The War on Drugs is a term in United States policy that describes a multi-year government campaign to combat drug trafficking and drug use , both domestically and internationally. Measures taken by the US government in connection with the war on drugs included the introduction of prohibitive legislation, military assistance to other states in the fight against drug cartels, and military intervention [6] [7] . The term was first used in the USA by President Richard Nixon , and then became popular thanks to the media [8] [9] [10] .
Content
Efforts
The first country in which the military focus on the fight against drugs is most obvious is the United States. In terms of the number of drug users jailed, the United States is also in first place, and Russia is in second. Today, the Russian Federation is increasingly taking military action, while the United States is abandoning such measures against its own population. According to a former employee of the Russian office of the UN Office on Drugs , Mikhail Golichenko , in the United States, “besides the growth of the prison population, HIV / AIDS , hepatitis and tuberculosis, this focus on the fight against drugs gives nothing” [11] .
Director of the Russian Federal Drug Control Service , Viktor Ivanov , said that Russian drug addicts accounted for 21% of all heroin produced in the world, and up to 90% of the world's heroin is produced in Afghanistan , and the drug goes to Russia through Tajikistan and Pakistan. [12] .
In October 2013, the US secret services closed the well-known online drug store Silk Road , which operated within the anonymous Tor network since 2011 , and its alleged owner, Ross William Ulbricht , was arrested. After the closure, several “clones” appeared [13] .
Similar sites also exist in Russia, some of which are on the black list [14] .
Results
According to the British weekly The Economist , the history of the late XX century. showed the futility of the "war on drugs" [15] . For example, the destruction of coca plantations in Peru led to an increase in plantings in Colombia . After the destruction of crops in Colombia, coca production again increased in Peru. After curbing traffic to the United States through the Caribbean, smuggling across the Mexican border increased. Even a short-term shortage of traditional drugs leads to the spread of substitutes that are more dangerous for health [15] .
The publication indicates that the "war on drugs" in Latin America has radicalized the local underworld, corrupt governments and the law enforcement system, and has led to an overload of the penitentiary system . However, the main task of reducing drug supplies in the United States has not been solved [15] .
See also
- The war on drugs in the Philippines
- Global Commission on Drug Policy
- CIA Activities Against Transnational Crime and Drug Trafficking
- Cognitive freedom
- Legalization of drugs
- Narcoyne in Mexico
- Bangladesh Drug War
- CIA Drug Allegations
- Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation
Notes
- ↑ Colombia Program At-A-Glance . usaid.gov . United States Agency for International Development. Date of treatment October 20, 2015.
- ↑ Bennett, Brian . US can't justify its drug war spending, reports say , Los Angeles Times (June 9, 2011).
- ↑ Drug War Clock . DrugSense (December 31, 1995).
- ↑ Vulliamy, Ed . How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs , The Guardian (April 3, 2011).
- ↑ Congress: US Wasting Billions in War on Drugs - Pair of reports blast counter-narcotics spending in Latin America . Newser.com.
- ↑ Cockburn and St. Clair, 1998. Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press: Chapter 14
- ↑ Bullington, Bruce; Alan A. Block. A Trojan horse: Anti-communism and the war on drugs (English) // Crime, Law and Social Change : journal. - Springer Netherlands, 1990. - March ( vol. 14 , no. 1 ). - P. 39–55 . - ISSN 1573-0751 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF00728225 .
- ↑ The War on Drugs . Drug abuse . Encyclopædia Britannica . Date of treatment October 13, 2012.
- ↑ Nixon Calls War on Drugs (June 18, 1971). Date of treatment October 13, 2012.
- ↑ Dufton, Emily . The War on Drugs: How President Nixon Tied Addiction to Crime (March 26, 2012). Date of treatment October 13, 2012.
- ↑ Drug war: rake walks? // Russian service of the BBC , 06.22.2012
- ↑ Federal Drug Control Service denied Rospotrebnadzor: parsley is not a drug // BBC Russian Service , 08/08/2011
- ↑ Silk Road drug sales website closed by the FBI resumed operation // Forbes , 11/07/2013
- ↑ About 40% of sites were blacklisted due to drugs // RIA Novosti , November 13, 2012
- ↑ 1 2 3 “Illegal drugs: The wars don't work” // The Economist , 2 may 2015
Literature
- Johann Hari. Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs . - London, New York: Bloomsbury, 2015 .-- ISBN 978-1-620-408902 .
- Michael Blanchard; Gabriel J. Chin. Identifying the Enemy in the War on Drugs: A Critique of the Developing Rule Permitting Visual Identification of Indescript White Powders in Narcotics Prosecutions (English) // American University Law Review: journal. - 1998. - No. 47 . - P. 557 .
- Daniel Burton-Rose, The Celling of America: An Inside Look at the US Prison Industry. Common Courage Press, 1998.
- Stephanie R. Bush-Baskette, "The War on Drugs as a War on Black Women," in Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko (eds.), Girls, Women, and Crime: Selected Readings. SAGE 2004.
- Gabriel Chin. Race, the War on Drugs and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction // English , Gender, Race & Justice: journal. - 2002. - No. 6 . - P. 253 .
- Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. New York: Verso, 1998.
- Mitchell Earlywine, Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Kathleen J. Frydl, The Drug Wars in America, 1940-1973. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Kenneth B. Nunn. Race, Crime and the Pool of Surplus Criminality: Or Why the War on Drugs Was a War on Blacks (Eng.) // Gender, Race & Justice: journal. - 2002. - No. 6 . - P. 381 .
- Tony Payan, "A War that Can't Be Won." Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 2013.
- Preston Peet, Under the Influence: The Disinformation Guide to Drugs. The Disinformation Company, 2004.
- Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. Binghamton, NY: Haworn Press, 2006.
- Eric Schneider, "The Drug War Revisited," Berfrois, November 2, 2011.
- Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1911.
- Dominic Streatfeild, Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan, 2003.
- Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs. New York: Verso, 2004.
Government and NPO reports
- National Drug Threat Assessment 2009 from the United States Department of Justice
- War On Drugs: Legislation in the 108th Congress and Related Developments , a 2003 report from the Congressional Research Service via the State Department website
- The Report of the Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs — 1972
- Drug Enforcement Administration (2017), Drugs of abuse: A DEA resource guide (2017 ed.), Washington, DC: Author , < https://www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia-library/publications/drug_of_abuse.pdf >
Links
- War on drugs. Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy . Global Commission on Drug Policy (June 2011). Date of treatment September 10, 2014.