History of Beloretsk

The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary wrote about the plant:

in the Verkhneuralsk district of the Orenburg province, 60 versts west of Verkhneuralsk, on the Belaya River, near the mouth of the Nura River, at an absolute height of 1628 r. ft, at 53 ° 58 'north latitude and 53 ° 49' east longitude. It was founded in 1762 by Tverdyshev and Myasnikov on the purchased Bashkir land of the Belokatay volost, now together with the Tyrlyansk plant it belongs to the Society of Beloretsky factories. The land plot of the plant is 170041 tithing, of which 152020 tithing under a forest consisting of pine, fir, spruce and rarely aspen and birch. The terrain is generally mountainous; the valleys have loamy soil and are quite fertile. Mines lie 90 miles from the plant and across the Ural River, in the Kyrgyz steppe, in Mount Atache. Blast-furnace, foundry, iron and steel production. With him there are 20 water-powered wheels, 6 turbines, 6 steam engines and a locomotive (total number of forces is 1232). In 1888, it cast iron 728453 poods, iron 419906 poods and iron products - 11081 poods were extracted ^[1] .

The source of iron ore, as indicated in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedic dictionary, was Mount Atach (Magnetic), which is located on the territory of the current city of Magnitogorsk ^[2] .

Also, the Komarovo-Zigazinskoye deposit in the village of Tukan ^[3] , where a branch of the Beloretsk narrow gauge railway was laid in 1926, served as a source of iron ore for the Beloretsk Metallurgical Combine ^[4] .

179,000 acres of land for the Beloretsk plant were bought from the Bashkirs for 300 rubles ^[5] .

In “Materials on the History of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” (T. 4. Part 2. 2. 183-187), one document for 1759 refers to the permission of I. B. Tverdyshev and I. S. Myasnikov to build an ironworks at the Kuraka river (Kuryakly), a tributary of the Sim river . The statement for 1761 notes: “ Tyrlyansk Iron Works. It is being built again by decree of the State Berg College in 1759 in the Kataysky volost on the Tirlyan River on the land purchased from the Bashkirs. And this plant is not yet in operation, then what has not yet been built . " In the third document for July 18, 1762, the same breeders are already asking for the transfer of the plant under construction from the Tirlyan River (and not from the Kuraka River) to the White River . The Berg-collegium allowed him to be transferred and defined "that plant instead of Tyrlyansky be called Beloretsky." The sheet for 1776 contains data that the Beloretsk blast-furnace hammer factory was built in 1762 , has 2 blast furnaces , 14 hammers . However, the first cast iron smelting was recorded in 1767 . It follows that the plant was built in 1762 - 1767 ^[6] .

Beloretsk plant was the most powerful. In 1777, pig iron was smelted 110 131 poods , in 1799 - 154 212 pounds.

The plant was inhabited by bought Russian peasants from Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan provinces and Bashkirs - indigenous people from the surrounding villages. In 2-3 versts from the plant, the Lomovka factory village appeared, which got its name from the occupation of the inhabitants: they were exclusively scrap drivers, they supplied raw materials to the plant. Factory peasants also settled in the village of Arskoy , located 12 miles from their place of work. The villages and the factory were settled by Nizhny Novgorod, Penza and Ryazan peasants . In 1773, there were 1724 of them, including 840 men, according to the V revision of 1795 - 651 men and 737 women, in the village of Lomovka - 2152 people, including 1032 men (d. 41). In 1859, the Beloretsk plant had 5583 inhabitants, of which 2681 were men. They lived in 1018 houses. At the Beloretsky factory there was an infirmary , a school, a bazaar, and a railway. In the village of Lomovka, 1868 peasants lived in 305 yards. There is no information about the village of Arskoy for the 18th-19th centuries. In 1926, Arsky Kamen Farm numbered 4, and Arsky Kordon - 9 farm yards. Residents are Russians . The village of Lomovka consisted of 879 yards and 4350 inhabitants. This village exists to this day.

In addition to working at the plant, the local population was engaged in agriculture and folk crafts. In the second half of the 19th century, a school worked in the city, there was a marina, a functioning church and an infirmary.

With a handful of Cossacks from a personal hundred and Bashkirs, Pugachev Emelyan went to the village of Tashla, then over the bend of the Belaya River, arriving first at the Resurrection Plant, and then at the Beloretsky Plant, where he stayed until May 1, 1774. The reason he received a respite in a whole month was the death of Commander Bibikov, which caused intrigue among the generals. General Golitsyn was unhappy with the appointment of General Shcherbatov to this post. As a result, the rebel groups broken up and scattered across the steppe gradually gathered in the Southern Urals, on May 5-6, the rebels stormed the Magnetic Fortress, and during the assault Pugachev was wounded in his right hand.

At the factory, detachments were formed of working people and peasants, a new administration was created. The production of weapons and ammunition was established ^[7] .

On April 13, 1774, Emelyan Pugachev arrived at the Beloretsk plant. A large crowd of residents led by a Beloretsk working man Vasily Akayev met with bread and salt the peasant king ^[7] .

Three weeks at the Beloretsk plant was the center of a peasant uprising ^[7] .

Kinzya Arslanov gathers Bashkir cavalry to the plant to support Pugachev ^[7] .

On May 2, 1774, Pugachev’s army left the factory for Kazan ^[7] .

The narrow gauge railway was built in 1910-1914 for the needs of the Beloretsky plant ^[8] .

The German companies Wagau and Arthur-Kopel were the main contractors of the construction ^[9] .

Construction began in 1910, and already in November 1912 the first train departed from Zaprudovka to Tirlyan ^[9] .

In 1913, the construction of the Zaprudovka-Tirlyan-Beloretsk railway was completed. For several decades, the road was the main transport artery for Beloretsk and his enterprises ^[9] .

The railway connected Zaprudovka station (near Katav-Ivanovsk) with Beloretsk, as well as with the remote villages Inzer and Tukan ^[8] . For a long time, Belarusian Railways was one of the three longest similar roads of the former USSR ^[8] .

In 1915, survey work was carried out on the construction of the narrow-gauge railway Beloretsk - Magnitnaya , but the plans did not succeed, as the First World War began ^[10] .

In 2007, the road was dismantled ^[11] .

Water tower, a landmark of the city of Beloretsk, a monument of history and culture. It was built in 1916 according to the German project of the Vogau & Co. company at the expense of the Beloretsk ironworks ^[12] . It supplied water to the houses of the Upper Village. The water tower was the tallest building in the city: 513.6 m above sea level, 18 m above ground level. It is made of red brick, crowned with a multifaceted log superstructure with windows (gazebo). In the upper part of the tower is built an observation deck ^[13] .

By 1917, there were two blast furnaces and three open-hearth furnaces , a munching and wire mills . Factory workers actively participated in the revolutionary movement in the South Urals.

In July 1918, the 270th Beloretsk Socialist Regiment was formed from the factory workers, who raided the Ural partisan army under the command of V.K. Blucher .

The status of the city of Beloretsk was received on December 22, 1923, according to the decree of the Presidium of the Bashkir Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies ( BashTsIK ) "On renaming the Center of the Tamyan-Kataysky canton of Beloretsk Plant in the city of Beloretsk" ^[14] . During the collectivization of the USSR in the early 1920s, the Beloretsk Dairy Plant was created in Beloretsk to centralize state deliveries of milk from the first created Bashkir collective farms ^[15]

In 1952-53 was part of the Sterlitamak region of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the years of Soviet power, the plant was reconstructed and expanded, new types of products were mastered, mechanization and automation of production processes were carried out. In 1957, a plant was founded on the basis of a metallurgical plant with the accession of a large Tyrlyansk plate rolling plant, the Tukansky mine and a steel-wire rope plant. The enterprises of the plant received especially wide development during the years of World War II. The plant was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1966 ) ^[16] .

In the 1970s, Beloretsk and its environs became the place of filming of several films at once: adventure films “The Missing Expedition” and “Golden River”, the 30-episode television movie “ Eternal Call ” ^[17] . Belorechians starred in episodes and mass scenes. In the summer of 2003, in Beloretsk, episodes of the film directed by Bulat Yusupov "Navel" were shot on the story of Mustai Karim "Long, long childhood."

In 2002 , for economic reasons, the new owner - Mechel Corporation — the blast furnaces and open-hearths of the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant were decommissioned, steel-wire-rope production is now the basis of the plant's production ^[6] . From 2002 to 2003, the city was granted the status of economic favor.

In connection with the reforms of Russian Railways , from March 25, 2009 the route of the fast train Magnitogorsk - Moscow passing through Beloretsk changed. Now he comes to the Ufa station as a part of the train No. 675/676 Sibay - Ufa , where Magnitogorsk cars form the Chelyabinsk - Moscow fast train No. 13 “South Ural”. Since May 26, 2013, train No. 345 Nizhny Tagil - Adler runs on a new route through Beloretsk.

• M.F. Khismatov. Beloretsk. Bashkir Encyclopedia.