and Ivan, one of a group of Russians, went with him to Hagondange to work under a one-year contract. ^[one]

In France (1930-1936)

At the plant in Hagondange, he got a job in the central engine room ^[2] as an equipment lubricant and an apartment in a dormitory.

In 1931 , he became a member of the Romba chess club.

In 1932 , he applied for amnesty and return to his homeland, but in 1933 he was refused.

In 1935 , he joined the Homeland Union , was a member of the Algrange - Ayanj - Ukanzh - Amnéil office ^[1] and a member of the provincial committee of this organization. From December 1935 he was a member of the MOPR . ^[3] In 1936 , he became a member of the French trade union of GTL and FKP (cell Amneville- Rhombus ). ^[one]

The plant in Hagondange had three thousand workers. The salary of Ivan Troyan was 28 francs. ^[3] In July 1936 , he was fired at the insistence of the Nilvangech Center for Russian Fascists of Lorraine . After 3 weeks, he got a job as a machinist in the sawmill department of the plant in Rhomba ^[2] . Until July 1936 he lived in a dormitory in Silvanzhe , from July to September in Amnéville , in September-October in Rhombus . After the start of the Spanish Civil War, he appealed to the Union of Homecoming asking him to send him to Spain . ^[one]

In Spain (1936–1939)

Alexey Eisner , who was traveling to Spain with Ivan Troyan in one train compartment, wrote that Troyan was tanned like an Arab, handsome, despite the rough features, was tall and broad-shouldered. He had a firm handshake and he was struck by his terse words. ^[4] Alexey Kochetkov wrote that Troyan had a meaty strong-willed face and thick black eyebrows. ^[five]

October 28, 1936 , Ivan Troyan arrived in Spain. ^{[2] [3]} Through Figueras and Barcelona, he got to the center of the formation of interbrigade in Albacete and stayed there for one week. Since he knew machine guns Maxim and Lewis well , he was enlisted in the machine gun company of the Thalman battalion as gunner of the machine gun. The battalion received its baptism of fire on November 12 during the assault of Cerro de los Angeles , where Ivan Troyan commanded a machine-gun crew. January 1, 1937 he was again appointed gunner machine. January 12, he was appointed machine-gun instructor. January 20 - 25, he received the rank of sergeant. On the Haramsky front, he was responsible for the battalion ammunition. From 14 to 22 June, he was on vacation in Benis . July 20 - 26 at the Brunet front, he received the title of ensign. September 18 was promoted to lieutenant. ^[1] On April 5, 1938 , he was transferred to the post of chief of combat supply of the 11th International Brigade , where he remained until the end of September 1938 , when foreign volunteers were withdrawn from the fronts of the Spanish Republic . ^[2]

Ivan Troyan participated in battles at Madrid , at Haram , at Guadalajara , in Belchitsky and Teruelsky operations, in the Aragonese battle and in the battle on Ebro . He was not injured. ^[3]

In addition to the Telman battalion ^{[K 1]} , Ivan Trojan served on an armored train ^[6] . In the personnel survey questionnaires of 1938, signed by those responsible for the personnel of the armored train ^[6] and the 11th International Brigade ^[7] , Ivan Troyan is called a good officer who cares about his work, has a camaraderie and knows Spanish well, but is politically inactive. Other characteristics marked his moderation, a great sense of responsibility, discipline and honor ^[8] , it was emphasized that he was highly respected in the brigade, was disciplined, serious and brave ^[9] , that he had relatives in the Soviet Union and that he was more just wants to be able to return to their homeland ^[10] .

France (1939–1944)

After the withdrawal of the international brigades from Spain, Troyan, together with other international brigades, was interned in early February 1939 in the camp of Saint Cyprien ^{[11] [12]} . In April of the same year, he and all other inter-brigade men were transferred to Gurs camp ^[11] (where he became the chess champion of the camp ^[11] ), from where he was forcibly sent to the Belgian border in April 1940 ^{[11] [12]} in the composition of the working company to dig trenches, and in June of the same year, after the signing of the truce of France with Germany , they transferred along with others to the German command. Due to the fact that Ivan Troyan was a civilian prisoner, he was released and soon got a job working on the farm. In March 1942 he was sent to forced labor in Germany ^[12] .

He managed to return to France and get in touch with the Russian Resistance group, led by Gaston Laroche . Laroche was authorized by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to conduct work among Soviet prisoners of war ^[13] . At the end of August 1943 , Gaston Laroche ordered Vasily Taskin to establish contacts with the camps of Soviet prisoners of war and assigned him to help Ivan Troyan ^[13] . On the instructions of the organization, Ivan Troyan brought Captain Ivan Skripay, who had fled from the German camp, from Dijon to Paris . After approval by a higher organization ^[14] , in December 1943 ^[15] in Paris , the Central Committee of Soviet POWs in France was created, which included Basil Taskin, Mark Slobodinsky and Ivan Skripay who had fled from German camps ^[13] . Ivan Troyan was an instructor of the Central Committee of Soviet prisoners of war, first in the Dijon area and then in the Nancy area ^[4] .

Ivan Troyan was a brave and enterprising underground worker. In addition to assisting Vasily Taskin, who was assigned by the Central Committee of Soviet POWs in March 1944 to create the headquarters of the partisan movement in eastern France ^[13] , Troyan played an important independent role. Possessing deep analytical skills, he raised before the leadership such important issues as the need to create a system of "counter points" for Soviet prisoners fleeing from camps and the need to work on decomposing parts of the ROA , especially those located near camps ^{[15] [16]} . Acting in contact with local underground communist groups, representatives of the joint headquarters of the French partisan detachments ^{[16] [17]} and the organization of immigrant workers (MOI ^{[K 2]} ) ^{[16] [18]} , Troyan established contacts with the camps where the Soviet military and civilian prisoners helped set up camp committees in them and ensured their connection with the Central Committee of Soviet prisoners of war ^{[16] [19]} . He wrote leaflets, distributed the newspaper “ Soviet Patriot ” ^[19] , transported prisoners to partisan detachments, found illegal apartments for them, took out ration cards ^[12] , helped create inter-camp committees ^[19] , prepared prisoners for collective release and active wrestling ^{[18] [19] [20]} .

In June 1944 ^[5] Ivan Troyan was arrested in the town of Til ^{[5] [13]} . A member of the French Resistance reported this to Vasily Taskin, saying that people had seen feldzhandarma ^{[K 3]} in Tile and that he had handcuffs on his hands ^[13] . According to Vasily Taskin, Troyan went there to meet with the liaison camps of Erruville . If this is so, then the place for the meeting was chosen extremely unfortunate, since from the beginning of May 1944 the Germans, using the labor of prisoners at the Till concentration camp , hastily built an underground plant for producing V-1 and V-2 missiles of strategic importance there ^[15] . Ivan Troyan was imprisoned in the city of Nancy ^[13] , whence, shortly before the arrival of the Allies ^[5], he was taken to be shot along with other prisoners ^[4] . Troyan died ^[21] , without giving anyone away ^{[5] [13]} .

On November 18, 1965, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Ivan Ivanovich Troyan was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of 2 degrees (posthumously) for courage and bravery shown in the struggle against Hitlerite Germany.

Comments

1. ↑ transmitted from the XII International Brigade in the XI at the end of November - the beginning of December 1936 ( Thälmann-Bataillon (him) // Wikipedia).
2. ↑ Main-d'œuvre immigrée (“Immigration Wage Labor”) is an organization uniting communist immigrants.
3. ↑ Wehrmacht military police officers.

References and sources

1. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23} Autobiography of Ivan Troyan of December 3, 1937 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 38-58.
2. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The} Autobiography of Ivan Troyan of October 12, 1938 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 651, l. 57-58ob.
3. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5} Biographical Questionnaire of Ivan Troyan of November 21, 1938 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 33-34ob.
4. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Eisner A.V. Twelfth International: Tale . - M .: Soviet writer, 1990. - ISBN 5265012214 .
5. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5} Kochetkov A.N. Hello, France! . - Forest Hills: T & V Media, 2013. - ISBN 978-1-937124-10-6 .
6. ↑ ^{1 2} Characteristics of Ivan Troyan, 1938 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 37.
7. ↑ Characteristics of Ivan Troyan from July 1, 1938 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 35
8. ↑ Characteristics of Ivan Troyan // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 60
9. ↑ Characteristics of Ivan Troyan from November 13, 1938 // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 36-36
10. ↑ Characteristics of Ivan Troyan // RGASPI f. 545, op. 6, d. 1555, l. 59.
11. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} A. Kochetkov. Behind the wire . - Forest Hills: T & V Media, 2013. - ISBN 978-1-937124-08-3 .
12. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} Tikhonova Z.N. Ivan Troyan - the hero of the French Resistance // Questions of history. - 1966. - November ( No. 11 ). - p . 151-155 .
13. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8} Taskin V.K. The guerrilla headquarters is operating // What was not mentioned in the reports. Memories of members of the resistance movement: a book. - M .: Political Literature, 1962. - P. 414-429 .
14. ↑ Shibanov G.V. Red flag on the street Grenelle // What was not mentioned in the reports. Memories of members of the resistance movement: a book. - M .: Political literature, 1962. - p . 438-452 .
15. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Kochetkov V.A. Biography of Ivan Ivanovich Troyan (Neopr.) . Ivan Ivanovich Troyan . T & V Media (February 17, 2017).
16. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} Report of Ivan Troyan of April 26, 1944 // RGASPI f. 553, op. 1, d. 2, l. 56-59ob.
17. ↑ Report of Ivan Troyan of May 3, 1944 // RGASPI f. 553, op. 1, d. 2, l. 61-62ob.
18. ↑ ^{1 2} Report of Ivan Troyan of June 6, 1944 // RGASPI f. 553, op. 1, d. 2, l. 65-65ob.
19. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} Report of Ivan Troyan dated May 31, 1944 // RGASPI f. 553, op. 1, d. 2, l. 63-64ob.
20. ↑ Report of Ivan Troyan // RGASPI f. 553, op. 1, d. 2, l. 66-66ob.
21. ↑ Russian in the fight against the Germans // Soviet Patriot. - Paris, 1945. - August 24. - p . 4 .

• Hero of the French Resistance (rus.)
• They glorified the Russian name ... Russians abroad (Part Two) (rus.)