Typhoon Haiyan (from the English. Haiyan , Chinese. 海燕 , also Hayan , known in the Philippines as typhoon Yolanda ) - one of the strongest tropical cyclones in the history of meteorological observations that occurred in November 2013 in the Philippines and neighboring countries. This is the thirtieth storm, which was called the thirteenth typhoon and the fifth super-typhoon of the Pacific typhoon season 2013 . It led to catastrophic destruction in the Philippine province of Leyte and on the island of Samar . [1] [2] [3] .
| Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) | |
|---|---|
| Category 5 Super Typhoon ( SSHS ) | |
 Typhoon Haiyan over the Philippines, November 8, 2013 | |
| Formed | November 4, 2013 |
| Broke up | November 11, 2013 |
| Maximum wind | 315 km / h (195 mph) (1 minute constantly) 380 km / h (235 mph) (gusts) |
| Lower pressure | 895 hPa ( mbar ) |
| Dead | 5716 |
| Damage | $ 1.635 billion (2013 USD ) |
| Distribution area | |
 Micronesia ( Yap ),  Philippines ,  Vietnam ,  China (south) | |
Preliminary financial damage from a typhoon in the Philippines is estimated by the NDRRMC at least $ 787 million (November 28) [4] , independent economists estimated $ 14 billion [5] [6] . The damage in China is about $ 848 million.
Confirmed information about more than 5700 dead [4] [7] . At the same time, the President of the Philippines said that the government is not yet ready to estimate the death toll and the extent of the destruction due to lack of communication, energy supply and transportation problems in many regions of the country [8] .
According to the UN, more than 11 million people suffered from the typhoon, most of them are residents of the Philippines. Many of them lost their homes, 530 thousand were evacuated. [9] [10] More than 600 thousand people were evacuated in Vietnam [11] . The typhoon destroyed about 585 thousand houses and damaged more than 588 thousand. [12]
Content
Meteorological History
On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a wide low-pressure area located about 425 km east-southeast of Pohnpei , one of the regions in the Federated States of Micronesia . The calculation of environmental conditions during tropical cyclogenesis and a numerical weather forecast showed that a tropical cyclone should form within 72 hours [13] . Early in the morning of November 3, the Japanese Meteorological Agency classified the phenomenon as tropical depression [14] . Then the JTWC also classified the system as tropical depression, shortly after the release of the tropical cyclone formation warning [15] [16] . A further increase in the intensity of the tropical cyclone led to its reclassification into a tropical storm and its name Haiyan ( Chinese. 海燕 , translated as “petrel”) at 0:00 UTC on November 4 [17] . By November 5, the storm began to undergo rapid intensification with the formation of the cyclone's eye . Thanks to the formation of the eye, the JTWC assigned Haiyan the status of a typhoon at about 0:00 the same day [18] [19] . The Japanese Meteorological Agency did the same after 18 hours [20] , by which time the JTWC was able to fix the wind speed inside the cyclone at 195 km / h (average speed for one minute of measurement) [21] .
Typhoon Preparation
Philippines
Shortly after Typhoon Haiyan fell into the Philippines' area of responsibility on November 6, PAGASA set the first level of PSWS (storm warning), the lowest of the 4 possible, for most of Visayas and Mindanao [22] . As the storm approached, warnings were also issued in Luzon , the level was increased for the eastern regions [23] . By the evening of November 7, the highest level was issued, PSWS # 4, corresponding to expected wind speeds above 185 km / h (115 mph) for the islands and provinces of Biliran , East Samar , Leyte , North Cebu , Samar and South Leyte [24] [ 25] . During November 8, PSWS # 4 warning was issued to several more areas, including the southern areas of Luzon [26] .
Authorities have introduced the highest level of police preparedness in the Bikol Region [27] . Schools were canceled in the provinces of Samar and Leyte , and the evacuation of residents from areas that could be affected by flooding and landslides began [28] . Some areas threatened by a typhoon were previously hit by an earthquake in the province of Bohol (October 15, 2013, magnitude 7.1 [29] ) [30] . The President of the Philippines asked the military to provide airplanes and helicopters in regions threatened by the storm. [31] Because Haiyan was moving very fast, PAGASA issued warnings of various levels in 60 of the country's 80 provinces, including the metropolitan region (the metropolitan area of Manila) [32] . On November 8, the protocol of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was put into effect, according to which the operators of space satellites of remote sensing of the Earth allocate their resources free of charge to obtain operational satellite images of the region [33] .
Vietnam
On November 9, a typhoon approached the territory of Vietnam, wind speeds of up to 120-130 km / h were predicted, with gusts of up to 185 km / h. 200 thousand people were evacuated from the central regions of the country. School classes were canceled; people living in low-lying coastal areas have been moved to more protected places. Navigation was limited. The mobilization of 170 thousand troops. Shortly before Haiyang, central Vietnam was destroyed by typhoons Wutip and Nari , but Haiyang was expected to be at least twice as strong and significantly more destructive [34] .
By the time the typhoon arrived, approximately 600,000 residents had been evacuated; however, in some places typhoon warnings were announced too late. Hundreds of flights were canceled [35] .
Since November 10, the protocol of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters has also been introduced for the territory of Vietnam [36] .
Invasion
Philippines
In the city of Surigao (the northernmost point of northern Mindanao), 280 mm of precipitation was recorded for a period of less than 12 hours [37] .
One of the first to meet the Haiyang municipality was Guiuan (East Samar) at 8:45 pm GMT, November 7, 2013, with preliminary estimates of wind speeds ranging from 147 to 195 mph [38] [39] [40] . Then Haiyan hit the Visayas region [41] . In many places, storm waves were recorded. On the islands of Leyte and Samar, according to PAGASA, the waves reached a height of 5-6 meters [42] .
On November 10, the NDRRMC confirmed reports of 151 deaths [43] . At the same time, authorities in Samar reported 300 dead [44] .
In the city of Tacloban (Leyte, about 200 thousand inhabitants), the terminal of the city airport located directly on the coast was destroyed by a 5-meter wave, only the runway remained [45] [46] [47] . Waves 4–4.5 meters high were also observed, [48] [49] which led to mass destruction [49] . The low-lying eastern regions of Tacloban were particularly affected, the coastal structures were completely washed away. The eastern regions of the province were flooded, located at a distance of one kilometer from the coast [49] . Preliminary estimates of the dead - more than 1000 in Tacloban, hundreds in the province of Samar [49] [50] [51] [52] . About 70-80% of the province of Leyte destroyed, the governor said that the death toll could exceed 10 thousand [53] [54] . According to the Philippine Red Cross, on November 9, the death toll in the province reached 1.2 thousand [51] . The western coast of Samar province was less affected [55] .
Many families in the provinces of Samar and Leyte lost their loved ones. Including many children died. Transport links with the city of Tacloban were disrupted [39] [56] .
Despite the extremely high wind speed, storm waves became the cause of most of the deaths and destruction. The most affected areas are on the eastern coast of Samara and Leyte, the region of the city of Tacloban and low-lying populated areas [55] . Philippine Home Secretary Mar Roxas stated the high complexity of the required rescue operations. Almost a single building has not been preserved at a distance of a kilometer from the coast, some areas are completely covered with dirt and garbage. The effect of the waves is comparable to the destruction of the tsunami [57] . Journalists described the state of the city as “apocalyptic,” [39] the city was almost completely destroyed [45] [58] [59] .
China
The typhoon reached Hainan , it caused significant damage, and where 6 people died. [60] The Qunhai (琼海) region suffered the most, where about 3,500 people in 20 villages were isolated due to severe flooding. [61] Direct economic damage is estimated at 4.9 billion yuan ($ 803 million). [60] Heavy rainfall of up to 380 mm and gusts of wind of up to 100 km / h were observed in Guangxi province . [62] About 1.2 million people were affected by the disaster, about 26.3 thousand were evacuated. [63] Damage in Guangxi is estimated at 275 million yuan ($ 45 million). [60] [62] About 900 houses and 25 thousand ha of crops were destroyed, more than 8.5 thousand houses were damaged. [64]
Vietnam
In Vietnam, the typhoon led to significant rainfall typical of a tropical storm. Reported 14 dead and 81 injured. [65]
Consequences
Philippines
After passing the typhoon in the city of Tacloban, there were massive looting and robberies, including humanitarian vehicles, shops and shopping centers. The fuel and lubricants depot in the city is guarded by armed police, reinforced by more than 200 officers [66] . The country's president, Benigno Aquino III , was considering introducing martial law to restore order [67] [68] .
On November 11, Order No. 682 introduced a national disaster regime in the country [69] .
In the affected areas there is no water and electricity supply, there is an acute shortage of food, drinking water and medicines [70] [71] .
More than a month later, up to 30 dead bodies are found daily in central Philippines. According to official figures, the death toll currently exceeds 6 thousand, about 1800 people are reported as missing [72] .
International Reaction
Assistance to the Philippines was offered and provided by several countries and organizations, including the UN , USA , Canada , Israel [73] , Great Britain , Hong Kong , Japan , Russia , and South Korea .
The United States sent the aircraft carrier George Washington to the Philippines. [74]
Notes
- ↑ Typhoon "Haiyang": the number of victims in the Philippines is growing . ITAR-TASS (November 10, 2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Philippines estimates at least 10,000 died from super typhoon . Reuters Trust.org (November 10, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013 .; (The assessment was given on Sunday by the Governor of Leita and is given by the head of the police Leita Elmer Soriae )
- ↑ Sunshine Lichauco de Leon and Calum MacLeod. Horror stories as 10,000 feared dead in Typhoon Haiyan . USA Today (November 11, 2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 SitRep No. 46 Effects of Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 22, 2013). Date of treatment November 22, 2013. Archived December 7, 2013.
- ↑ Gil Cabacungan Jr. . Economist estimates 'Yolanda' impact on PH economy at P604 B , Inquirer (November 12th, 2013). Date of treatment November 13, 2013. ““ In dollar terms ($ 14 billion), this is more than three times the reconstruction cost of Pepeng and Ondoy. This will have a major punch on the fourth quarter GDP this year but it will have its full impact lag into 2014. ".
- ↑ Moody's estimated economic damage from typhoon in the Philippines at $ 14 billion , Interfax-Ukraine (11/12/2013). Date of treatment November 13, 2013. “The economic damage to typhoon Haiyan, which may be the largest of such disasters in history, including the number of casualties, is likely to reach $ 14 billion.”
- ↑ News, CTV . Typhoon Haiyan: Official death toll in Philippines rises to 942 (November 11, 2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Philippine President refuses to estimate the number of victims of Super Typhoon , RIA Novosti (11/10/2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013.
- ↑ Tacloban: City at the center of the storm . BBC News (November 12, 2013). Date of treatment November 13, 2013.
- ↑ The number of victims of typhoon in the Philippines increased to 9.5 million , WG (11/11/2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Due to typhoon Haiyan, more than 600 thousand residents were evacuated in Vietnam , AiF (10/11/2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan killed more than 5.5 thousand people in the Philippines , interfax.by (11.28.13). Date of treatment December 3, 2013.
- ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans . Joint Typhoon Warning Center (November 2, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ WWJP25 RJTD 030000 unspecified . Japan Meteorological Agency (November 3, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Thirty-One) Warning Nr 01 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy (November 3, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (WTPN22 PGTW 030530) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy. Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ WTPQ21 RJTD 040000 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory . Japan Meteorological Agency (November 4, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ WTPQ21 RJTD 050000 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory . Japan Meteorological Agency (November 5, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 08 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center (November 5, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ WTPQ21 RJTD 051800 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory . Japan Meteorological Agency (November 5, 2013). Date of treatment November 6, 2013.
- ↑ Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 011 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy (November 5, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ NDRRMC Advisory: Severe Weather Bulletin No. 01 re Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 6, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013. Archived November 11, 2013.
- ↑ NDRRMC Advisory: Severe Weather Bulletin No. 02 re Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013. Archived November 11, 2013.
- ↑ NDRRMC Advisory: Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04 re Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013. Archived November 11, 2013.
- ↑ NDRRMC Advisory: Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04-A (Intermediate) re Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013. Archived November 11, 2013.
- ↑ NDRRMC Advisory: Severe Weather Bulletin No. 5 re Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (link not available) . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (November 8, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013. Archived November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Ellalyn B. De Vera and Aaron B. Recuenco. Super Typhoon 'Yolanda' may hit Visayas Friday . Manila Bulletin (November 6, 2013). Date of treatment November 7, 2013.
- ↑ FR Jimenez. PNoy, nagbabala sa seryosong peligrong dala ng 'super typhoon' na si 'Yolanda' . GMA News (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 7, 2013.
- ↑ The number of earthquake victims in the Philippines is approaching a hundred , Voice of Russia (October 15, 2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Joey Gabieta, Jani Arnaiz, Nestor Burgos, Doris Bongcac, Carla Gomez, Carmel Loise Matus and Jhunnex Napallacan. Evacuation centers, rescue plans set in Visayas for supertyphoon Yolanda . Inquirer (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 7, 2013.
- ↑ Kristine Angeli Sabillo. Aquino: PH ready to face supertyphoon 'Yolanda' . Inquirer (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 7, 2013.
- ↑ ANC. 'Yolanda' accelerates, signal number 4 up over parts of E. Visayas . ANC and Yahoo (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 7, 2013.
- ↑ Disaster Charter - Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines . Disasterscharter.org. Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ BBC News: Typhoon Haiyan: Hundreds feared dead in Philippines, November 9, 2013
- ↑ Tropical Storm Haiyan makes landfall in Vietnam . British Broadcasting Company (November 10, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013.
- ↑ Disaster Charter - Tropical Storm Haiyan in Vietnam . Disasterscharter.org. Date of treatment November 12, 2013.
- ↑ Eric Leister. Official: Super Typhoon Death Toll Could Reach 1,200 . AccuWeather (November 9, 2013). Date of treatment November 9, 2013.
- ↑ Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (November 7, 2013). Date of treatment November 9, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Mullen, Jethro . Super Typhoon Haiyan, one of strongest storms ever, hits central Philippines (November 8, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ Williams, Rob . Typhoon Haiyan: Most powerful storm to ever hit land batters Philippines with 200mph winds (November 8, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ Brian K. Sullivan, Cecilia Yap & Joel Guinto. Super Typhoon Haiyan Slams Philippines With Category-5 Power . Bloomberg (November 8, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ Our Foreign Staff. Super Typhoon Haiyan smashes in to Philippines . Telegraph (November 8, 2013). Date of treatment November 8, 2013.
- ↑ “NDRRMC - 151 killed by 'Yolanda'” http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524479/151-killed-by-yolanda-4-5m-people-affected-ndrrmc
- ↑ Yolanda kills 300, a Samar official confirmed http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524543/yolanda-kills-300-in-samar-official
- ↑ 1 2 Tacloban: a city that is not , euronews (November 11, 2013). Date of treatment November 11, 2013.
- ↑ About 10 thousand people became victims of typhoon "Haiyan" in the Philippines - media
- ↑ Super Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest storms ever seen, hit the Philippines with record force .
- ↑ Reuters. "Massive destruction" as Typhoon Haiyan kills at least 1,200 in Philippines, says Red Cross . Reuters
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Typhoon Haiyan: Hundreds feared dead in Philippines . BBC News . Date of treatment November 9, 2013.
- ↑ Andrew Stevens and Tom Watkins. Death toll likely exceeds 1,000 after typhoon slams Philippines . CNN .
- ↑ 1 2 November 9 death toll report by the Philippine Daily Inquirer http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/524159/1200-believed-dead-in-philippine-typhoon-red-cross
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan death toll in Philippines estimated at 1,200 . TheGuardian .
- ↑ Fears at least 10,000 dead in Philippines as Super Typhoon Haiyan approaches Vietnam . ABC news .
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) Update: Death Toll Could Reach 10,000 . Hurricane Central .
- ↑ 1 2 DOST – Project NOAH .
- ↑ Kate Hodal. Typhoon Haiyan: desperate survivors and destruction in flattened city . theGardian .
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan: Philippines battles to bring storm aid . BBC News .
- ↑ Tacloban flattened by typhoon Haiyan . The Age .
- ↑ The Associated Press . Philippine typhoon leaves up to 10,000 dead in Tacloban city , cbcnews .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Typhoon Haiyan Leaves 7 Dead in South China . China Radio International (November 12, 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan affects over 1,200 Hainan villages (November 12, 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Haiyan Storm Kills 8 in China, Devastates Farming . Associated Press . ABC News (November 12, 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ Haiyan leaves 2 dead in China's Guangxi (November 12, 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ China reports deaths amid Typhoon Haiyan . Xinhua News Agency (November 12, 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ Bão Haiyan làm 18 người chết, mất tích, 81 người bị thương . Voice of Vietnam (November 12, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013.
- ↑ Typhoon Haiyan slams into northern Vietnam . Associated Press . CBS News (November 10, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013.
- ↑ Philippine Red Cross says typhoon relief efforts being hampered by looters . Associated Press . Fox News (November 10, 2013). Date of treatment November 10, 2013.
- ↑ Harlan, Chico . Philippines reeling after historic typhoon, Washington Post (November 11, 2013), С. A1, A20. Дата обращения 11 ноября 2013.
- ↑ На Филиппинах объявили режим национального бедствия , Lenta.ru (11 ноября 2013). Дата обращения 11 ноября 2013.
- ↑ Тайфун «Хайян»: ужасает и количество жертв, и положение выживших , ИноПресса (11 ноября 2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ «Буревестник» унес жизни шести вьетнамцев ещё до своего прихода , Вести.ру (11.11.2013). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2013.
- ↑ На Филиппинах до сих пор находят жертв тайфуна "Хайан" - BBC Russian - Лента новостей
- ↑ NEWSru.co.il — новости Израиля :: На помощь жителям Филиппин вылетели ещё 150 израильтян
- ↑ Авианосная спасательная группировка. Почему США бросились на помощь Филиппинам , Lenta.ru (12 ноября 2013). Дата обращения 13 ноября 2013.
Links
- Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 201330 (HAIYAN) — General Information (Pressure and Track Charts) (англ.)
- Супертайфун «Йоланда» . РИА Новости . Дата обращения 16 ноября 2013.
- Super Typhoon Haiyan Surges Across the Philippines : Natural Hazards // The Earth Observatory, 9 ноября 2013 года (спутниковые снимки)
- Анимированный ряд снимков из Обсерватории Гонконга (англ.)
- Compilation of satellite imagery and mapping products, pre- and post-disaster from UN-SPIDER
- Latest humanitarian response information via ReliefWeb
- NASA Satellites Track Typhoon Haiyan's Second Landfall and Flood Potential // НАСА , 9 ноября 2013 года