Povazhi dialects

In the classifications of Slovak dialectologists, povazh dialects determine a different place in the area of ​​the West Slovak dialect. In the classification presented in the Atlas of the Slovak Language, 1968, Povazh dialects, together with Verkhny Trenchinsky and Nizhniy Trenchinsky, belong to northern dialects and are contrasted with southwestern dialects - Zagorsk and Trnava , as well as southeastern dialects - Middle and Low Tran . On the dialectological map of I. Ripka, 2001, from the Atlas of the Population of Slovakia ( Atlas obyvatel'stva Slovenska ), Povazh dialects, together with Zagor, Trnava and Lower Tran, belong to the dialects of the southern region as part of the West Slovak macroareal and are contrasted to dialects of the northern region - Upper Trenchinsky, Nizhny Trenchinsky and Kisutsky ^[4] . In the classification of R. Krajcovic, the Povazha area is occupied by Piestans, belonging to the main, and transitional Miyavian dialects in the dialects of the southern region of the West Slovakian dialect (he also refers to the southern Zagor, Trnava and Glogov dialects, as well as transitional Lower Tran dialects) ^{[8] [9] [13]} . According to the classification published in Encyklopédia jazykovedy , 1993, the Povazhs together with the Trnava and Nitra dialects make up the southern group of dialects, opposed to the northern group (with the Upper Trench, Nizhny Trench and Kysut dialects) and the Zagorsky group (with the Zagorsky and Skalitsky dialects).

As part of the Povazh dialects, in their extremely northwestern range, Miyavskiy, or Miyavsko-Brezovskiy dialects are distinguished (in the region of the city of Miyava ), in the northern areal - Yavorin dialects and throughout the rest of the territory - dialect dialects (in the region of the cities of Nove Mesto nad Wag and Piestany ) ^{[3] [7]} .

Povazh dialects are common in the western regions of Slovakia on the border with the Czech Republic in the middle reaches of the Vag river. According to the modern administrative-territorial division of Slovakia, the area of ​​Povazh dialects is located in the southwestern regions of the Trenčín Region (in the region of the cities of Miyava, Nove Mesto nad Vágom, Stara Tura ) and the northeastern regions of Trnava Region (in the region of the city of Piestany) ^{[ 14] [15]} .

From the north-east, the area of ​​distribution of the Lower Trenna dialects of the northern West Slovakian group adjoins the area of ​​the Povazh dialects, from the east - the area of ​​the Middle Slovak dialects , from the southeast - the area of ​​the West Slovak dialects . In the southwest, Povazh dialects border on Trnava dialects , in the west - on Zagorsk dialects of the West Slovak dialect. In the north, the area of ​​distribution of Kopanichar dialects of the East Moravian (Moravian-Slovak) dialect group ^{[2] [3] [4]} adjoins the area of ​​Povazha dialects.

Povazh dialects are called by the name of the Vag river, flowing through the territory of their distribution, by the name of the largest settlement, dialects of this or that part of the pazazha area are named: Miyava dialects (by the name of the city of Miyava), Piestany (proper Povazh dialects) (by the name of the city of Piestany) , the name of the Yavorin dialects is associated with the name of the Yavorin River ^[16] .

West Slovak dialect traits

Most common dialects are characterized by the majority of dialectal phenomena inherent in the West Slovak dialect as a whole; these include phonetic features such as ^{[17] [18] [19]} :

1. The presence of phonologically long vowels: actually long vowels á , í , ú ; the original Slovakian diphthongs are the original long monophthongs é , ó , b and monophthongized or decayed diphthongs. Moreover, unlike most Western Slovak dialects, which do not have diphthongs , some of the diphthongs or vowel combinations resembling diphthongs, primarily i̯e , less often vó and i̯a, have spread in Povazh dialects under the influence of the Middle Slovak dialect.
2. The absence of the law of rhythmic reduction of the syllable (the law of syllable harmony, according to which two syllables with long vowels cannot follow each other in the word): xválím “I praise”, krásní , etc.
3. The tendency to the loss of paired soft consonants is their complete absence or the presence of only one pair in hardness / softness n - ň .
4. Palatalization of consonants in positions before e from ě or ę .
5. Initial stress , always falling on the first syllable.

Among the Western Slavonic phonetic features, the Pre-Slavic reflexes are also noted ^{[17] [20] [21]} :

1. In most cases, the presence of the pre-Slavic combinations * orT- , * olT- is not under acute stress roT- , loT- : rokita , rost'em , vloňi , etc.
2. Saving combinations tl , dl or changing them to ll (excluding the participle on -l): krídlo / kríllo , šidlo / šillo .
3. Change of consonant ch in š according to the second palatization : Češi , mňíši , etc.
4. Changing the combination of reduced with smooth l̥ ( tьlstъ ) in a position between two consonants, one of which is linguistic, in a combination of lu ( tlust ). The exception is Miyav dialects, in which syllabic consonants are represented in this position.
5. Change in the trot , tlt , trt , tlt in a vowel of a complete education: krest , blexa , etc.

In addition, the West Slovakian phonetic features include the later dialectic phenomenon ^{[22] [20] [21]} - vocalization of reduced b , b in a strong position with the formation in their place of e : deska “board”, kotel “boiler”, oves “oats” , ocet “vinegar”, statek “cattle”, ven “out”, “outside”, etc., as well as other dialectical features.

Morphological West Slovakian features include ^{[23] [24] [21] [19]} :

1. The presence of contraction in the forms of the instrumental case of the singular nouns and adjectives of the feminine and some pronouns ( s dobrú ženú / ženu , s tebú / s tebu ) and the nominative and accusative cases of the singular adjectives of the middle gender ( dobré ).
2. Distribution of the ending -o in neuter nouns in the form of the nominative and accusative singular with a functionally soft consonant at the end of the stem: líco , srco , vajco , pleco , etc. or -é , -í : obilé / obilí , znameňé / znameňí .
3. The distribution in most of the dialects of the ending -u in animate nouns on a in the form of the genitive singular: gazdu , sluhu , with the ending -i in the extreme western dialects of the West Slovak area: gazdi , sluhi .
4. The presence of endings containing a vowel of order e ( -i̯e / -é / -i̯é , -ovi̯e / -ové / -ovi̯é ) in animate masculine nouns in the form of a plural nominative case: lud'i̯e / ludé / ludi̯é ; sinovi̯e / sinové / sinovi̯é ; rodičé / rodiči̯e , etc. In Miyav dialects, inflections of order a .
5. The presence of uncomplicated forms of the genitive and dative cases of the singular possessive pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons: tvojého / tvojjého ; tvojému / tvojjému .

Local Dialect Traits

In addition to the West Slavonic dialect features, the language system of the Povazh dialects includes a number of their own local dialectal features, which contrast these dialects with the rest of the West Slovak region. Among them are noted such as ^[11] :

1. The complete absence of paired soft consonants , distinguishing the movers from the rest of the northern West Slovakian dialects. In all positions, hardened t and d are represented (less commonly, assimilated c and ʒ ), as well as n and l : deti , dedina , vrátit , dakujem , koni̯éc , prinésli , etc.
2. The presence of double consonants of different origin: millo ; oddix ; precca ; stunna , najelli sa , drevenní , trojjé , mojjú , etc.
3. Inflection i in inanimate masculine nouns with a base on s , z in the form of a prepositional case: po hlasi , na vozi .
4. Inflection ou̯ in masculine nouns in the form of the genitive plural: bratou̯ ; sinou̯ , etc. In the northwestern range of the Povazh dialects, inflection in the form vóf : bratvóf ; sinvóf , etc. In addition, inflection is often found í (including among feminine and neuter nouns): mesácí , vozí , dubí , zimí , dreví , etc.
5. Replacing the core-forming suffix of infinitive i with the suffix e in the formation of l-participles in all forms or only in masculine forms: kúpeu̯ / kúpel , zastreleu̯ / zastrelel - kúpela / kúpila , zastrelela / zastrelila
6. The use of negative particles of nine or neni in combination with personal forms of the auxiliary verb byť “to be”: nine som / neni som , nines / neni si , nine je / neni je .

Also, the Povazh dialects are characterized by the general West Slavonic absence of the law of rhythmic reduction of the syllable, which distinguishes the Povazh dialects from the other northern West Slovak dialects, subjected to significant Middle Slovak influence - the Upper Trenchian and the Eastern Nizhny Trenchinsky.

Features common to the features of the average Slovak dialect

Some of the linguistic features of the Povazh dialects coincide with the corresponding features of the Middle Slovak dialect or developed under its influence ^[10] :

1. The presence of diphthongs or combinations of vowels resembling diphthongs in the vocalism system: i̯e , also acting as i̯é ; i̯a or a combination vó in place of a long ó . Within the West Slovakian area, diphthongs are widely represented in the Upper Trench and less widely in the Lower Trench dialects.
2. The presence of bilabial u̯ at the end of the syllable and word (along with v or f in the same position), as well as in masculine l-participles.
3. The distribution of syllable syllables in place of the Pre-Slavic combinations reduced with a smooth l in the position after the lingual consonant, noted in Miyav dialects (in the other Povazhy dialects in this position - lu or u ).
4. The presence of a flexion of order a in animate nouns in the form of a nominative plural, also common in Miyav dialects (in other dialects, inflections of order e ).

Northeast Dialect Traits

A number of dialectal features distinguishes the northeastern territory in the Povazha range ^[12] :

1. Converted forms of verbs of the present tense.
2. The presence of infinitives on -i , replaced by neoplasms on -it .
3. Extension of the underlying suffix of the infinitive a , etc.
4. Inflection e in inanimate masculine nouns with a base on s , z in the form of a prepositional case (with the general Pazovan inflection i ): po hlase , na voze .

Sources