A series of spacecraft Cosmos is the name of the Soviet and Russian satellites for various purposes and various programs that were not announced for reasons of secrecy and as a result of failures. The first launch took place on March 16, 1962 . Since 1962, more than 2.5 thousand satellites have been launched. Some satellites were launched simultaneously. They performed military, technological, scientific, medical and other tests and studies. They were launched both from Baikonur and Plesetsk , until the end of the 1980s they were also launched from the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome , it is planned to launch them from the Amur Region. Sometimes the name "Cosmos" was assigned to vehicles that, in other cases, had their own names according to the corresponding programs, for example, during tests and flights in the unmanned version of the Soyuz spacecraft of various variants, the L1 / Zond lunar-spacecraft, and the prototype of the lunar orbital spacecraft LOK lunar-landing of the expeditionary complex L3 , transport vehicle module TCS , reduced prototype orbital plane-reusable spaceplane "system Spiral ", a failed space station series DOS ( "Salute") , as well as interplanetary stations who refused upper stage, so that they remain in a low orbit.
Content
Types of satellites
Civil
The scientific satellites of the Cosmos series of various programs provide for the study of the concentration of charged particles , corpuscular streams , propagation of radio waves, the Earth’s radiation belt, cosmic rays, Earth’s magnetic field, radiation from the Sun, meteor material, cloud systems in the Earth’s atmosphere and so on.
Technological satellites of the Cosmos series help solve technical problems associated with space flights ( docking in orbit , spacecraft entering the atmosphere, the influence of space factors, orientation, life support, and radiation protection), as well as working out parts of the structure and airborne systems spacecraft.
Military
In order to hide the purpose of the military Soviet (Russian) reconnaissance spacecraft Zenit , which were unmanned variants of a Vostok- type spacecraft with additional equipment and launched between 1961 and 1994, all such satellites were launched under the ordinal names Cosmos. Over a 33-year period, more than five hundred Zeniths were launched, which makes them the most numerous type of satellites of this class in the history of space flights.
One recent post:
The Molnia-M booster rocket, launched on Tuesday from the Plesetsk cosmodrome, successfully launched the Cosmos series military satellite into orbit. This was reported to RIA Novosti by the head of the information and public relations service of the Russian Space Forces, Lt. Col. Alexei Zolotukhin.
According to him, the satellite is assigned the serial number Cosmos-2430. Ground means of the Russian Space Forces have taken control of the spacecraft, and a stable connection is currently established and maintained with it. The on-board systems of Cosmos are functioning normally, Zolotukhin noted.
He emphasized that "the launch was carried out with the aim of replenishing the orbital constellation of spacecraft in the interests of the Russian Defense Ministry." Spacecraft of the Cosmos series, designed to perform scientific and military tasks, have been used since 1962. Now the Russian orbital constellation has about a hundred satellites for various purposes, including more than 50 military ones.
Also under the names "Cosmos" launched numerous other Soviet and part of the Russian military satellites of various programs.
Value
Making a review of the Soviet space achievements of 1962 in the Izvestia newspaper, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences A. A. Blagonravov noted that the Cosmos series is only a preliminary step in the creation and launch of manned satellites, in essence, orbiting space stations [1] .
Satellite Dates
Because of its length, the list is divided into several parts: 250 satellite numbers for each.
Most famous satellites
- Cosmos-4 , Cosmos-7 , Cosmos-9 , Cosmos-10 , Cosmos-12 - the first photographic scouts of the Zenit series
- Cosmos-21 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMC Venus-63A of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-24 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMS Venus-64B of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-45 - experiments on sensing the atmosphere in the infrared range
- Cosmos-47 , Cosmos-57 - unmanned tests of Voskhod type ships
- Cosmos-59 - tests of the lock chamber for the Voskhod-2 spacecraft using the Zenit series apparatus
- Cosmos-60 - unsuccessfully launched AMS Luna-5C of the lunar-landing series E-6 of the Luna program
- Cosmos-92 - geophysical laboratory
- Cosmos-96 - did not go on the flight path to the planet AMC Venus-65B of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-97 - a molecular generator was installed on board
- Cosmos-110 - a spaceship of the "Sunrise" type in an unmanned version, converted to biological research
- Cosmos-111 - unsuccessfully launched the first AMS Luna-10A of the lunar-orbital series E-6C of the program "Moon"
- Cosmos-122 , Cosmos-144 , Cosmos-156 , Cosmos-184 - the first meteorological satellites
- Cosmos-133 , Cosmos-140 - unmanned tests of the Soyuz- type spacecraft (7K)
- Cosmos-146 , Cosmos-154 - unmanned tests of a lunar-orbiting manned spacecraft type 7K-L1
- Cosmos-166 - equipped with devices for monitoring processes in the solar atmosphere
- Cosmos-167 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMC Venus-67A of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-186 , Cosmos-188 - Soyuz spacecraft modified after the Soyuz-1 disaster, which carried out the world's first docking in automatic mode
- Cosmos-212 , Cosmos-213 - the second automatic docking of Soyuz spacecraft
- Cosmos-238 - single unmanned tests of the modified Soyuz spacecraft
- Cosmos-300 - unsuccessfully launched AMS Luna-16A of the lunar-soil sampling series E-8-5 of the Luna program
- Cosmos-305 - unsuccessfully launched AMS Luna-16B of the lunar-soil sampling series E-8-5 of the Luna program
- Cosmos-359 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMS Venus-70A of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-367 and 31 subsequent others are satellites of the marine space reconnaissance and target designation system of the Legenda rocket and navigation complex with a nuclear power plant-reactor aboard the Buk series US-A ; Cosmos-954 January 24, 1978 fell into the territory of Canada, causing radioactive contamination of part of the North-Western territories with an area of more than 100 thousand km²
- Cosmos-382 - unmanned tests of the prototype of the lunar-orbital ship LOK of the lunar landing manned complex L3
- Cosmos-419 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMC Mars-71C of the Mars program
- Cosmos-482 - did not enter the flight path to the planet AMS Venus-72A of the program "Venus"
- Cosmos-496 , Cosmos-573 , Cosmos-613 , Cosmos-656 - single unmanned tests of vehicles to orbital stations and other Soyuz spacecraft variants
- Cosmos-557 - unsuccessfully launched third orbital station of the DOS series ("Salute")
- Cosmos-605 , Cosmos-690 , Cosmos-782 , Cosmos-936 , Cosmos-1129 , Cosmos-1514 , Cosmos-1667 , Cosmos-1887 , Cosmos-2044 , Cosmos-2229 - unmanned vehicles of the Bion series for biological research; Cosmos-782 was the first with American participation in the flight program
- Cosmos-638 , Cosmos-672 - single unmanned tests of the Soyuz spacecraft variant for the program of the Soviet-American docking EPAS
- Cosmos-670 , Cosmos-772 , Cosmos-869 - unmanned tests of the Soyuz-VI warship (7K-S)
- Cosmos-697 and about 30 subsequent others are photo-reconnaissance satellites with a descent vehicle and two descent capsules of the Yantar-2K series
- Cosmos-881 / Cosmos-882 , Cosmos-997 / Cosmos-998 , Cosmos-1100 / Cosmos-1101 - unmanned tests of jointly launched pairs of descent vehicles of the TKS ship
- Cosmos-929 , Cosmos-1267 , Cosmos-1443 , Cosmos-1686 - TKS ships launched including as modules to the Salyut stations
- Cosmos-1001 , Cosmos-1074 - unmanned tests of the Soyuz-T transport vehicle (7K-ST)
- Cosmos-1374 , Cosmos-1445 , Cosmos-1517 , Cosmos-1614 - tests of reduced prototypes of the BOR-4 orbital spacecraft of the reusable Spiral system
- Cosmos-1669 - an automatic cargo ship of the Progress series to the Salyut station with first lost but then restored control
- Cosmos-1818 , Cosmos-1867 - Plazma-A radar stations with the Topaz-1 nuclear power plant-reactor on board
- Cosmos-1870 - a military manned station Almaz , converted into an unmanned automatic
- Cosmos-2251 - collided in space with an American satellite on February 10, 2009, after decommissioning. This was the first satellite collision in the world.
- Cosmos-2387 - exactly 40 years later - on February 25, 2002 the next satellite of this series was launched
- Cosmos-2441 - the first reconnaissance satellite of the new Persona series
Notes
- ↑ Vostok Medical Results . // Aviation Week & Space Technology , January 21, 1963, v. 78, no. 3, p. 59.