Carpet sharks [1] [2] , or baleen sharks [2] , or wobbegong [1] ( lat. Orectolobidae ) are a family of cartilaginous fish of the Wobbegong order. They are found in shallow waters in the seas of the temperate and tropical zones in the western part of the Pacific and eastern Indian oceans. The word “Wobbegongs” dates back to one of the native languages of Australia and means “shaggy beard” (sharks from the western Pacific Ocean carry leathery outgrowths resembling a beard on the snout).
| Carpet sharks | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Orectolobus maculatus | ||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Latin name | ||||||||||||||||||
| Orectolobidae Gill , 1896 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kind | ||||||||||||||||||
|
The name of the family, like the detachment of the detachment, comes from the words Greek. orektos - “elongated”, “vertical”, Greek. λοβός - “share” and lat. forma - “form” [3]
Description
Representatives of the family are bottom sharks, spending most of the time in shallow water. Most species do not exceed 1.25 meters in length, but spotted wobbegong and Orectolobus halei grow up to 3 meters. Carpet sharks are camouflaged in the form of symmetrical marks resembling a carpet ornament - hence their name comes from. A masking effect is also added by algal skin outgrowths on the snout, serving as tactile receptors [4] .
The carpeted sharks have a wide and flat head, a conical snout. The eyes are located on the head dorsolaterally, there are infraorbital protrusions. The upper mobile eyelid is absent. Behind the eyes are sprays , larger than the eyes. The gill slits are small; the fourth and fifth gill slits do not overlap. The nostrils are framed by long antennae; skin folds and notches lie along the outer edge of the inlet. The grooves connecting the nostrils and mouth are short and well developed. The mouth is large, slightly curved, located at the tip of the snout. On the chin there is a longitudinal symphysial notch. The lower labial grooves extend almost to the symphysis , but do not connect to the chin notch. Lower and upper teeth are very different from each other. There are 23 upper and 26/19 lower dentitions. The teeth are equipped with a median tip. The trunk is strongly flattened, lateral ridges are absent. The precaudal distance is shorter than the body. Lateral carinae and precaudal notch on caudal peduncle absent. The pectoral fins are wide and rounded. The ventral fins are larger than the dorsal and anal fins and are almost equal in size to the pectoral fins. Dorsal fins of the same size. The base of the first dorsal fin is located above or slightly behind the base of the ventral fins. The base of the anal fin is wide, located under the last third of the base of the second dorsal fin. The caudal fin is short, asymmetric, at the edge of the upper lobe there is a ventral notch, the lower lobe is undeveloped. The total number of vertebrae ranges from 149 to 158 [5] .
Biology
Carpet sharks breed by egg-laying , in litter up to 20 newborns. They are found from the surf zone to a depth of 110 m. These slow sharks hide among stones and hunt for fish swimming from an ambush. Their diet consists of bottom fish, crabs , lobsters , octopuses, etc. With the help of pectoral and abdominal fins, they are able to crawl along the bottom and even move dry by moving from one tidal basin to another [5] .
Human Interaction
Typically, carpet sharks are not harmful to humans, but can cause injury if disturbed. There have been cases of bites of people accidentally stepping on carpet sharks in shallow water. These sharks are very flexible and can bite the hand that holds them by the tail. [6] The teeth are small but sharp, with a bite, they can become stuck in the human body, and it is difficult to remove them. [7] . It is believed that they have poor eyesight and can grip their teeth on any object in front of them, so hands should not be brought to their heads [5] .
These sharks are of moderate interest to commercial fishing. In Australia , China , Malaysia and Japan, their meat is used as food, and motley skin is also valued. Carpet sharks are regularly kept in public aquariums in Australia, Europe , and the USA . They are able to breed in captivity [5] .
Classification
Twelve species in three genera: [8]
- Eucrossorhinus Regan , 1908 - Bearded Wobbegongs
- Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Bleeker , 1867 - Bearded Wobbegong
- Orectolobus Bonaparte , 1834 - Carpet sharks (genus)
- Orectolobus floridus Last & Chidlow , 2008
- Orectolobus halei Whitley , 1940 [9]
- Orectolobus hutchinsi Last , Chidlow & Compagno , 2006 [10]
- Orectolobus japonicus Regan , 1906 - Japanese Bearded Shark , or Japanese Carpet Shark , or Japanese Carpet
- Orectolobus leptolineatus Last , Pogonoski & WT White , 2010
- Orectolobus maculatus Bonnaterre , 1788 - Spotted Wobbegong , or Australian Carpet Shark
- Orectolobus ornatus De Vis - Decorated Wobbegong
- Orectolobus parvimaculatus Last & Chidlow , 2008
- Orectolobus reticulatus Last , Pogonoski & WT White , 2008
- Orectolobus wardi Whitley , 1939 - North Australian Wobbegong
- Sutorectus Whitley , 1939 - Bumpy Carpet Sharks
- Sutorectus tentaculatus WKH Peters , 1864 - Bumpy Carpet Shark
Extinct genus:
- † Eometlaouia Noubhani & Cappetta, 200
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Nelson D.S. Fishes of World Fauna / Transl. 4th rev. English ed. N. G. Bogutskaya, scientific. Ed. by A. M. Nasek, A. S. Gerd. - M .: Book House "LIBROCOM", 2009. - S. 110. - ISBN 978-5-397-00675-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Animal life. Volume 4. Lancelet. Cyclostomes. Cartilaginous fish. Bone fish / ed. T. S. Rassa , ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 1983. - S. 30. - 575 p.
- ↑ On-line ethymology dictionary . Date of treatment November 25, 2013.
- ↑ Wobbegongs - five species encountered in Queensland . Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries (March 2, 2009). Date of treatment June 14, 2009. Archived June 14, 2009.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Compagno, Leonard JV Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes) // FAO species catalog. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalog of Shark Species Known to Date. - Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002. - P. 148–149. - ISBN 92-5-104543-7 .
- ↑ Kuiter, Rudie. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. - amended. - New Holland Publishers (Aust.) Pty Ltd, 1999 .-- P. 12. - ISBN 1-86436-091-7 .
- ↑ Shark sinks its teeth in for the long haul , The Sydney Morning Herald (February 12, 2004). Date of treatment June 14, 2006.
- ↑ FAMILY Details for Orectolobidae - Carpet or nurse sharks
- ↑ Huveneers. Redescription of two species of wobbegongs (Chondrichthyes: Orectolobidae) with elevation of Orectolobus halei Whitley 1940 to species level // English // Zootaxa: journal. - 2006. - Vol. 1284 . - P. 29-51 .
- ↑ Last, Chidlow & Compagno. A new wobbegong shark, Orectolobus hutchinsi n. sp. (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae) from southwestern Australia (English) // Zootaxa: journal. - 2006. - Vol. 1239 . - P. 35-48 .
Links
- Wobbegongs in the Fishbase Database
- Images of Wobbegong Sharks
- Species Carpet sharks in the World Register of Marine Species .