Zhukovsky, Grigory Yulievich

Grigory Yulievich Zhukovsky was born on July 14, 1878 in St. Petersburg. Parents - mother, Ekaterina Ivanovna Ilyina (first husband - Tsenina) - translator, lived in the famous Sleptsovsk hostel , father, Julius Zhukovsky - translator, economist of comradely forms of production based on education and populism , economic theories of the sixties during the 1860s , worked on translations of Karl Marx ^{[1] [2]} .

Received primary education in one of the St. Petersburg gymnasiums. In 1897 he entered the Imperial St. Petersburg University . In the last courses of the university, he chose physical chemistry as his specialty and worked as a laboratory assistant at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry under the direction of D.P. Konovalov , conducted experiments in the field of physical chemistry , thermochemistry and calorimetry , which had a huge impact on the development of chemical science of solutions . In 1902 he graduated from St. Petersburg University with a diploma of the 1st degree.

After graduating from St. Petersburg University, he was invited to the laboratory of the Petrograd Technological Institute at the Department of General Chemistry, which was occupied by N. S. Kurnakov He participated in the equipment of the laboratory, in the formulation of experiments and practical classes in chemistry. Under the leadership of Kurnakov, he was engaged in physical and chemical analysis , scientific and technical research in applied chemistry. Later he independently carried out research work on mercury alloys with alkali metals and showed the presence of previously unknown chemical compounds in the alloys; for the study of the chemical compounds of the lithium-mercury system was presented by the Russian Chemical Society to the D. I. Mendeleev Prize .

In the period from 1904 to 1906, the Scientific Council of the Petrograd Technical Institute sets out to improve education abroad, where it takes experience in arranging physical and chemical laboratories in Germany, works at the University of Heidelberg in Germany under the guidance of Professor Georg Herman Quincke , studies gas absorption by liquids and solids , observes experiments on optics and interference of light by Professor Georg Bredig . At the University of Göttingen in Germany, she studies experiments with polymorphic modifications of the crystal lattice with Professor Gustav Tamman , and studies the processes of glass formation and crystallization. In 1906, he represents the Petrograd Institute of Technology at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry in Rome.

Warsaw Laboratory

Since June 1912 he has been appointed head of the Department of Silicate Materials at the Warsaw University of Technology , organizes a laboratory for the study of glass and ceramics. The First World War that began in 1914 and the offensive of the Austro-Hungarian forces on Warsaw forced the Russian government to hastily evacuate the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute to Moscow, then to the Nizhny Novgorod Technical University and Rostov University , parts of the university were located at the Don Polytechnic Institute . At the same time, a significant part of the institute's property remained in Warsaw. Many evacuated teachers were forced to leave their personal property in Warsaw. Zhukovsky returned to the Petrograd Institute of Technology and, on the recommendation of the head of the Department of General Chemistry N. S. Kurnakov, was sent to work as a consultant to the Main Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of War of the Russian Empire.

Factory Basics

In the spring of 1888, professor of St. Petersburg University Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, at the request of the manager of the joint-stock company of the southwestern railways, Sergey Yulievich Witte, went with an expedition to the city of Kharkov. During the expedition, Mendeleev explores the foundations of the factory and factory industry, local industries, the historical and economic importance of the factory and factory industry, the natural substances used in the factory and factory industry, and the location of factories.

Upon completion of the expedition, he submits a report to the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire , speaks at a meeting of the Russian Physicochemical Society, publishes a detailed article in the journal "Northern Bulletin" No. 8, 1888, entitled "Future Force Resting on the Banks of the Donets." DI Mendeleev examines the factory and factory industry based on the local industrial use of Donetsk coal, gives examples of the use of furnaces , furnaces , muffles , crucibles with a high temperature of thousands of degrees, and concludes: “Glass will go east as Venetian” ^{[3 ]} . D.I.Mendeleev's research work on the fundamentals of the factory and factory industry, at the location of factories and factories played an important role in the decision by the Military Council of the Russian Empire to build state-owned factories.

In 1914, a private English company , Chance Brothers and Company, was able to agree on the transfer of a patent for optical glassmaking, including drawings and glassmaking techniques. In order to familiarize themselves with the production process in detail, Nikolai Nikolaevich Kachalov , Ilya Vasilievich Grebenshchikov , other engineers, stove-makers and glass-makers go to England to transfer experience on the spot ^[4] . In 1914, the first attempts at pilot glassmaking at the imperial factories in Petrograd did not yield positive results: wood-burning fuel stoves were unsuitable for cooking optical glass.

Project at the Main Artillery Directorate

In the period from 1914 to 1915, the Head of the Main Artillery Directorate Aleksei Alekseevich Manikovsky held consultations with Nikolai Nikolaevich Kachalov , Dmitry Sergeyevich Rozhdestvensky , Ilya Vasilievich Grebenshchikov from Petrograd University and with V. A. Dobroduumov , Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov , Grigory Yulievich Zhukovsky from on experiments in optical glassmaking for the needs of the Main Artillery Directorate.

On April 23, 1916, the Military Council of the Russian Empire , headed by Minister of War Dmitry Savelievich Shuvaev , members of the Council General Alexei Andreyevich Polivanov , General Vladimir Alexandrovich Sukhomlinov , "decided to begin construction work on the breech optical glass factory in the city of Izum", the development of the technical project was entrusted to the Chief artillery control. On May 12, 1916, the head of the main artillery directorate, General Aleksey Alekseevich Manikovsky, issued a decree No. 297 on the formation of an economic and construction commission led by Colonel V. A. Dobroduumov. On May 15, 1916, Colonel Dobrodumov applied for a report No. 53, in which he asked for an advance payment for drawing work on the development of the project to build an optical glass factory in Izum. ^[five]

The head of the Main Artillery Directorate General Aleksey Alekseevich Manikovsky , the chairman of the commission, Colonel V. A. Dobrodumov, scientific adviser doctor of physical chemistry, Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov , professor of physical chemistry, Grigory Yulievich Zhukovsky for consultations in mastering the technology of melting and production of optical glass was attended by leading experts in experimental optical glassmaking with the Emperor Orsk Porcelain Factory Nikolai Nikolaevich Kachalov , Ilya Vasilievich Grebenshchikov , Vladimir Efimovich Grum-Grzhimailo .

On October 30, 1916, the Military Council of the Russian Empire "decided to begin construction work on the state-owned optical instrument factory in the city of Izium." The experience of the Schott and Zeiss enterprises in the city ​​of Jena pointed to the need for an optical glassmaking and optical instrument-making plant, "the link between the glass-making and optical plants is outlined by the Main Artillery Directorate in Izum, where both plants are supposed to be located on the same territory." ^{[6] [7]} After the approval of the construction project, work is transferred from the city of Petersburg to the city of Izum.

According to the submission to the State Duma on October 31 with. g. for the number 11800 sec. on the release of funds for the construction of a state-owned optical instrument factory, this plant will be built in the same city of Izum; the combination in one place of two factories - optical glass and optical instruments - will not only be economically advantageous, but also very technically feasible, because the success of the production of both plants depends to a large extent on their constant connection and relationship. The construction and equipment of the optical glass plant will take about one building season (1917). Signatures: Minister of War General Shuvaev Dmitry Savelyevich and Head of the Artillery Directorate General Manikovsky Alexey Alekseevich.

- The military industry of Russia at the beginning of the XX century 1900-1917. Collection of documents. Submission of the Ministry of War to the State Duma on the construction of an optical glass factory in Izum No. 14052 dated December 31, 1916 - M: New Chronograph, 2004

Construction of an optical glass factory

The construction of optical glassmaking and optical instrument-making plants was supposed to be carried out in two construction seasons, from 1916 to 1917. On August 7, 1916, Colonel V. Dobrodumov, officers and military engineers of the Main Artillery Directorate, chemistry professor G. Yu. Zhukovsky arrived in Izum. Construction work was carried out according to the project on the territory of the state-owned distillery according to the Izyum Shlyakh on the outskirts of the town of Izyum, the shly was expanded by six fathoms , a cut was introduced , residential buildings for officers, engineers and employees were built, a factory building and an optical glass- making workshop were built . In the period of 1917, construction work was carried out in the summer. During this period, the delivery of equipment from Petrograd was expected at the Izyum Optical Glass Plant, wagons with the equipment did not arrive in the city of Izyum and were stopped in the city of Voronezh, transported to the city of Perm, then to the city of Podolsk and the city of Krasnogorsk. On March 15, 1918, a "disruption of the war industry" was announced. From April 1918 to November 1918, in connection with the German occupation of the city of Raisins, the construction of the plant stopped. ^[8] Officers and military engineers of the Main Artillery Directorate depart for the city of Kharkov, then in the city of Petrograd.

On October 1, 1919, the factories of the Main Artillery Directorate were transferred to the Main Directorate of the Military Industry (GUVP) under the Supreme Economic Council . In the period 1923 and 1924, the Main Directorate of the Supreme Economic Council of the National Economy began to restore the factories of the military industry.

Kharkov Laboratory

In the period from 1921 to 1924, professor of chemistry Grigory Yulievich Zhukovsky got a job at the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute at the department of chemistry of silicate materials , where he conducts scientific and research work on optical glass melting technology . The library of the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute has preserved scientific and research publications autographed by Zhukovsky.

First optical glassmaking

On May 13, 1923, a professor of chemistry at the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, Zhukovsky Grigory Yulievich, crowns were welded at the Izyumsky Optical Glass Factory. May 13, 1923 went down in the history of the plant as the birthday of the Izyum Optical Glass Plant. December 15, 1926 GUVP VSNKH begins the formation of military-industrial trusts, in 1930 GUVP VSNH forms a trust (association) of optical enterprises "State Optical and Mechanical Plants" (GOMZ) and a trust (association) of research institutes "State Optical Institute" (GOI).

In 1916, the installation of the production of high-grade optical glass was undertaken. But with the beginning of the revolution, this business died out and was resumed only recently. Currently, the two largest factories of the Main Directorate of the Military Industry have done the largest work on planting the production of high-grade glass. The following successes should be noted in this area: out of a total of 16 grades of optical glass needed for the production of military optical devices, the manufacture of 14 grades of this glass has been fully developed; an average yield of glass of 8% from one brew has been achieved when going abroad in 15%; established the production of pots that are sufficiently resistant to the corrosive action of glass.

- A brief overview of the work of the General Directorate of the Military Industry in the 1924/25 operational year - M: 1925.

Izyum Optical Glass Factory

In the period from 1924 to 1929, Zhukovsky Grigory Yulievich worked at the plant as the chief technologist for glass melting. In the period of the 1930s, Igor Mikhailovich Buzhinsky worked as the head of the experimental glassmaking workshop, Lidia Ivanovna Dyomkina as the head of the experimental laboratory for optical glassmaking, later Buzhinsky was appointed chief glassmaking technologist to replace Grigory Yulievich Zhukovsky.

Study and transfer of optical glassmaking experience

In 1936, at the Izyum Optical Glass Factory, a research laboratory of the State Optical Institute for the study and transfer of positive experience in optical glassmaking was opened, with the aim of studying optical glass melting using optical glass melting examples, conducted by professor of the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, chemical technologist Grigory Zhukovsky at the Izyum Optical Glass Factory.

A scientific research “section” is being sent to the city of Izum ( Lidia Ivanovna Dyomkina , Gleb Nikolaevich Rautian , Vladimir Vladimirovich Vargin, Roza Markovna Fridlyand, Yakov Isakovich Ryskin, Dmitry Vasilievich Gavrilov, Grigory Yakovlevich Borovik), who are with other employees of the State Optical Institute and Igor Mikhailovich Buzhin , Lyudmila Petrovna Banina conduct a study of experience, employees of Lidia Ivanovna Demkina investigated the optical properties of glass depending on the chemical composition, developed new brands and glass melting modes. Laboratory research work by Dyomkina avoided the experimental selection of chemicals during the cooking of optical glass with the required properties.

In the period 1923 and 1924, the Main Directorate of the Military Industry (GUVP) under the Supreme Economic Council began to restore the factories of the military industry of the Izyum Optical Glass Plant and the Krasnogorsk Precision Mechanics Plant. On December 29, 1929, the State Optical Institute , in which L. I. Demkina worked, and the Leningrad Optical Glass Plant were transferred to the trust (association) of the optical-mechanical industry (TOMP) under the Main Directorate of the Military Industry. In the period 1929, Zhukovsky Grigory Yulievich worked at the Izyum Optical Glass Factory) and headed the Department of Chemistry of Silicate Materials of the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute . Lidia Ivanovna Dyomkina recalls that in 1929 a meeting was held in Kharkov and I arrived in Izum from Kharkov. In the period of the 1930s, we began to go to Izium with Vladimir Vladimirovich Vargin and Rautian Gleb Nikolaevich. In the city of Izium we began to work since 1936. Our task was to conduct research advanced by production, as well as work related to the development and development of new glasses.

- Demkina L.I. My scientific activity // Rautian Family Mosaic Online Edition

The Leningrad "section" at the plant carried out extensive research work, which allowed to achieve high quality optical glass. For special merits in the organization of production, the staff of the State Optical Institute, director Dmitry Rozhdestvensky, was credited to the “gold fund” of the optical glass factory in Leningrad , Len-ZOS , and subsequently the Leningrad Optical Glass Factory was transferred to the State Optical Institute for pilot glassmaking, where experimental boiling followed by the development of industrial production of optical glass in the city of Izium.

In the period from 1929 to 1939, Zhukovsky, Georgy Yulievich worked at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology and was the project supervisor of the pilot glass factory of the State Experimental Glass Institute in Moscow.

• 1915 - Zhukovsky G. Yu. Report at a meeting of the Bureau of Congresses of Glassmakers September 5, 1915 - Petersburg: Glassmaker No. 23, 1915
• 1918 - Zhukovsky G. Yu. Production of optical glasses. Part 1 - Petersburg: 1918
• 1935 - Zhukovsky G. Yu. Specifications for clay raw materials for the glass industry - Moscow: Gizlegprom, 1935
• 1936 - Zhukovsky G. Yu. Zhitomirskaya, E.Z., Rodin S.V. Iron removal of sand by mechanical means - Moscow: Gizlegprom, 1936
• 1957 - Zhukovsky G. Yu. Start of production of optical glass in the USSR - Leningrad: Optical-mechanical industry No. 5, 1957

Among the works of Zhukovsky published during this time and which served as the basis for the development of the technological process of optical production, the book “Production of optical glasses” published by the magazine Glassmaker in 1916 is an extremely valuable work. Being also interested in refractory materials, he simultaneously works at the Institute of Refractories as a permanent scientific consultant and a member of the Presidium of the Technical and Economic Council of the Refractory Industry at the People's Commissariat of Commerce, where he leads the raw materials section. In 1931, Zhukovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Glass Institute, and from the beginning of 1931 he became a member of the editorial board and editor of the abstract department of the journal Ceramics and Glass. He was a permanent member of the Commission for Technical Terminology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a member of the Organizing Bureau of VNITO Silicate Industry and editor of the magazine Glass Industry.

He was a member of the Research Society of Chemists, the American Ceramic Society, and the English Society of Glass Technology. He has written over 70 articles in various journals, both Russian and foreign, mainly on glass and refractories. In addition to his aforementioned work “On the Production of Optical Glasses,” his work on the crystallization of Furco window glass, the volatilization of glass components, and the thinning of Voronezh clay, as well as his editorial work on the translation of Peddle’s book “Glass Defects” should be especially noted. Contemporaries noted his enormous capacity for work, his ability to infect others with the creative enthusiasm, and his constant willingness to help his young comrades in their work.

G. Yu. Zhukovsky perfectly combined a scientist, teacher and factory engineer. As a teacher, Zhukovsky trained more than one hundred students for factories, technical colleges and research institutes of the USSR. A wide range of issues in the field of physical chemistry, the technology of glass and refractory materials, which attracted the attention of Zhukovsky, put him among the largest experts, but his life was disproportionately short.

Mentors

• Dmitry Petrovich Konovalov - Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Chemistry, Academician, Professor of St. Petersburg University, Professor of Petrograd Technological Institute, Physicochemist , specialist in the field of physical chemistry , thermochemistry and calorimetry , metrologist who had a huge influence on the development of science, on the formation and development of industry, one of the founders of the doctrine of solutions , chemical thermodynamics , deputy minister of trade and industry, member of the board of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR, act Full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR .
• Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov - Doctor of Chemistry, Honored Professor, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1913) and the USSR Academy of Sciences , an outstanding physicochemist , Stalin Prize laureate , creator of physicochemical analysis .

Colleagues

• Gustav Genrikhovich Tamman - associate professor, professor at Yuryevsky University , director of a chemical laboratory at Yuryevsky University and Gottingen University , a chemist, physicist, physicochemist, discovered polymorphic modifications of ice, contributed to the study of glassy and solid solutions, heterogeneous equilibria, crystallization and glass formation processes, member -correspondent and honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Pupils

• Dyomkina Lidiya Ivanovna - Doctor of Technical Sciences , chief technologist of optical glassmaking at the IZOS , Sarsky AIA ( Sars ), Nikolsky AIA , LenZOS factories, an expert in the field of optical glass production, a researcher at the State Optical Institute , Honored Worker of Science and Technology , USSR State Prize laureate .
• Buzhinsky Igor Mikhailovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences , chief technologist of optical glassmaking at the IZOS , Nikolsky ZOS , LZOS factories, the head of SKTB LZOS ( Lytkarinsky Optical Glass Plant ), a specialist in the production of optical glass , Lenin and three State Prizes laureate.

• 1897 - Student of the Petrograd University
• 1901 - Laboratory Assistant at Petrograd University
• 1902 - Laboratory Assistant at the Petrograd Technological Institute
• 1904 - showed the presence of previously unknown chemical compounds in alloys of mercury with alkali metals
• 1906 - Awarded by D. I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society
• 1906 - Improves education abroad by decision of the Scientific Council of the Petrograd Technological Institute
• 1906 - Represents the Petrograd Institute of Technology at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry in Rome
• 1912 - Professor, Head of Department, Head of Laboratory, Warsaw Polytechnic Institute
• 1914 - Consultant of the Main Artillery Directorate for the formulation of experiments in optical glassmaking
• 1916 - Scientific Director of the Main Artillery Directorate for the Construction of a Treasury Optical Glass Plant
• 1916 - Supervisor of the construction of a state-owned optical glass factory in Izum
• 1921 - Professor, Head of Department, Head of Laboratory, Kharkov Polytechnic Institute
• 1923 - Chief Glassmaker at Izyum Optical Glass Factory
• 1929 - Doctor of Technical Sciences at the D. I. Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology
• 1930 - Scientific supervisor of the construction of a pilot glass factory of the State Experimental Glass Institute in Moscow

• Startsev Yu. K. Glass Research in Russia - SPb .: SPbGTI (TU), 2009.